Английская Википедия:Folk saint
Folk saints are dead people or other spiritually powerful entities (such as indigenous spirits) venerated as saints, but not officially canonized. Since they are saints of the "folk", or the populus, they are also called popular saints. Like officially recognized saints, folk saints are considered intercessors with God, but many are also understood to act directly in the lives of their devotees.
Frequently, their actions in life as well as in death distinguish folk saints from their canonized counterparts: official doctrine would consider many of them sinners and false idols. Their ranks are filled by folk healers, indigenous spirits, and folk heroes. Folk saints occur throughout the Catholic world, and they are especially popular in Latin America, where most have small followings; a few are celebrated at the national or even international level.
Origins
In the pre-Christian Abrahamic tradition, the prophets and holy people who were honored with shrines were identified by popular acclaim rather than official designation. In fact, the Islamic counterparts of the Christian saints, associated most closely with Sufism, are still identified this way.[1] Early Christians followed in the same tradition when they visited the shrines of martyrs to ask for intercession with God.
Thus, there is a long tradition for the veneration of unofficial saints, and modern folk saints continue to reach popularity in much the same way as ever. Tales of miracles or good works performed during the person's life are spread by word of mouth, and, according to anthropologist Octavio Ignacio Romano, "if exceptional fame is achieved, it may happen that after his [or her] death the same cycle of stories told during life will continue to be repeated."[2] Popularity is likely to increase if new miracles continue to be reported after death. Hispanic studies professor Frank Graziano explains:
[M]any folk devotions begin through the clouding of the distinction between praying for and praying to a recently deceased person. If several family members and friends pray at someone's tomb, perhaps lighting candles and leaving offerings, their actions arouse the curiosity of others. Some give it a try—the for and the to begin intermingling—because the frequent visits to the tomb suggest that the soul of its occupant may be miraculous. As soon as miracles are announced, often by family members and friends, newcomers arrive to send up prayers, now to the miraculous soul, with the hope of having their requests granted.[3]
This initial rise to fame follows much the same trajectory as that of the official saints. Professor of Spanish Kathleen Ann Myers writes that Rose of Lima, the first canonized American saint, attracted "mass veneration beginning almost at the moment of the mystic's death." Crowds of people appeared at her funeral, where some even cut off pieces of her clothing to keep as relics. A lay religious movement quickly developed with Rosa de Lima at the center but she was not officially canonized until half of a century later.[4] In the meantime, she was essentially a folk saint.
As the Church spread, it became more influential in regions that celebrated deities and heroes that were not part of Catholic tradition. Many of those figures were incorporated into a local variety of Catholicism: the ranks of official saints then came to include a number of non-Catholics or even fictional persons. Church leaders made an effort in 1969 to purge such figures from the official list of saints, though at least some probably remain. Many folk saints have their origins in this same mixing of Catholic traditions and local cultural and religious traditions. To distinguish canonized saints from folk saints, the latter are sometimes called animas or "spirits" instead of saints.
Local character
Folk saints tend to come from the same communities as their followers. In death, they are said to continue as active members of their communities, remaining embedded within a system of reciprocity that reaches beyond the grave. Devotees offer prayers to the folk saints and present them with offerings, and folk saints repay the favors by dispensing small miracles. Many folk saints inhabit marginalized communities, the needs of which are more worldly than others; they therefore frequently act in a more worldly, more pragmatic, less dogmatic fashion than their official counterparts.[5] Devotion to folk saints, then, frequently takes on a distinctly local character, a result of the syncretic mixing of traditions and the particular needs of the community.
The contrast between the manner in which Latin American and European folk saints are said to intercede in the lives of their followers provides a good illustration. In Western Europe, writes anthropologist and religious historian William A. Christian, "the more pervasive influence of scientific medicine, the comparative stability of Western European governments and above all, the more effective presence of the institutional Church" have meant that unofficial holy people generally work within established doctrine. Latin American holy persons, on the other hand, often stray much further from official canon. Whereas European folk saints serve merely as messengers of the divine, their Latin American counterparts frequently act directly in the lives of their devotees.[6]
During the Counter-Reformation in Europe, the Council of Trent released a decree "On the Invocation, Veneration, and Relics, of Saints, and on Sacred Images," which explained that in Roman Catholic doctrine images and relics of the saints are to be used by worshipers to help them contemplate the saints and the virtues that they represent but that those images and relics do not actually embody the saints. In the same way, folk saints in Europe are seen as intermediaries between penitents and the divine but are not considered powerful in and of themselves. A shrine may be built "that becomes the location for the fulfillment of the village's calendrical obligations and critical supplications to the shrine image—the village's divine protector," Christian writes, but "in this context the shrine image and the site of its location are of prime importance; the seer merely introduces it, and is not himself or herself the focal point of the worship."[7]
In pre-Columbian Mesoamerican tradition, on the other hand, representation meant embodiment of these holy figures rather than mere resemblance, as it did in Europe.[8] Thus, pre-Hispanic Mexican and Central American images were understood to actually take on the character and spirit of the deities they represented, a perspective that was considered idolatry by European Catholics. As the inheritors of this tradition, folk saints of the region often are seen to act directly in the lives of their devotees rather than serving as mere intermediaries, and they are themselves venerated. Visitors frequently treat the representations of folk saints as real people, observing proper etiquette for speaking to a socially superior person or to a friend depending on the spirit's disposition—shaking hands, or offering it a cigarette or a drink.
The popularity of a particular folk saint also depends on the changing dynamics and needs of the community over time. The popular devotion to Yevgeny Rodionov provides an example. Rodionov was a Russian soldier who was killed by rebels in Chechnya after he reportedly refused to renounce his religion or remove a cross he wore around his neck. He is not recognized by the Russian Orthodox Church as an official saint, yet within a few years of his death he had gained a popular following: his image appeared in homes and churches around Russia, his hometown started drawing pilgrims, and he began to receive prayers and requests for intercession. Rodionov became a favorite folk saint for soldiers and came to represent Russian nationalism at a time of conflict when the country was still reeling from the dissolution of the Soviet Union. As one journalist observed in 2003, his death and transition into the role of a folk saint served "to fill a nationalist hunger for popular heroes" when heroes were sorely needed.[9]
Devotions
A devotee might visit the shrine of a folk saint for any number of reasons, including general requests for good health and good luck, the lifting of a curse, or protection on the road, but most folk saints have specialties for which their help is sought. Difunta Correa, for example, specializes in helping her followers acquire new homes and businesses. Juan Bautista Morillo helps gamblers in Venezuela, and Juan Soldado watches over border crossings between Mexico and the United States.[10] This practice is not so different from that of canonized saints—St. Benedict, for example, is the patron saint of agricultural workers—but it would be hard to find a canonized saint to look after narcotics traffickers, as does Jesús Malverde. In fact, a number of folk saints attract devotees precisely because they respond to requests that the official saints are unlikely to answer. As Griffith writes, "One needs ask for help where the help is likely to be effective."[11] So long as followers come before them with faith and perform the proper devotions, some folk saints are as willing to place a curse on a person as to lift one.
