Английская Википедия:Forces of Freedom and Change

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Update Шаблон:Infobox political party The Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC, also Alliance for Freedom and Change, or AFC, and Declaration of Freedom and Change, or DFC; Шаблон:Lang-ar) is a wide political coalition of civilian and rebel coalitions of Sudanese groups, including the Sudanese Professionals Association, No to Oppression against Women Initiative, MANSAM, the Sudan Revolutionary Front, the National Consensus Forces, Sudan Call, the Unionist Gathering, and the Sudanese resistance committees, created in January 2019 during the 2018–19 Sudanese protests. The FFC drafted a "Declaration of Freedom and Change" and "Freedom and Change Charter" which called for president Omar al-Bashir to be removed from power, which occurred after several more months of protest in the April 2019 Sudanese coup d'état. The FFC continued coordinating protest actions, and in July 2019, negotiated a power-sharing plan with the Transitional Military Council (TMC) for a transition to return to democracy. The agreement was signed on 17 July 2019.

Creation and composition

The 2018–19 Sudanese protests had already lasted several weeks when a wide array of civilian and rebel coalitions of Sudanese groups, including the Sudanese Professionals Association, No to Oppression against Women Initiative, MANSAM, the Sudan Revolutionary Front, the National Consensus Forces, Sudan Call, the Unionist Gathering, and the Sudanese resistance committees, drafted and signed a "Declaration of Freedom and Change" and "Freedom and Change Charter" in which they called for president Omar al-Bashir to be removed from power. The alliance of groups supporting the charter came to be known by several similar names, including the "Forces of Freedom and Change" alliance (FFC or AFC). The 1 January 2019 declaration was signed by 22 organisations in total.

In August 2019, Rosalind Marsden claimed that although Sudanese women and youth had played a major role in the Sudanese Revolution, they had been "largely excluded from FFC decision-making bodies".

November 2019 formalisation

On 4 November 2019, the FFC announced a new, formal top structure, consisting of a Central Council, a Coordination Council, and an Advisory Council. The Central Council is the "supreme political" body; the Coordination Council has executive powers; and the Advisory Council "will control and give counsel" to the Central Council. The Central Council and Advisory Council include representatives from the biggest signatories to the Declaration of Freedom and Change Charter, while the Advisory Council includes representatives from all the signatories.

Central Council

Group	Names	Since	Ref
Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA)	Ahmed Rabie Haifa Faroug Husam al-Amin Ammar Yousif Faisal Basher	4 Nov 2019
National Consensus Forces (NCF)	Ali al-Raieh Sinhurri Abdul Rahim Abdalla Siddig Yousif Jamal Idriss Kamal Bolad	4 Nov 2019
Sudan Call	Salah Manna Mariam al-Sadig Ibrahim al-Sheikh Ahmed Shaker Yousif Mohammad Zain al-Sadig al-Zaeim	4 Nov 2019
Unionist Gathering	(3 people)
Alliance of Civil Forces	(3 people)
Centre Stream for Change	(1 person)
Republican Party (Sudan)	(1 person)
Sudanese Revolutionary Front (SRF)	(undecided Шаблон:As of)

Coordination Council

Group	Names	Since	Ref
SPA	(3 people)
NCF	(3 people)
Sudan Call	(3 people)
Unionist Gathering	(2 people)
Alliance of Civil Forces	(2 people)
Centre Stream for Change	(1 person)
Republican Party (Sudan)	(1 person)
SRF	(undecided Шаблон:As of)

Role in 2019 political changes

Throughout the first half of 2019, the FFC supported continuing mass peaceful civil disobedience actions, especially mass street protests for several months. In April 2019, military forces rebelled against al-Bashir and arrested him in the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état.

The FFC continued coordinating protest actions, prior to the 3 June Khartoum massacre by the Rapid Support Forces, and after the massacre. In July and August 2019, the FFC negotiated a detailed power-sharing plan with the Transitional Military Council (TMC) for a Sudanese transition to democracy. On 20 August 2019, the TMC transferred power to the Sovereignty Council of five civilians nominated by the FFC, five military chosen by the TMC, and a civilian, Raja Nicola, chosen by mutual agreement between the FFC and the TMC.

Split: Central Council versus Democratic Block

Шаблон:As of, the FFC had split into the FFC-CC (Central Council) versus the FFC-DB (Democratic Block). In early April 2023, negotiations between FFC-CC and FFC-DB for cooperation were underway.