Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of Albania
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Politics of Albania Шаблон:Use dmy datesThe foreign relations of Albania are its relations with other governments and peoples. Foreign relations are conducted through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tirana. The current minister is Igli Hasani . The current Ambassador to the United Nations is Ferit Hoxha.
Albania is a sovereign country in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean that declared its independence on 28 November 1912. Its foreign policy has maintained a policy of complementerianism by trying to have friendly relations with all countries. Since the collapse of Communism in 1990, Albania has extended its responsibilities and position in European and international affairs, supporting and establishing friendly relations with other nations around the world.
The main factors defining Albanian foreign policy consist of geopolitical location, population, economic crisis, and ties with Albanian diaspora throughout the world. It also maintains strong diplomatic relations with the EU (primarily Croatia, France, Germany, Italy) Balkan countries (primarily Kosovo, Greece and North Macedonia), Arab world, Canada, China, Turkey, Israel, India, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, UK and the United States.
The main objectives of the Albanian foreign policy are the accession of Albania to the European Union, the international recognition of Kosovo, the recognition of expulsion of Cham Albanians,[1] helping and protecting the rights of Albanians in Montenegro, North Macedonia, Greece, Serbia, Italy, and the Albanian diaspora.
Albania was voted to become a member of the 15-country United Nations Security Council for a two-year term, 2022–23.
Overview
The government of Albania was concerned with the developments in neighboring Kosovo, particularly in the post-Dayton agreement period. During the Kosovo War in 1999 as well as the ethnic cleansing of Kosovo Albanians by Serbs alongside the subsequent refugee influx into the country, Albania's status as an ally of the United States was confirmed.[2] Albania emerged as being generally supportive of the United States.[2] The support for the United States has remained high at 95% in Muslim majority (56% of the population) Albania in contrast to the rest of the Islamic world.[2]
Balkans
Turkey
During the post-cold war, geo-political complexities and conflicts in the Balkans, made Albania seek a protector power with Turkey, which is a NATO member.[3] During the 1990s, state relations between Albania and Turkey were marked by high level visits, military agreements and the deployment of Turkish soldiers.[4][3][5] An Albanian-Turkish military cooperation agreement was signed on 29 July 1992.[4][3] The military agreement entailed education and training of personnel, bilateral cooperation in weapons production, joint military exercises, the exchange of military delegations and joint commissions on expanding further military ties into the future.[3] The agreement also encompassed rebuilding Albania's Pasha Liman Base in the Bay of Vlorë on the Ionian sea by Turkey, in return for granting Turkey's access and use.[6][5] Turkey has trained the Albanian Armed Forces, in particular officers and commando units.[4][6][5] During civil war in 1997, Turkey alongside other countries, participated in Operation Alba by providing a brigade of 800 Turkish troops to restore order and its involvement served mainly as a stabilising force.[4][7]
Turkey considers its friendship with Albania as important due to the context of state relations with Greece and through policy have exploited difficulties arising in Albanian-Greek relations.[8][9] Having a powerful ally in Turkey has suited Albania at times regarding difficult interstate relations with Greece.[10] Albania's emergence in the Balkans as a key NATO partner contributed to good and stronger Albanian-Turkish relations, in particular relating to military matters.[11] The military alliance during the 1990s between Turkey and Albania was also aimed against Serbia in case a war over Kosovo had a wider regional spread.[12] Greece has expressed concerns regarding Turkish relations with Albania and interpreted them as an anti-Greek measure to isolate Greece within the wider context of Albania being a potential outlet for expanding Muslim influence and Turkey allying with Muslim populations in the Balkans.[3][13][14] Turkey on the other hand claimed Greece increased tensions within the region and conveyed concerns relating to Albanian and Greek polemics with Ankara expressing a partial bias on Albania's side angering the Greeks.[15] Greece, aware of Albanian-Turkish military agreements denounced Turkey's interference in Greek affairs.[15] Though not officially considered in Turkey as a rival within Albania, during the unrest of 1997 Greece was able to become an influential actor in Albania and the early period of the Kosovo crisis (1998-1999) when Albanian officials looked to Greece for assistance.[16] The resumption of closer Albanian-Turkish relations ensured during the Kosovo crisis that made both countries act along the same policy lines toward Slobodan Milošević and the issue of Greater Serbia.[17]