An offering to a folk saint might include the same votive candles and ex-votos (tributes of thanks) left at the shrines to canonized saints, but they also frequently include other items that reflect something of the spirit's former life or personality. Thus, Difunta Correa, who died of thirst, is given bottles of water; Maximón and the spirit of Pancho Villa are both offered cigarettes and alcohol; teddy bears and toys are left at the tomb of a little boy called Carlitos in a cemetery in Hermosillo, Mexico. Likewise, prayers to folk saints are often paired with or incorporate aspects of the Rosary but (as with many canonized saints) special petitions have been composed for many of them, each prayer evoking the particular characteristics of the saint being addressed. Other local or regional idiosyncrasies also creep in. In parts of Mexico and Central America, for example, the aromatic resin copal is burned for the more syncretic spirits like Maximón, a practice that has its roots in the offerings made to indigenous deities.
As long as the spirits come through for their followers, devotees will return. Word of mouth spreads news of cures and good fortune, and particularly responsive spirits are likely to gain a large following. Not all remain popular however, as in the case of Cutubilla whose cult has long since died out. While official saints remain canonized regardless of their popularity, folk saints that lose their devotees through their failure to respond to petitions might fade from memory entirely.
Many folk saints are venerated exclusively in private homes by their devotees. For some devotion merely consists in the veneration of images or statues and the dissemination of prints or holy cards with the saint's image. This is because a folk saint may not have a special public shrine of their own and they are not represented by the institutional Church. Instead devotees usually erect small altars in their houses decorated with images of the saint, candles, flowers and other items. They also place holy cards in their cars or in their pockets to express their devotion and through distributing holy cards. Imagery plays an essential part in the establishing of a folk saint's cult[12] and the maintenance of that devotion.
Relationship with the Catholic Church
In areas where the Catholic Church has greater power, it maintains more control over the devotional lives of its members. Thus, in Europe, folk devotions that are encouraged by the Church are quickly institutionalized, while those that are discouraged usually die out or continue only at reduced levels.[13] For similar reasons, folk saints are more often venerated in poor and marginalized communities than in affluent ones. Nor are folk saints found in shrines to the canonical saints, though the reverse is often true: it is not uncommon for a folk saint's shrine to be decorated with images of other folk saints as well as members of the official Catholic communion. Shrines in the home, too, frequently include official and unofficial saints together. Graziano explains:
Catholicism is not so much abandoned as expanded [by folk practitioners]; it is stretched to encompass exceptional resources. Whereas Catholicism ... defends a distinction between canonical and non-canonical or orthodox and heterodox, folk devotion intermingles these quite naturally and without reserve.[14]
Nonetheless Catholics are generally discouraged from cultivating a devotion to folk saints (owing to a lack of certainty that the said person is in heaven or not or if doubt remains as to whether the person ever existed). In contrast, other folk saints such as San la Muerte and Santa Muerte are outright condemned by the Catholic Church as being evil and abominable.[15]
List of folk saints by country
| Picture | Name | Died | Countries of Devotion | Shrine | Patronage | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Excideuil église vitrail choeur (7).JPG | Constantina of Rome | 354 | Шаблон:Flag | Santa Costanza, Via Nomentana, Rome, Italy | Maidens, sick people, people who want to convert to Catholicism | Eldest daughter of Constantine I, whose conversion took place after allegedly directing prayers to Saint Agnes and being cured |
| Lewina | 7th century | Шаблон:Flag | St. Leonard's Church, Seaford, East Sussex, England | The persecuted, the oppressed, those who suffer unjustly, Seaford, England | Romano-British virgin put to death by Saxon invaders | |
| Файл:Saint mabena.jpg | Mabyn | 650 | Шаблон:Flag | St Mabyn Parish Church, St Mabyn, Cornwall, England | Agriculture, farmers, harvests, protector of livestock, St Mabyn | Daughter of King Brychan, sister of Saint Nectan |
| Файл:St Michael, Stanton Harcourt, Oxon - Shrine to St Edburg - geograph.org.uk - 1610457.jpg | Eadburh of Bicester | 650 | Шаблон:Flag | Bicester Priory, Bicester, Oxfordshire, England | Women's rights, women's education, female empowerment | 7th century Old English nun, abbess, daughter of King Penda of Mercia |
| Файл:Werningshaus Klosterkirche SaintWigbert.JPG | Wigbert | 747 | Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag | Wigbertikirche, Ohrdruf, Germany | Missionaries, farmers, gardeners, Thuringia, Ohrdruf, Bad Hersfeld | Anglo-Saxon Benedictine monk, missionary, disciple of Saint Boniface |
| Alberic of Utrecht | 784 | Шаблон:Flag | Dom Church, Utrecht, Netherlands | Benedictine monk, bishop of Utrecht | ||
| Файл:Taira no Masakado 01.jpg | Taira no Masakado | 940 | Шаблон:Flag | Masakado-zuka, Otemachi, Tokyo, Japan | Japanese provincial magnate and samurai | |
| Файл:Statue in Mosteiro de Santo André de Rendufe (12).JPG | Ida of Lorraine | 1113 | Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag | Church of Saint Ida, Bouillon, Belgium | Protection of women and children, and those seeking charity, and generosity | Wife of Count Eustace II, mother of Eustace III of Boulogne, Godfrey of Bouillon and King Baldwin; founded several monasteries in Northern France in later life |
| Henry of Coquet (known as Saint Henry the Dane) | 1127 | Шаблон:Flag | Coquet Island, Northumberland, England | Danish hermit who lived in a hermitage on Coquet Island | ||
