Английская Википедия:Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan
Шаблон:Short description The foreign employees in Meiji Japan, known in Japanese as O-yatoi Gaikokujin (Kyūjitai: Шаблон:Lang, Shinjitai: Шаблон:Lang, "hired foreigners"), were hired by the Japanese government and municipalities for their specialized knowledge and skill to assist in the modernization of the Meiji period. The term came from Yatoi (a person hired temporarily, a day laborer),[1] was politely applied for hired foreigner as O-yatoi gaikokujin.
The total number is over 2,000, probably reaches 3,000 (with thousands more in the private sector). Until 1899, more than 800 hired foreign experts continued to be employed by the government, and many others were employed privately. Their occupation varied, ranging from high salaried government advisors, college professors and instructor, to ordinary salaried technicians.
Along the process of the opening of the country, the Tokugawa Shogunate government first hired German diplomat Philipp Franz von Siebold as diplomatic advisor, Dutch naval engineer Hendrik Hardes for Nagasaki Arsenal and Willem Johan Cornelis, Ridder Huijssen van Kattendijke for Nagasaki Naval Training Center, French naval engineer François Léonce Verny for Yokosuka Naval Arsenal, and British civil engineer Richard Henry Brunton. Most of the O-yatoi was appointed through government approval with two or three years contract, and took their responsibility properly in Japan, except some cases.[2]
As the Public Works hired almost 40% of the total number of the O-yatois, the main goal in hiring the O-yatois was to obtain transfers of technology and advice on systems and cultural ways. Therefore, young Japanese officers gradually took over the post of the O-yatoi after they completed training and education at the Imperial College, Tokyo, the Imperial College of Engineering or studying abroad.
The O-yatois were highly paid; in 1874, they numbered 520 men, at which time their salaries came to ¥2.272 million, or 33.7 percent of the national annual budget. The salary system was equivalent to the British India, for instance, the chief engineer of the British India's Public Works was paid 2,500 Rs/month[3] which was almost same as 1,000 Yen, salary of Thomas William Kinder, superintendent of the Osaka Mint in 1870.
Despite the value they provided in the modernization of Japan, the Japanese government did not consider it prudent for them to settle in Japan permanently. After the contract terminated, most of them returned to their country except some, like Josiah Conder and William Kinninmond Burton.
The system was officially terminated in 1899 when extraterritoriality came to an end in Japan. Nevertheless, similar employment of foreigners persists in Japan, particularly within the national education system and professional sports.
Notable O-yatoi gaikokujin
Agriculture
- Шаблон:Flagicon William Smith Clark
- Шаблон:Flagicon Edwin Dun
- Шаблон:Flagicon Max Fesca
- Шаблон:Flagicon Oskar Kellner
- Шаблон:Flagicon Oskar Löw, agronomist
- Шаблон:Flagicon William Penn Brooks, agronomist
Medical science
- Шаблон:Flagicon Erwin von Bälz
- Шаблон:Flagicon Johannes Ludwig Janson
- Шаблон:Flagicon Heinrich Botho Scheube
- Шаблон:Flagicon Julius Scriba
Law, administration, and economics
- Шаблон:Flagicon Georges Appert,[4] legal scholar
- Шаблон:Flagicon Gustave Emile Boissonade, legal scholar
- Шаблон:Flagicon Hermann Roesler, jurist and economist
- Шаблон:Flagicon Georg Michaelis,[5] jurist
- Шаблон:Flagicon Albert Mosse, jurist
- Шаблон:FlagiconШаблон:Flagicon Otfried Nippold, jurist
- Шаблон:Flagicon Heinrich Waentig, economist and jurist
- Шаблон:Flagicon Georges Hilaire Bousquet, legal scholar
- Шаблон:Flagicon Horatio Nelson Lay, railway developer
- Шаблон:Flagicon Alexander Allan Shand, monetary
- Шаблон:Flagicon Henry Willard Denison, diplomat
- Шаблон:Flagicon Karl Rathgen, economist
Military
- Шаблон:Flagicon Jules Brunet, artillery officer
- Шаблон:Flagicon Léonce Verny, constructor of the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
- Шаблон:Flagicon Klemens Wilhelm Jakob Meckel, Army instructor
- Шаблон:Flagicon Carl Köppen, Army instructor
- Шаблон:Flagicon James R. Wasson, Civil engineer and teacher, army engineer
- Шаблон:Flagicon Douglas R. Cassel, Naval instructor
- Шаблон:Flagicon Henry Walton Grinnell, Navy instructor