Turkey supported Albania's membership to become part of NATO.[4] Military cooperation between Albania and Turkey is viewed by NATO as a stabilising factor within the volatile region of the Balkans.[18] Albania has come to depend heavily on Turkish assistance and a high amount of military security.[3] Turkey remains for Albania an important military ally alongside the U.S.[19] Through its military personnel Turkey continues to train Albanian armed forces and also to provide assistance in logistics and modernisation efforts of the Albanian military.[20][21] Radar systems for the surveillance of Albanian airspace in addition to telecommunication equipment have been supplied by Turkey to Albania.[22] Albania receives Turkish assistance for police training.[17] Turkey has continuously supported Albania from the 1990s on EU related matters as both countries view EU membership as an eventual final goal and common objective.[23] State relations of Albania with Turkey are friendly and close, due to maintenance of close links with the Albanian diaspora in Turkey and strong Turkish sociopolitical, cultural, economic and military ties with Albania.[24][25][26][27][28][29][4] Turkey has been supportive of Albanian geopolitical interests within the Balkans.[28][4][30] In Gallup polls conducted in recent times Turkey is viewed as a friendly country by 73% of people in Albania.[31] Albania has established political and economic ties with Arab countries, in particular with Arab Persian Gulf states who have heavily invested in religious, transport and other infrastructure alongside other facets of the economy in addition to the somewhat limited societal links they share.[32] Albania is also working to develop social-political and economic ties with Israel.[33]
Greece
After the fall of the Albanian communist regime in 1991, relations between Greece and Albania became increasingly strained because of widespread allegations of mistreatment by Albanian authorities of the Greek ethnic minority in southern Albania and of mistreatment the Albanian communities in northern Greece. A wave of Albanian illegal economic migrants to Greece exacerbated tensions. The crisis in Greek–Albanian relations reached its peak in late August 1994, when an Albanian court sentenced five members (a sixth member was added later) of the ethnic Greek political party Omonia to prison terms on charges of undermining the Albanian state. Greece responded by freezing all EU aid to Albania, and sealing its border with Albania. In December 1994, however, Greece began to permit limited EU aid to Albania, while Albania released two of the Omonia defendants and reduced the sentences of the remaining four. Шаблон:Citation needed
There are still other impending issues in the relations between the two countries, regarding many Albanian workers in Greece who have not received legal papers despite promises by the Greek government. In 1996, the two countries signed a Treaty of Peace and Friendship and discussed the issues of the status of Albanian refugees in Greece and education in the mother tongue for the ethnic Greek minority in southern Albania. In the 1990s, Greece preferred and assisted Fatos Nano as Albanian leader due to him being Orthodox over Sali Berisha a Muslim, as Nano was seen as being friendlier to Greek interests.[34] The government of Fatos Nano was viewed by Turkey as having a pro-Greek orientation and expressed some dissatisfaction though during that time still maintained close military relations with Albania in rebuilding its armed forces and a military base.[19]
Today, as result of very frequent high-level contacts between the governments and the parliaments, relations between the two countries are regarded as excellent. Greece is a staunch supporter of the Euro-Atlantic integration of the Republic of Albania. Since Albania's NATO entry in May 2009, Albanian-Greek relations have been developing on all fronts, and especially after the election victory of Edi Rama in 2013,[35] with the Albanian Chief of Foreign Policy, Ralf Gjoni, describing the diplomatic relations between two countries as "excellent". Greece today is Albania's most important European Union ally and NATO partner.[36] At the Albanian government's request, about 250 Greek military personnel are stationed in Albania to assist with the training and restructuring of the Albanian Armed Forces, as part of the NATO programme. Big projects currently in running between the two countries include the touristic development of the Ionian coastline shared between the two countries, and the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), which helped boosting the relations of the two countries even further.