| Файл:Saint William of Norwich.jpg | William of Norwich | 1144 | Шаблон:Flag | Norwich Cathedral, Norwich, England | Adopted children, the falsely accused, torture victims, Norwich | English boy whose disappearance and killing was blamed on the Jews |
| Файл:David I Patterson.jpg | David I King of Scots | 1153 | Шаблон:Flag | Dunfermline Abbey, Dunfermline, Scotland | The arts, the environment, Kelso Abbey, Dunfermline Abbey, Scotland | 26th king of Alba, prince of the Cumbrians; founded several monasteries in Scotland |
| Файл:Antisemitic-church-fresco.jpg | Harold of Gloucester | 1168 | Шаблон:Flag | Gloucester Cathedral, Gloucester, England | Kidnapped children, torture victims | English boy whose murder was allegedly motivated by the blood libel |
| Файл:Godric-Finchale.jpg | Godric | 1170 | Шаблон:Flag | Finchale Priory, County Durham, England | Fishermen, sailors, Durham | English hermit, sailor, merchant, and centenarian |
| Niels of Aarhus | 1180 | Шаблон:Flag | Aarhus Cathedral, Aarhus, Denmark | Danish prince who lived an ascetic life; cult extinct by the 18th century | ||
| Файл:Robert of Bury.jpg | Robert of Bury | 1181 | Шаблон:Flag | Bury St Edmunds Abbey, Bury, Suffolk, England | English boy who was allegedly kidnapped and ritually murdered by Jews on Good Friday; cult suppressed in 1536 | |
| Файл:Hellig Anders Kors ved ved Slagelse 1864.jpg | Anders of Slagelse (known as Hellig Anders) |
late 12th century | Шаблон:Flag | Saint Peter's Church, Slagelse, Denmark | The arts, Slagelse | 12th century parish priest from Slagelse |
| Файл:Lower Beeding glass 8.jpg | Robert Flower (known as Robert of Knaresborough) |
1218 | Шаблон:Flag | St Robert's Cave and Chapel of the Holy Cross, Knaresborough, England | Outcasts, misfits, Knaresborough | 12th century English hermit who lived in a cave |
| Файл:BishopGudmundurArason.jpg | Guðmundur Arason | 1237 | Шаблон:Flag | Hólar Cathedral, Hólar, Iceland | Iceland, Icelanders | 12th century bishop of Hólar |
| Файл:Baie 205 Saint Thibaut de Marly (Notre-Dame, Évreux).JPG | Theobald of Marly | 1247 | Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag | Vaux-de-Cernay Abbey, Cernay-la-Ville, France | Farmers, protection against bad weather and crop failure, eye disease, Oblates of Mary Immaculate | 13th century French knight, Cistercian monk, and abbot |
| Файл:Mateo Gonzalez - Martyrdom of Saint Dominguito del Val.jpg | Dominic del Val (known as Dominguito) |
1250 | Шаблон:Flag | Dominguito del Val Chapel, Zaragoza Cathedral, Zaragoza, Spain | Altar boys, acolytes, choirboys | Aragonese choirboy allegedly murdered in a blood libel; the veracity of the story of his murder is disputed. |
| Файл:Bivero-hugo de lincoln-ucm-5320774469-seq 527.jpg | Hugh of Lincoln (known as Little Hugh of Lincoln) | 1255 | Шаблон:Flag | Lincoln Cathedral, Lincoln, England | English boy allegedly murdered in a blood libel | |
| Guglielma (known as Wilhelmina of Bohemia) |
1279 or 1282 | Шаблон:Flag | The Guglielmites | Italian noblewoman; self-alleged daughter of King Ottokar I; preached a feminized version of Christianity, founded the Guglielmites who worshipped her as the Holy Spirit incarnate; cult was suppressed in 1300 | ||
| Файл:St Gregory's church in Sudbury - medieval rood screen panel - geograph.org.uk - 2094621.jpg | John Schorne | 1313 | Шаблон:Flag | Schorne Well, North Marston, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom | Gout and toothache | English priest from North Marston who became renowned for his piety and miraculous cures for gout and toothache[16] |
| Файл:Richard Rolle (colour).jpg | Richard Rolle | 1349 | Шаблон:Flag | Church of the Holy Trinity, Hampole, South Yorkshire, England | Spiritual writers, mysticism | English hermit, mystic, and religious writer |
| Файл:Moretto da Brescia - Portrait of a Dominican, Presumed to be Girolamo Savonarola - WGA16226.jpg | Girolamo Savonarola | 1498 | Шаблон:Flag | Against persecution | Dominican friar and reformer killed for heresy in the period of the Renaissance Florence | |
| Saint daughter of Ivana D. | 16th-17th century | Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag | Menstrual pain, red wine and young women | Credited for expanding the wine-drinking culture | ||
| Файл:Sta.Potenciana.Vva de la Reina.JPG | Potenciana | 16th century | Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag | Church of All Saints, Villanueva de la Reina, Spain | 16th century Spanish Anchoress | |
| Файл:Jimenez de Cisneiros Toledo.jpg | Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros | 1517 | Шаблон:Flag | Toledo Cathedral, Toledo | Dakhla, Western Sahara, students, scholors, educators. | Spanish Cardinal, theologian, Archbishop of Toledo, and Primate of Spain; helped preserve the Mozarabic Rite from extinction |
| Файл:Michel Sittow 002.jpg | Catherine of Aragon | 1536 | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Peterborough Cathedral, Peterborough, England | First wife of King Henry VIII; mother of Queen Mary I of England | |
| Miguel de Ayatumo | 1609 | Шаблон:Flag | San Pedro Apostol Church, Loboc, Bohol, Philippines | Filipino Jesuit seminarian | ||
| Файл:Amakusa Shiro.jpg | Amakusa Shirō | 1638 | Шаблон:Flag | Japanese Catholic samurai and revolutionary | ||
| Файл:King Charles I from NPG.jpg | King Charles the Martyr | 1649 | Шаблон:Flag | St George's Chapel, Windsor, United Kingdom | 24th King of England (1625-1649), head of the House of Stuart. martyr of the English Civil War | |
| Apolinario de la Cruz (known as Hermano Pule) | 1841 | Шаблон:Flag | Tayabas, Quezon, Philippines | Cofradía de San José, religious freedom, peace, native Filipinos | Filipino religious leader and revolutionary | |
| Stephen 'Stoney' Brennan | 1845 | Шаблон:Flag | Westbridge Street Loughrea, Co Galway | Invoked by women seeking husbands and for those seeking cures for illnesses/ailments. (People kiss his head carving) [17][18] | A poor Irish man hanged for stealing a turnip in 1845. Nothing else is known about him except that he was ''the seventh son of a seventh son'' and believed to be a healer. | |