- Шаблон:Flagicon José Luis Ceacero Inguanzo, Navy instructor
- Шаблон:Flagicon Charles Dickinson West, naval architect
- Шаблон:Flagicon Henry Spencer Palmer, military engineer
- Шаблон:Flagicon Archibald Lucius Douglas, Naval instructor
Natural science and mathematics
- Шаблон:Flagicon William Edward Ayrton, physicist
- Шаблон:Flagicon Edward Divers, chemist
- Шаблон:Flagicon Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, physicist
- Шаблон:Flagicon Edward S. Morse, zoologist
- Шаблон:Flagicon Charles Otis Whitman, zoologist, successor of Edward S. Morse
- Шаблон:Flagicon Heinrich Edmund Naumann, geologist
- Шаблон:Flagicon Curt Netto, metallurgist
- Шаблон:Flagicon Sir James Alfred Ewing, physicist and engineer who founded Japanese seismology
- Шаблон:Flagicon Cargill Gilston Knott, succeeding J.A. Ewing
- Шаблон:Flagicon Benjamin Smith Lyman, mining engineer
Engineering
- Шаблон:Flagicon William P. Brooks, agriculture
- Шаблон:Flagicon Richard Henry Brunton, builder of lighthouses
- Шаблон:FlagiconШаблон:Flagicon Charles Alfred Chastel de Boinville, architect
- Шаблон:Flagicon Josiah Conder, architect
- Шаблон:Flagicon William Kinnimond Burton, engineering, architecture, photography
- Шаблон:Flagicon Horace Capron, agriculture, road construction
- Шаблон:Flagicon Henry Dyer, engineering education
- Шаблон:Flagicon Hermann Ende, architect
- Шаблон:Flagicon François Perregaux, mechanical watchmaker
- Шаблон:FlagiconШаблон:Flagicon Albert Favre Zanuti, mechanical watchmaker
- Шаблон:Flagicon George Arnold Escher, civil engineer
- Шаблон:Flagicon John G.H. Godfrey, geologist, mining engineer
- Шаблон:Flagicon John Milne, geologist, seismologist
- Шаблон:Flagicon Colin Alexander McVean, civil engineer
- Шаблон:Flagicon Edmund Morel, civil engineer
- Шаблон:Flagicon Johannis de Rijke, civil engineer, flood control, river projects
- Шаблон:Flagicon John Alexander Low Waddell, bridge engineer
- Шаблон:Flagicon Thomas James Waters, civil engineer
- Шаблон:Flagicon William Gowland, mining engineer, archaeologist
- Шаблон:Flagicon James Favre-Brandt, mechanical watchmaker
- Шаблон:Flagicon Jean Francisque Coignet, mining engineer
- Шаблон:Flagicon Henry Scharbau, cartographer
- Шаблон:Flagicon Wilhelm Böckmann, architect
- Шаблон:Flagicon Anthonie Rouwenhorst Mulder, civil engineer, rivers and ports
Art and music
- Шаблон:Flagicon Edoardo Chiossone - engraver
- Шаблон:Flagicon Luther Whiting Mason, musician
- Шаблон:Flagicon Ernest Fenollosa, art critic
- Шаблон:Flagicon Franz Eckert, musician
- Шаблон:Flagicon Rudolf Dittrich, musician
- Шаблон:Flagicon Antonio Fontanesi, oil painter
- Шаблон:Flagicon Vincenzo Ragusa, sculptor
- Шаблон:Flagicon John William Fenton, musician
Liberal arts, humanities and education
- Шаблон:Flagicon Alice Mabel Bacon, pedagoge
- Шаблон:Flagicon Basil Hall Chamberlain, Japanologist and Professor of Japanese
- Шаблон:Flagicon James Summers, English literature
- Шаблон:Flagicon Lafcadio Hearn, Japanologist
- Шаблон:Flagicon Viktor Holtz, educator
- Шаблон:FlagiconШаблон:Flagicon Raphael von Koeber, philosopher and musician
- Шаблон:Flagicon Ludwig Riess, historian
- Шаблон:Flagicon Leroy Lansing Janes, educator, missionary
- Шаблон:Flagicon Marion McCarrell Scott, educator
- Шаблон:Flagicon Edward Bramwell Clarke, educator
- Шаблон:Flagicon David Murray, educator
Missionary activities
- Шаблон:Flagicon William Elliot Griffis, clergyman, author
- Шаблон:Flagicon Guido Verbeck, missionary, pedagoge
- Шаблон:Flagicon Horace Wilson, missionary and teacher credited with introducing baseball to Japan
Others
- Шаблон:Flagicon Francis Brinkley, journalist
- Шаблон:Flagicon Ottmar von Mohl, court protocol
See also
References
External links
- Dentsu Advertising Museum/Meiji Era
- The first foreign trading firms in Japan
- The impact of the O-Yatoi Gaikokujin during the Meiji Era
- Tokyo University of Education 120th Anniversary Memorial Tokyo University Show (in Japanese)
- ↑ James Curtis Hepburn, Japanese-English and English-Japanese Dictionary, 1873.
- ↑ Hardy's Case, The Japan Weekly Mail, January 4 1875.
- ↑ A Table of Salary of D.P.W. of the British India, The Engineer, January 29, 1869.
- ↑ Bibliotheque Nationale de France (BnF), Appert, Georges (1850-1934); retrieved 2013-4-2.
- ↑ "Georg Michaelis" at Archontology.org; retrieved 2013-4-4.