Albania's ties with Greece are also based on cultural and historic relations of the two peoples, including migration and national minorities. In addition, since Albania's transition to democracy, Greece has become a major financial partner of the country with Albania's economy being heavily reliant on investments from Greece. Culturally, the two nations' populations, whilst having a tense history, share numerous cultural and historic traits that have been used to boost the political relations of the neighbouring countries.
There had been numerous discussions, research and attempts by Albanians and Greeks to form a confederation during the Ottoman period.[37] In the 19th century there were plans to create a Greek-Albanian confederation, which was revived from the earlier 18th century plans. In 1907 a special protocol and memorandum of understanding was signed by Neoklis Kazazis and Ismail Qemali, the first Prime Minister of Albania. Furthermore, Arvanite author Aristides Kollias in his book "The proclamation of the Association of Arvanites" states "from 1881 to 1907 we have sustained efforts and repeated consultations between Greeks and Albanians to create a Greek-Albanian state." In addition, Thanos Paleologos-Anagnostopoulos in his book "Greece and Albania in the early 20th century (1995)" stated that Ismail Qemali, a philhellene, worked with numerous Greek politicians and lobbyists, including Arvanite leaders, on a possible Greek-Albanian federation, one that "maintains national and religious independence of the two peoples."[38] Likewise, Neoklis Kazazis saw this as a way of Greece quashing Italian influence in the region.[39]
International
Albania was voted to become a member of the 15-country UN Security Council for a two-year term, in 2022–23, on June 11, 2021.[40] Former ambassador Kadare said that Albania's priorities in the Security Council will include a focus on women, peace, and security, promoting human rights and international law, preventing conflicts, protecting civilians, countering violent extremism, addressing climate change and its links to security, and strengthening multilateralism and the rules-based international order.[40] She tweeted thanks to all countries that: "entrusted us with this huge responsibility".[40]
- Disputes
The Albanian government supports the protection of the rights of ethnic Albanians outside of its borders but has downplayed them to further its primary foreign policy goal of regional cooperation; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks full recognition of the declared independence from Serbia; Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia claim discrimination in education, access to public-sector jobs, and representation in government.Шаблон:Citation needed A handful of Albanian troops have participated in the U.S.-led military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.[41] Albanian policy is very favorable to that of the United States and European Union.
The $30 million Albanian-American Enterprise Fund (AAEF), launched in 1994, is actively making debt and equity investments in local businesses.[42] AAEF is designed to harness private sector efforts to assist in the economic transformation. U.S. assistance priorities include promotion of agricultural development and a market economy, advancement of democratic institutions (including police training), and improvements in quality of life.
List of countries
List of countries which Albania maintains diplomatic relations with:
In 2008 and 2009, the Albanian Parliament ordered the Foreign Ministry to establish diplomatic relations with countries which Albania did not maintain diplomatic relations with, namely Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominica, East Timor, Eswatini, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Gambia, Grenada, Kiribati, Liberia, Marshall Islands, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Rwanda, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda and Vanuatu.[193]
Diplomatic relations were suspended with Iran on 7 September 2022.[194]
Organizations
Albania maintains very good relations with the European Union, since 2014 is an official candidate.
Albania is member in these international organizations:[195]
AC, APF, BIE, BSEC, CEB, CoBx, CoE, CERN (Non-Member State), CEI, CCC, CEFTA, ECE, EAPC, EBRD, EITI, ECAA, ECAC, EC, ENTSO-E, Eurocontrol, FAO, FIUs, IAEA, IAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICC, ICRC, ICRM, ICCROM, IDA, IDB, IHO, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, IOM, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NATO, OAS, OB, OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, OTIF, PCA, SEECP, SECI, SETC, UN, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNDSS, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNW, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, UfM, VC, WB, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO and WTO.