| Файл:JMVillars.png | Jean Marie Villars | 1868 | Шаблон:Flag | Holy Cross Cemetery, Indianapolis, Indiana | financial problems, good health, fortune, finding lost things, murder victims | French-American priest in Indiana who died under mysterious circumstances |
| Файл:MarieLaveau (Frank Schneider).png | Marie Catherine Laveau | 1881 | Шаблон:Flag | International Shrine of Marie Laveau, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States | mothers, children, fevers, love, volunteerism, Louisiana voodoo | American practitioner of Voodoo, herbalist and midwife who was renowned in Louisiana |
| Héléna Soutadé | 1885 | Шаблон:Flag | Terre-Cabade Cemetery, Toulouse, France | children | French teacher and mystic | |
| Файл:Maria adelaide santo em carne 1.JPG | María Adelaide de Sam José e Sousa (known as Saint Maria Adelaide) | 1885 | Шаблон:Flag | Saint Maria Adelaide Chapel, Arcozelo, Portugal | Portuguese woman with incorruptible body[19] | |
| Файл:Pancho Sierra 01.jpg | Pancho Sierra | 1891 | Шаблон:Flag | Salto Cemetery, Buenos Aires, Argentina | Argentine faith healer | |
| Файл:Jose Rizal full.jpg | José Rizal | 1896 | Шаблон:Flag | Iglesia Sagrada ni Lahi, Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines | Rizalista religious movements | Filipino nationalist and polymath during the end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. |
| Файл:José Tomás de Sousa Martins.png | José Tomás de Sousa Martins | 1897 | Шаблон:Flag | Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, Lisbon, Portugal | Portuguese physician and philanthropist | |
| Файл:Francesc Canals i Ambrós.jpg | Francesc Canals i Ambrós (known as El Santet) | 1899 | Шаблон:Flag | Poblenou Cemetery, Barcelona | Marriage, fertility, non-monetary favors. | Catalan youth and miracle worker |
| Teresa Urrea (known as Santa Teresa de Cabora) | 1906 | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Chapel of Saint Teresa, San Pedro, Arizona, United States | soldiers, government, healing, Yaqui people, Mayo people, uprising, homeless, sick, revolution | Mexican mystic, folk healer, and revolutionary insurgent | |
| Файл:Don Pedro Jaramillo.jpg | Don Pedro Jaramillo | 1907 | Шаблон:Flag | Don Pedro Jaramillo Shrine, Falfurrias, Texas, United States | cures, good health, fortune, healing, protection from diseases | Mexican-American curandero, faith healer, and clairvoyant |
| Файл:Menina-izildinha.jpg | Maria Izilda de Castro Ribeiro (known as Menina Izildinha, Angel of the Lord) |
1911 | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Mausoleum of Menina Izildinha, Monte Alto, São Paulo, Brazil | Children, adolescents, orphans, good health, social welfare, protection from harm, protection from diseases, people in poverty | Portuguese girl who died of leukemia |
| Файл:Grigori Rasputin 1916.jpg | Grigori Rasputin | 1916 | Шаблон:Flag | Russian mystic and self-proclaimed holy man | ||
| Файл:Pancho Villa bandolier (cropped).jpg | José Doroteo Arango Arámbula (known as Francisco "Pancho" Villa) | 1923 | Шаблон:Flag | Monumento a la Revolución, Mexico City, Mexico | Mexican revolutionary general and politician | |
| Maria Basañes | 1929 | Шаблон:Flag | Casanayan, Pilar, Capiz, Philippines | Filipino woman with an incorruptible body | ||
| Файл:Michaelerkirche-IMG 7436.JPG | Engelbert Dollfuss | 1934 | Шаблон:Flag | Dollfusskirche, Hohe Wand, Austria | Austria | Former Chancellor of Austria, leader of the Vaterländische Front; murdered by the Schutzstaffel during the July Putsch |
| Файл:JoseAntonioFEJONS.jpg | José Antonio Primo de Rivera | 1936 | Шаблон:Flag | Valley of the Fallen, Sierra de Guadarrama, Spain | Spaniards, falangists, workers. | Spanish politician, founder of Falange Española, and nationalist martyr. |
| Filomena Almarinez | 1938 | Шаблон:Flag | Biñan, Laguna, Philippines | Filipino Catholic laywoman | ||
| Файл:Juansoldado.jpg | Juan Castillo Morales (known as Juan Soldado) | 1938 | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Shrine of San Juan Soldado, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico | good health, criminals, family problems, crossing the U.S.–Mexico border | Mexican convicted rapist and murderer turned folk saint |
| José de Jesús Fidencio Síntora (known as Niño Fidencio) | 1938 | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Fidencista Christian Church, Espinazo, Nuevo León, Mexico | healings, cures, protection from diseases | Mexican curandero | |
| Файл:I monaci ortodossi dedicano un’icona a C. Z. Codreanu.jpg | Corneliu Zelea Codreanu | 1938 | Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag | Green House, Bucharest, Romania | Romanians | Founder of the Legion of the Archangel Michael later known as the Iron Guard, nationalist martyr; |
| Файл:Sarita Colonia.jpg | Sara Colonia Zambrano (known as Sarita Colonia) | 1940 | Шаблон:Flag | Capilla de Santa Sarita, Callao, Peru | bus and taxi drivers, prostitutes, LGBT community, job seekers, poor, migrants | Peruvian girl credited with the ability to make miracles |
| Файл:Juan Bairoletto.jpg | Juan Bautista Bairoletto | 1941 | Шаблон:Flag | immigrants, prostitutes, bandits, financial problems, justice | Argentine outlaw dubbed as El Robin Hood criollo | |
| Watt Henry | 1941 | Шаблон:Flag | St. Coman's Cemetery, Roscommon, Ireland | Those afflicted by chronic pain, sick people | Irish layman who spent all day praying in Church and died smelling of roses. | |
| Файл:Evita color.jpg | Eva Perón | 1952 | Шаблон:Flag | Casa Museo Eva Perón, Los Toldos, Argentina | First Lady of Argentina (1946–1952) | |
| Файл:Valeriu Gafencu 2021 stamp of Moldova – REISSUED.jpg | Valeriu Gafencu | 1952 | Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag | Târgu Ocna, Bacău, Romania | Romanian Orthodox theologian and martyr | |
| Файл:Joseph Stalin (1935).tif | Joseph Stalin[20] | 1953 | Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag | Kremlin Wall Necropolis, Moscow, Russia | Victory, patriotism, communism | Leader of the USSR from 1922 to 1953; venerated by some priests of the Russian Orthodox Church |