Diplomatic relations
Africa
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1963[116] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1958[116] | See Albania–Egypt relations
The father of the modern Egypt Muhammad Ali of Egypt was Albanian commander in the Ottoman army. Albanian Muhammad Ali dynasty reigned in Egypt from 1805 to 1952.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1970[116] | See Albania–Libya relations
Albania was one of the first countries to recognize the National Transitional Council on 18 July 2011 as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people.[198][199][200]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1973[116] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1962[202] |
Since the start of diplomatic relations, both countries have shown a willingness to collaborate, particularly in the field of trade. In January 2005, Albania revoked its 'de facto' recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in favor of Morocco.[202]
|
Americas
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1973[116] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1974 [116] | See Albania–Brazil relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 September 1987[203] | See Albania–Canada relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1980[116] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 October 1974[116] |
Mexico recognized and established diplomatic relations with Albania on 15 October 1974. Shortly thereafter Mexico opened a resident embassy in Tirana, however the embassy was closed in 1979.[206]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1922[209] | See Albania–United States relations
|
Asia
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:Flag | 18 February 1993 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 September 1992 | See Albania–Azerbaijan relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 November 1949 | See Albania–China relations
People's Socialist Republic of Albania under Enver Hoxha, moved an annual resolution in the General Assembly to transfer China's seat at the United Nations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. On 25 October 1971, Resolution 2758, sponsored by Albania, was passed by the General Assembly, withdrawing recognition of the ROC as the legitimate government of China, and recognizing the PRC as the sole legitimate government of China. Albania was the first country to recognize the People's Republic China. Albania and People's Republic China established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1949.[59]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 August 1991[212] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1958[116] | See Albania–Egypt relations
The father of the modern Egypt Muhammad Ali of Egypt was Albanian commander in the Ottoman army. Albanian Muhammad Ali dynasty reigned in Egypt from 1805 to 1952.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts[218] | See Albania–Georgia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1956[219] | See Albania–India relations
Mother Teresa, one of India's national symbols, was of Albanian origin. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1971[116] | See Albania–Iran relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 20 August 1991[220] | See Albania–Israel relations
Albania recognized the State of Israel on 16 April 1949 by a telegram of Prime Minister of Albania Enver Hoxha. |
| Шаблон:Flag | April 1922 re-established in March 1981 |
See Albania–Japan relations
Albania and Japan resumed established diplomatic relations in March 1981.[223]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1968[116] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1981[116] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 May 1949[224] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 May 1972 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 May 1972.[225] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 29 November 1948[226] | Шаблон:See also |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1965 | In December 2006, Albanian Deputy Foreign Minister Anton Gurakqui visited Pakistan to hold bilateral consultation with Pakistani political leadership. Pakistan also offers training facilities to young Albanian bureaucrats in the field of banking, finance, management and diplomacy.[227] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1990 | See Albania–Palestine relations
Albania had previously recognized the State of Palestine as a state since 1988.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1992 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 7 April 1924 | See Albania–Russia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1992 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 22 August 1991[150] | See Albania–South Korea relations
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Ban Ki-moon and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Besnik Mustafaj signed the Convention between South Korea and Albania for the Avoidance of Double Taxation with Respect to Taxes on Income and for the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion on 17 May 2006.[228] The number of the South Korean citizens living in Albania, in 2020 was about 102.[229] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1981 | See Albania-Turkey relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1992 |
|
Europe
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 February 1993 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1912 | See Albania–Austria relations
Austria-Hungary supported the Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 September 1992 | See Albania–Azerbaijan relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Albania–Belgium relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1922 | See Albania–Bulgaria relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 August 1992 | See Albania–Croatia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 August 1991[212] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Albania–Czech Republic relations
The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the People's Republic of Albania and the Socialist Republic of Romania participated in the invasion. Albania formally withdrew form the Warsaw Pact in 1968 over the matter.[232]
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts[233] | See Albania–Denmark relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | ||
| Шаблон:Flag | See Albania–France relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts[218] | See Albania–Georgia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Albania–Germany relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | de facto in 1971[236][237] de juro 21 March 1996 |
See Albania–Greece relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 7 September 1991[247] | See Albania–Holy See relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Albania–Hungary relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1912 | See Albania–Italy relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 February 2008 | See Albania–Kosovo relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 August 2006 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1970[259] | See Albania–Netherlands relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1991 | See Albania–North Macedonia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Albania–Poland relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Albania–Portugal relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 December 1913 | See Albania–Romania relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 7 April 1924 | See Albania–Russia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Albania-Serbia relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1994[247] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag |
The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the People's Republic of Albania and the Socialist Republic of Romania participated in the invasion. Albania formally withdrew form the Warsaw Pact in 1968 over the matter.[232]
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Albania–Slovenia relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Albania–Spain relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | ||
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 March 1922[262] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1981 | See Albania-Turkey relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1992 | See Albania-Ukraine relations
The diplomatic relations between Albania and Ukraine were established in 1922.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1922-1939 reestablished on 29 May 1991 |
See Albania–United Kingdom relations
|
Oceania
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1984 |
|
Former countries
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag |
Albania (League of Lezhë) during the reign of Skanderbeg had good relations with the Papacy. | |
| Шаблон:Flag |
Albania (League of Lezhë) during the reign of Skanderbeg had good relations with Naples.
See | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 7 April 1924 | See Albania–Soviet Union relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | ||
| Шаблон:Flag | 1946 | See Albania–Yugoslavia relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Albania–Austria relations and Albania–Hungary relations | |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Albania–Czech Republic relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1952 | See Albania–Germany relations
|
Multilateral
| Organisation | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1992 | See Accession of Albania to the European Union
Albania applied in 2009 to join and became an official candidate in June 2014. The Commission recommended the launch of negotiations on 9 November 2016.[264] In 2020 EU ministers agree to start accession talks,[1] on 19 July 2022 Albania starts accession talks and holds the first Intergovernmental Conference on accession negotiations.[29]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1992 | See Albania–NATO relations
At the 2008 Bucharest summit, NATO invited Albania to join the alliance. In April 2009 Albania became a full member of the NATO, which remains popular in the country especially due to its intervention in the Kosovo war on behalf of ethnic Albanians.[265] Within the Balkans, Albania is considered to be the most pro-European and pro-Western country in the region and unlike its neighbours, except Kosovo, it has to negligible support for Russia.[266][24]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 14 December 1955 | See Albania at the United Nations
|
See also
- List of diplomatic missions in Albania
- List of diplomatic missions of Albania
- Visa requirements for Albanian citizens
References
External links
- United Kingdom
- Estonian
- Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Albania
- Estonian embassy in Athens is also accredited to Albania
- Croatia
- Kosovo
- Turkey
- Albanian embassies in Turkey
- Turkish embassy in Albania
- Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Albania
- Russia
- Analysis
- Is there an Albanian question? Шаблон:Dead link, Chaillot Paper No. 107, February 2008, European Union Institute for Security Studies
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
Шаблон:StateDept Шаблон:CIA World Factbook
Шаблон:Foreign relations of Albania Шаблон:Foreign relations of Europe Шаблон:Albania topics
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Konferencë për shtyp e Ministrit të Punëve të Jashtme z. Panariti lidhur me vizitën e fundit në Greqi, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Albania, 2012-10-06 (in Albanian)
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal "The Turkish policy exploited the difficulties between Albania and Greece but also the fact that Islam is the main religion of the country. Furthermore, close relations with Albania were encouraged by the Americans and Europeans considering the Turkish presence in the area as a factor of stability."
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book. "But the essential factor is that Kosovo borders on the Republic of Albania which is militarily allied with Turkey against Serbia, and the mountains separating the Kosovo plain from Albania and from Macedonia are the only natural protection in case of conflict with these countries."