| Miguel Ángel Gaitán (known as El Angelito Milagroso) |
1967 | Шаблон:Flag | Banda Florida, San Juan, Argentina | Argentine baby who died in meningitis | ||
| Файл:Che Guevara - Guerrillero Heroico by Alberto Korda.jpg | Che Guevara | 1967 | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Che Guevara Mausoleum, Santa Clara, Cuba | Warfare, government, revolution | Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla, leader, diplomat, and military theorist. |
| Файл:Ho Chi Minh 1946.jpg | Hồ Chí MinhШаблон:Citation needed | 1969 | Шаблон:Flag | Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Hanoi, Vietnam | 1st President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945–1969), communist revolutionary, marxist theorist, Vietnamese politician | |
| Файл:Roberto Clemente 1965.jpg | Roberto Clemente[21]
|
1972 | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
United States, Latin America | Athletes, Victims of racism, Victims of natural disasters, Pittsburgh, Puerto Rico, Latin Americans | Baseball player and humanitarian (1955–1972) |
| Файл:Josip Broz Tito uniform portrait.jpg | Josip Broz Tito | 1980 | Шаблон:Flag | Former President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1953–1980) | ||
| Bruno Gumarao (known as Bruno Nazareno) | 1981 | Шаблон:Flag | Chapel of San Bruno Nazareno, Victoria, Northern Samar, Philippines | Filipino faith healer | ||
| Файл:Fr. Seraphim Rose.jpg | Seraphim Rose | 1982 | Шаблон:Flag | Saint Herman of Alaska Monastery, Platina, California, United States | American Hieromonk, theologian, mystic, author; co-founded Saint Herman of Alaska Monastery | |
| Файл:Ferdinand Marcos (cropped).jpg | Ferdinand Marcos | 1989 | Шаблон:Flag | Rizalian Brotherhood, San Quintin, Abra, Philippines[22] | people of Ilocos Norte | 10th President of the Philippines (1965–1986) |
| Файл:StanijaHD2013 (47) (cropped).JPG | Arsenie Boca | 1989 | Шаблон:Flag | Prislop Monastery, Hunedoara, Romania | Romanian Orthodox priest, theologian, mystic, and artist | |
| Файл:Pablo Escobar Mug.jpg | Pablo Escobar Gaviria | 1993 | Шаблон:Flag | drug trade, Medellín Cartel, drug lords, protection from harm | Colombian drug lord and narcoterrorist who was the founder and sole leader of the Medellín Cartel | |
| Файл:Свјетлопис живописа Св.муч.Евгенија у цр.Св.Луке у Биограду.jpg | Yevgeny Rodionov | 1996 | Шаблон:Flag | Kuznetsky District, Penza Oblast, Russia | Russian soldier killed in First Chechen War | |
| Файл:Diana, Princess of Wales 1997 (2).jpg | Diana, Princess of Wales | 1997 | Шаблон:Flag | Althorp, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom | mental health, personal problems, protection from tabloid journalism | First wife of King Charles III, mother of Prince William and Prince Harry |
| Файл:Gilda junto al periodista Marcelo Gopar (cropped).jpg | Miriam Alejandra "Gilda" Bianchi | 1996 | Шаблон:Flag | Gilda Shrine, Entre Ríos, Argentina | healing, Gilda fanatics | Argentine cumbia singer and songwriter |
| Vangeliya Pandeva Gushterova (known as Baba Vanga) |
1996 | Шаблон:Flag | Church of St Petka of the Saddlers, Sofia, Bulgaria | physical healing, personal problems, prophecies of life | Bulgarian clairvoyant and mystic | |
| Jun Andres (known as Kristohan) | 2000 | Шаблон:Flag | Balay ni Kristohan, Maguindanao, Philippines | Teduray people | Filipino mystic and religious movement founder | |
| Rodrigo Bueno | 2000 | Шаблон:Flag | Argentine singer of cuarteto music | |||
| Nikolay Guryanov | 2002 | Шаблон:Flag | Russian Orthodox priest and mystic | |||
| Файл:Свети Тадеј Витовнички 3.jpg | Tomislav Štrbulović (known as Thaddeus of Vitovnica) |
2003 | Шаблон:Flag | Vitovnica Monastery, Serbia | Serbian Orthodox archimandrite, elder, author, and mystic | |
| Maria Virginia Leonzon | 2005 | Шаблон:Flag | Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity, Hermosa, Bataan, Philippines | Filipino laywoman canonized in 1995 by the Apostolic Catholic Church | ||
| Nazario Moreno González | 2014 | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Holanda and Apatzingán, Mexico | La Familia Michoacana, Knights Templar Cartel, people of Michoacán, protection from harm, protection from Los Zetas | Mexican drug lord | |
| Marie-Paule Giguère | 2015 | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Our Lady of All Nations Church, Quebec, Canada | Community of the Lady of All Nations | Canadian mystic and religious movement founder | |
| Файл:Rama IX of Thailand and Barack Obama, 2012 cropped.jpg | Bhumibol Adulyadej | 2016 | Шаблон:Flag | Wat Bowonniwet Vihara, Phra Nakhon district | Thai people | King of Thailand (1946–2016; venerated along with the rest of the living Thai royal family) |
| Файл:Dobri Dobrev Sofia 2006 (cropped).jpg | Dobri Dobrev | 2018 | Шаблон:Flag | Kremikovtsi Monastery, Sofia, Bulgaria | Bulgarian ascetic | |
| Файл:Diego Maradona 2012 2.jpg | Diego Armando Maradona | 2020 | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Maradona Shrine, Naples, Italy | Iglesia Maradoniana | Argentine professional football player and manager |
|
Legendary folk saints | ||||||
| Файл:Statue of Mazu.jpg | Lin Moniang (Mazu) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag most countries in Southeast Asia |
The ocean and patroness of seafarers, health, fertility, business | Chinese female deity and protector of Southeast Asians | ||
| Файл:Saint Sarah 01.jpg | Saint Sarah | Шаблон:Flag | Church of the Saintes Maries de la Mer, Camargue, France | Romani people | ||
| Файл:Jacques Etienne Arago - Castigo de Escravos, 1839.jpg | Escrava Anastacia | Шаблон:Flag | Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | abused victims | A slave woman of African descent wearing an oppressive facemask. | |
| Niño Compadrito | Шаблон:Flag | Cuzco, Peru | Son of a Spanish viceroy and an Inca princess | |||
| Файл:Count of St Germain.jpg | Master Rákóczi (known as Count Saint Germain) |