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Harvnb. "Turkish links with Albania... Greece felt that Turkey was allying itself with the area's Muslims (perhaps with aims to revive the heyday of the Ottomans) and seeking to isolate Greece. Turkey denied those charges and claimed that Greece was exacerbating tensions in the Balkans. Given its historic ties to Albania, coupled with the positive relations established between Turkey and Albania, Ankara has begun to express concern over the polemics between Greece and Albania. Turkey has voiced such concern with slight bias on Albania's behalf much to the anger of the Greeks. Greece, aware of military treaties between Turkey and Albania naturally denounced Turkey's meddling in Greek affairs souring regional relations further."
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:Cite journal p. 90. "In a broader Balkan context, Turkey has always seen the Albanians as its natural allies in the Balkans. If the Greeks and Serbs have stood on one side of the scale, the Turks and the Albanians have stood on the other. Although some kind of dissatisfaction with Nano's government is felt in Ankara over what is seen in the Turkish capital as Tirana's pro-Greek orientation, Turkey continues to have close military ties with Tirana; indeed, it is playing an important role in the re-organization of the disintegrated Albanian army. Albania's most important military base, which was destroyed during the armed uprising last year, will be rebuilt by Turkey."
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Cite report
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 28,0 28,1 Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ 29,0 29,1 "Genci Muçaj: Albania enjoys magnificent relations with Turkey Шаблон:Webarchive". Koha Jonë. 14 Mars 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book pp. 80–81. "Greece's favorite candidate in these elections was clearly MR. Nano. As emerges from the interview material, he –unlike Berisha- was held in high esteem by the Greek side. It should not escape notice that Nano was by origin Orthodox Christian from Southern Albania, whereas Berisha was a northern Muslim... Greece's favour towards Nano was clearly demonstrated in June, when he was allowed to speak to a crowd of Albanian citizens at a pre-election rally in one of Athens' central squares. The police did not interfere and no arrests of illegal immigrants were made."
- ↑ 35,0 35,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 40,0 40,1 40,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 59,0 59,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 64,00 64,01 64,02 64,03 64,04 64,05 64,06 64,07 64,08 64,09 64,10 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 88,0 88,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 92,0 92,1 92,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 116,00 116,01 116,02 116,03 116,04 116,05 116,06 116,07 116,08 116,09 116,10 116,11 116,12 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 150,0 150,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 152,0 152,1 152,2 152,3 152,4 152,5 152,6 152,7 152,8 152,9 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 155,0 155,1 155,2 155,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 193,0 193,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Albania, CIA The World Factbook
- ↑ 196,0 196,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 197,0 197,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 202,0 202,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 210,0 210,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 211,0 211,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 212,0 212,1 212,2 212,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 213,0 213,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 214,0 214,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 215,0 215,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 216,0 216,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 217,0 217,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 218,0 218,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ India - Albania Relations, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Japan-Albania Relations, Website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
- ↑ LIST OF STATES WITH DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS Шаблон:Webarchive, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mongolia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 230,0 230,1 Bulgaria. Embassy Pages.
- ↑ Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Шаблон:Webarchive, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia
- ↑ 232,0 232,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news Шаблон:Dead link
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Babiniotis, Lexicon of the Greek Language
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Archbishop Anastasios of Albania
- ↑ Origin of the Albanians
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Languages of Albania
- ↑ Albanian communities in Greece
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 247,0 247,1 Historia e Ambasadës Шаблон:Webarchive, Albanian Embassy in Holy See (in Albanian)
- ↑ 248,0 248,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 256,0 256,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news Шаблон:Dead link
- ↑ Berisha: Grateful to the Albanian community in Bucharest Шаблон:Webarchive, Top-Channel, 2012-10-19
- ↑ Presidenti Nishani merr mesazhe urimi nga krerë shtetesh me rastin e kremtimit të 100-vjetorit të Pavarësisë së Shqipërisë Шаблон:Webarchive, President of Albania, 2012-11-30
- ↑ Ngritja e marrëdhënieve diplomatike Шаблон:Webarchive, Balkanweb (in Albanian)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