Шаблон:Flag | French spiritual master on Theosophical and post-Theosophical teachings | |||
| Файл:EstatuaMaria lionza.jpg | María Lionza | Шаблон:Flag | Cerro María Lionza Natural Monument, Yaracuy, Venezuela | nature, love, peace, harmony, indigenous religions in Venezuela | Venezuelan goddess | |
| Файл:Cacique Guaicaipuro..jpg | Guaicaipuro | Шаблон:Flag | Venezuelan chief of both the Teques and Caracas tribes | |||
| Файл:Weissenburg kuemmernis.jpg | Saint Wilgefortis (known as Librada) | Western Europe and some parts in Latin America | Sigüenza Cathedral, Sigüenza, Spain | relief from tribulations, in particular by women who wished to be liberated ("disencumbered") from abusive husbands, facial hair | Female saint who grew a beard | |
| Файл:Girolamo da Santacroce - The Adoration of the Three Kings - Walters 37261 - Detail A.jpg | Saint Baltasar | Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag | Concepción, Tucumán | Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay | A crowned black man wearing a red robe or cloak and carrying a scepter or a staff associated with Saint Balthazar, the wise | |
| Файл:Statuo de Sankta Lazaro en santeria budo (Mantilla, Havano).jpg | Lazarus (known as Lazarus, the poor) | Poor people, lepers, Order of Saint Lazarus | Legendary beggar whose story was told in one of Jesus' parables | |||
| Saint Senara | Шаблон:Flag | St Senara's Church, Zennor, Cornwall, England | Zennor | Legendary Breton princess accused of adultery and thrown into the sea in a barrel while pregnant, washed up in Cornwall and founded Zennor | ||
| Файл:SaintAmaro-SanAmaro.JPG | Saint Amaro | Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag | Ermita de San Amaro, Puerto de la Cruz | Disabled People | Catholic Abbot and sailor who claimed to have sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and reached paradise | |
| Файл:Busto de Santa Leticia.jpg | Saint Leticia | Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag, formerly in Шаблон:Flag | Church of San Pedro, Ayerbe, Spain | Ayerbe | woman venerated as a virgin martyr and companion of Saint Ursula | |
| Файл:Anima Sola.jpg | Celestina Abdenago (known as Anima Sola) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
relief from tribulations | Woman pictured suffering alone in purgatory for allegedly withholding water to Jesus | ||
| Файл:Effigy of Jesus Malverde.jpg | Jesús Juarez Mazo (known as Jesús Malverde) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico | drug cartels, drug trafficking, outlaws, bandits, robbers, thieves, smugglers, people in poverty | Robin Hood figure of Mexico | |
| Файл:Abbaye Saint-Pierre de Brantôme 2559.JPG | Saint Sicarius of Bethlehem (known as Sicarius of Brantôme) | Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag | Abbey church of Saint-Pierre de Brantôme | Invoked for general cures | One of the victims of the Massacre of the Innocents | |
| Saint Raja | Шаблон:Flag | Rajinovac Monastery Spring | Begaljica, Hard workers | A servant who was killed by his master's sons[23][24][25][26][27] | ||
| Файл:Difunta Correa statue.jpg | Deolinda Correa (known as Difunta Correa) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Vallecito, Argentina | cattle herders, ranches, truck driver, gauchos | Argentine mother found dead with a baby | |
| Aunt Bibija | Parts of the Balkans | Chapel of Aunt Bibija, Belgrade, Serbia | Good health, Children, Romani people | A healer who miraculously cured children | ||
| Файл:NinodeLaGuardia.jpg | Holy Child of La Guardia | Шаблон:Flag | Monastery of St. Thomas of Avila, La Guardia, Spain | Spanish child allegedly murdered in a blood libel; story used as justification for the public execution of several jews and conversos; no evidence was ever found and the child's existence is disputed | ||
| Файл:Gauchito Gil Rosario 1.jpg | Antonio Gil (known as Gauchito Gil) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Sanctuary of Gauchito Gil, Pay Ubre, Mercedes, Corrientes | gauchos, protection from harm, luck, fortune, good health, love, healing, outlaws, bravery, deserters, folk heroes, cowboys, safe passage | Robin Hood figure of Argentina | |
| Файл:Santa's Arrival.jpg | Santa Claus | Worldwide belief | Legendary character who is said to bring gifts on Christmas Eve associated with Saint Nicholas of Myra | |||
| Folk saints recognized by the Catholic Church | ||||||
| Saint Menelphalus of Aix | 430 | Шаблон:Flag | Aix Cathedral, Aix-en-Provence, France | Aix-en-Provence | 5th century metropolitan Archbishop of Aix | |
| Файл:4401.Das Altarbild vom Heiligen Miliau, Prinzen von Cornouaille, der von seinem Bruder 531 ermordet wurde erzählt in den Bildern die Geschichte seines Lebens.JPG | St Miliau | 6th century | Шаблон:Flag | Guimiliau Parish close, Guimiliau, Brittany, France | Miners, blacksmiths, farm animals, against Rheumatism, Saint-Méen-le-Grand | Breton prince martyred by his evil brother |
| Файл:Nectan icon.jpg | Saint Nectan (known as Nectan of Hartland) |
510 | Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag | Saint Nectan's Glen, Trethevy, Cornwall, England | Fishermen, protection against floods, protection against witchcraft, healing, Hartland, Devon | 5th century Brythonic holy man and hermit, son of King Brychan Brycheiniog |
| Файл:The story history of France from the reign of Clovis, 481 A.D., to the signing of the armistice, November, 1918 (1919) (14753752236).jpg | King Saint Clovis I | 511 | Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag | Basilica of Saint-Denis, Saint-Denis, France | France | First King of the Franks, founder of the Merovingian dynasty, raised pagan but converted to Christianity on Christmas day 496 AD |
| Файл:Saint Cainnear depicted as a young nun dressed in a cream habit and holding a lily.png | St. Cannera | 530 AD | Шаблон:Flag | St. Canera's Church, Neosho, Missouri | Against drowning, water safety, sailors, against aquaphobia, against nyctophobia | Irish virgin and hermitess |
| Файл:Hildegard 1499.jpg | Hildegard of the Vinzgau | 783 | Шаблон:Flag | Abbey of Saint-Arnould, Metz, France | Holy Roman Empire | Queen consort of the Franks and second wife of Charlemagne |
| Файл:Charlemagne 15th century.jpg | Charlemagne the Great | 814 | Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag | Aachen Cathedral, Aachen, Germany | Holy Roman Empire, Germany, against separatist wars, justice, political leaders | King of the Franks who founded the Carolingian Empire after being crowned Emperor of the Romans by the Pope in 800; Beatified in 1179 |
| Файл:Chartres (28) Cathédrale Notre-Dame - Tour du chœur - Évêque de Chartres 07.jpg | Fulbert of Chartres | 1028 | Шаблон:Flag | Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres, Chartres, France | Teachers, architects and builders, musicians, Diocese of Chartres | 11th century bishop of Chartres, hymnist, teacher, and theologian |
| Файл:David Overselo.png | Saint David of Munktorp | 1082 | Шаблон:Flag | Munktorp Church, Munktorp, Västmanland, Sweden | Mentally ill, the insane, protection from fire, diocese of Västerås, Munktorp | Anglo-Saxon Bendictine monk and missionary to Sweden |
| Файл:Dijon Place Saint Bernard Pierre le Venerable detail statue.jpg | Peter of Montboissier (known as Saint Peter the Venerable) |
1156 | Шаблон:Flag | Cluny Abbey, Cluny, France | Cluny Abbey, Benedictines, scholars | 12th century French Benedictine Abbot, author, theologian, scholar, and philosopher |
| Файл:St Christina the Astonishing 1892 Prayer Card - with Bishop's Statement front.jpg | Saint Christina the Astonishing (known as Christina Mirabilis) |
1224 | Шаблон:Flag | Church of Saint Catherine, Sint-Truiden, Belgium | Millers, people with mental disorders | Flemish woman who suffered a seizure and was presumed dead, only to have come back to life during her funeral and levitate in the air |
| Файл:Dornoch Cathedral 20090615 stained glass Gilbert de Moravia (excerpt).jpg | Gilbert de Moravia (known as Saint Gilbert of Dornoch) | 1245 | Шаблон:Flag | Dornoch Cathedral, Dornoch, Scotland | Protection against oppression and injustice, physical and emotional violence, bishops, Caithness, Sutherland, Dornoch Cathedral | 13th century Gaelic bishop of Caithness |
| Файл:São Gonçalo de Amarante (1618-25) - António André (Museu de Aveiro), cropped.png | Gundisalvus of Amarante (known as Saint Gundisalvus of Amarante) | 1259 | Шаблон:Flag | Saint Gundisalvus Monastery, Amarante, Portugal | Women (especially older women) who want to get married, viola players, architects, pilgrims, people who have suffered attacks | Portuguese Dominican priest remembered for his devotion and humility to whom several miraculous events are attributed; Beatified in 1561 |
| Файл:Werner-vom-Oberwesel.jpg | Werner of Oberwesel | 1287 | Шаблон:Flag | Saint Werner's Chapel, Bacharach, Germany | Winemakers | Palatine teen whose unexplained death was blamed on Jews; officially venerated by the Diocese of Trier until his cult was suppressed in 1963 |
| Файл:Anderl von Rinn in Judenstein.jpg | Anderl Oxner von Rinn (known as Andreas Oxner and the Child of Judenstein) |
1462 | Шаблон:Flag | Anderl Chapel, Judenstein, Rinn, Tyrol, Austria | Children, emotional distress, physical ailments, Judenstein | Austrian boy who was known for his devotion to God and mystical visions; allegedly murdered in a blood libel; beatified in 1752 by Pope Benedict XIV |
| Файл:Pietro Stefanoni Simon von Trient.jpg | Simon of Trent (known as Simon Unverdorben) |
1475 | Шаблон:Flag | Church of St. Simon and St. Jude, Trent, Italy | Children, kidnap victims, torture victims | Italian boy allegedly murdered in a blood libel; beatified in 1588 by Pope Sixtus V; cult suppressed in 1965 by Pope Paul VI |
| Файл:Selige Johanna.jpg | Joanna, Princess of Portugal (known as Princess Saint Joanna) |
1490 | Шаблон:Flag | Church and Convent of Jesus, Aveiro, Portugal | Aveiro | Portuguese princess who wanted to be a nun; Beatified in 1693 |
| Файл:Memorial da Epopeia Riograndense 80a.jpg | Sepé Tiaraju | 1756 | Шаблон:Flag | Cathedral of St. Francis of Paola, Pelotas, Brazil | Guarani leader; Cause for sainthood opened in April 2017 | |
| Luisa de la Torre Rojas (known as Beatita de Humay) | 1869 | Шаблон:Flag | Lima Metropolitan Cathedral, Lima, Peru | Peruvian laywoman and mystic; Cause for sainthood opened in July 1946 | ||
| Файл:Santa Nhá Chica de Baependi.jpg | Francisca de Paula de Jesus (known as Nhá Chica) |
1895 | Шаблон:Flag | Our Lady of Conception Sanctuary, Baependi, Brazil | Brazilian poor, people ridiculed for their faith, devotees of the Immaculate Conception | Afro-Brazilian called "Mother of the Poor" known for her devotion to Our Lady; Beatified in 2013 |
| Файл:José Gregorio Hernández.jpg | José Gregorio Hernández (known as Doctor of the poor) |
1919 | Шаблон:Flag | La Candelaria Church, Mérida, Venezuela | medical students, diagnosticians, doctors, medical patients | Venezuelan physician; Beatified in 2021[28] |
| Файл:Antonio da Rocha Marmo.jpg | Antônio da Rocha Marmo (known as Antoninho) |
1930 | Шаблон:Flag | Chapel of Our Lady of Health, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil | Brazilian boy with tuberculosis who dreamed of becoming a Roman Catholic priest; Cause for sainthood opened in 2007 | |
| Файл:Padre Cícero, 1915.jpg | Cícero Romão Batista (known as Padre Cícero) |
1934 | Шаблон:Flag | Capela do Socorro, Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil | Juazeiro do Norte | Brazilian Roman Catholic priest and politician; Cause for sainthood opened in August 2022 |
| Файл:Foto de Odete Vidal de Oliveira, a Santa Odetinha (1930-1939).jpg | Odette Vidal Cardoso (known as Odetinha) |
1939 | Шаблон:Flag | Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Brazilian girl known for her prayer life, acts of charity and purity; Declared Venerable in November 2021 | |
| Файл:Retrato da Sãozinha de Alenquer com a sua rola.jpg | Sãozinha de Alenquer (known as the Little Flower of Abrigada) |
1940 | Шаблон:Flag | Mausoleum of Sãozinha, Alenquer, Portugal | Young Portuguese girl remembered for her dedication to the Catholic faith and her purity; Cause for sainthood opened in 1994 | |
| Phanxicô Xaviê Trương Bửu Diệp | 1946 | Шаблон:Flag | Nhà nguyện Trương Bửu Diệp, Giá Rai, Bạc Liêu, Vietnam | Vietnamese priest and martyr; Cause for sainthood opened in January 2012 | ||
| Файл:Padre Cruz.png | Francisco Rodrigues da Cruz (known as Padre Cruz) |
1948 | Шаблон:Flag | Mausoleum of Padre Cruz, Benfica Cemetery, Lisbon, Portugal | Priests, sick, prisoners, poor, devotees of the Immaculate Heart of Mary | Portuguese priest revered for his apostolic fervor and charity; Cause for sainthood opened in March 1951 |
| Файл:Melchorita.jpg | Melchora Saravia Tasayco (known as La Melchorita) | 1951 | Шаблон:Flag | Santuario de la Beata Melchorita, Chincha, Peru | Peruvian Franciscan tertiary and mystic; Cause for sainthood opened in April 1978 | |
| Файл:Solanuscasey.jpg | Bernard Francis Casey (known as Solanus Casey) | 1957 | Шаблон:Flag | St. Bonaventure Monastery, Detroit, Michigan, United States | Broadcasters, pro-life activists, the poor and marginalized, healing, vocations, Detroit | American priest, friar and religious leader; Beatified in 2017 |
| Charlene Richard (known as the Little Cajun Saint) |
1959 | Шаблон:Flag | St. Edward Church, Richard, Louisiana, United States | Cajun people, good health, converts to Catholicism | Cajun girl who died of leukemia; Cause for sainthood opened in January 2020 | |
| Nelson Santana (known as Nelsinho) |
1964 | Шаблон:Flag | Senhor Bom Jesus Church, Ibitinga, São Paulo, Brazil | Brazilian boy who died of cancer and found solace in faith; Declared Venerable in May 2019 | ||
| Файл:Fulton J. Sheen NYWTS.jpg | Fulton Sheen | 1979 | Шаблон:Flag | St. Mary's Cathedral, Peoria, Illinois, United States | Broadcasters, pro-life activists, Catholic educators, Catholic converts, those who suffer from addictions | American bishop, author, teacher, theologian, radio host, and televangelist; Beatification scheduled for 2019 but delayed |
| Файл:Santa Maria Aparecida Beruski.jpg | Maria Aparecida Berushko (known as Tita) |
1986 | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Ukrainian Orthodox Parish of Saint Nicholas, Joaquim Távora, Paraná, Brazil | Teachers, students, schooling | Brazilian teacher who donated her life to save her students from a fire; Cause for sainthood opened in October 2005 by Orthodox Church of Ukraine |
| Popular saints identified with folkloric beings | ||||||
| Файл:Santa-muerte-nlaredo2.jpg | Santa Muerte | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Central America |
Shrine of Most Holy Death, Mexico City, Mexico | love, prosperity, good health, fortune, healing, safe passage, protection against witchcraft, protection against assaults, protection against gun violence, protection against violent death, safe delivery to the afterlife | Mexican female deity and personification of death | |
| Файл:Kop van een skelet met brandende sigaret - s0083V1962 - Van Gogh Museum.jpg | San La Muerte | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
restore love, good fortune, gambling, protection against witchcraft, protection against imprisonment, inmates, prisoners, luck, good health, vengeance | Skeletal folk saint; male version of Santa Muerte | ||
| Файл:El rey San Pascual.jpg | San Pascualito (known as San Pascualito Muerte) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Capilla de San Pascualito, Olintepeque, Guatemala | curing diseases, death, healings, cures, vengeance, love, graveyards | Folk saints associated with Saint Paschal Baylon | |
| Файл:El Tio Potosi Bolivia.jpg | El Tío (known as Lord of the Underworld) | Шаблон:Flag | Cerro Rico, Potosí Bolivia | Miners | Figure associated with the devil who receives gifts in exchange for protection | |
| Файл:Maximon in Santiago Atitlan, Guatemala.jpg | Maximón | Шаблон:Flag | Santiago Atitlán, Guetamala | health, crops, marriage, business, revenge, death | Mayan deity | |
| Animals venerated as folk saints | ||||||
| Файл:St Guinefort.jpg | Saint Guinefort | 13th century | Шаблон:Flag | Dogs, dog owners, children, infants | 13th-century French Greyhound; devotion suppressed by the Catholic Church but persisted until 1930 | |
See also
- Apotheosis
- Category:Folk saints
- Folk religion
- Folk Catholicism
- Folk Christianity
- Chinese folk religion
- Orisha
- Saint
- Phallic saint
- Secular saint
- Military saint
- Category:Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints
References
Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Citizendium
Sources
External links
- ↑ Michael Frishkopf. (2001). "Changing Modalities in the Globalization of Islamic Saint Veneration and Mysticism: Sidi Ibrahim al-Dasuqi, Shaykh Muhammad 'Uthman al-Burhani, and the Sufi Orders," Religious Studies and Theology 20(1):1
- ↑ Octavio Ignacio Romano V. (1965). "Charismatic Medicine, Folk-Healing, and Folk Sainthood," American Anthropologist 67(5):1151–1173. p. 1157.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Kathleen Ann Myers. 2003. Neither Saints Nor Sinners: Writing the Lives of Women in Spanish America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 23.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ William A Christian Jr. (1973) "Holy People in Peasant Europe," Comparative Studies in Society and History 15(1):106-114. p. 106
- ↑ Christian, p. 107
- ↑ Lois Parkinson Zamora. 2006. The Inordinate Eye: New World Baroque and Latin American Fiction. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
- ↑ "From Village Boy to Soldier, Martyr and, Many Say, Saint" The New York Times, November 21, 2003.
- ↑ Watson, Julie. "Residents along U.S.-Mexican border find strength in local folk saints", AP, December 16, 2001
- ↑ Griffith p. 19.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Christian pp. 108–109.
- ↑ Graziano, p. 29
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ The curious story of Maria Adelaide
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Sources:
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Venezuela celebrates as 'doctor of the poor' beatified
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