Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of Azerbaijan
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates
Шаблон:Politics of Azerbaijan The Republic of Azerbaijan is a member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, NATO's Partnership for Peace, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, the World Health Organization, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; the Council of Europe, CFE Treaty, the Community of Democracies; the International Monetary Fund; and the World Bank.
Diplomatic relations
Azerbaijan maintains diplomatic relations with 185 United Nations member states, the State of Palestine and the Holy See.[1][2] Azerbaijan does not have diplomatic relations with the following countries:
- Armenia
- Botswana
- Central African Republic
- Cook Islands
- Cyprus
- Kiribati
- Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Tonga
Azerbaijan also maintains good relations with the European Union, in the framework of its Eastern European Neighbourhood Policy (See Azerbaijan and the European Union).
List
List of countries which Azerbaijan maintains diplomatic relations with:
Information on some of the countries with which Azerbaijan maintains formal relations
Multilateral
| Organization | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1996[24] | See Azerbaijan–European Union relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1992[25] | See Azerbaijan–NATO relations |
| Шаблон:Flagcountry | 2009[26] | See Azerbaijan–Turkic Council relations |
Africa
Americas
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[38] | See Argentina–Azerbaijan relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[41] | See Azerbaijan–Brazil relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[44] | See Azerbaijan–Canada relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[47] | See Azerbaijan–Chile relations
|
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[48] | See Azerbaijan–Colombia relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[50] | See Azerbaijan–Cuba relations
|
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[51] | See Azerbaijan–Ecuador relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[52] | See Azerbaijan–Mexico relations
|
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[55] | See Azerbaijan–Nicaragua relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[57] | See Azerbaijan–Paraguay relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[58] | See Azerbaijan–Peru relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts, Шаблон:Dts |
See Azerbaijan–United States relations
On 25 December 1991 President George H. W. Bush announced that the United States recognized the independence of all 12 former Soviet republics, including Azerbaijan.[60]
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[63] | See Azerbaijan–Uruguay relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[64] | See Azerbaijan–Venezuela relations
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Asia
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flagu | 1918–1921
Armenia and Azerbaijan does not have formal relations since that time |
See Armenia–Azerbaijan relations, First Nagorno-Karabakh War, Second Nagorno-Karabakh war
The neighboring nations of Armenia and Azerbaijan have had formal governmental relations between 1918 and 1921, when both countries were briefly independent. The two nations have fought three wars in the 1918–20 (Armenian–Azerbaijani War), the 1988–94 (Nagorno-Karabakh War), and the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, with the last two ending in ceasefire agreements - the Bishkek Protocol and the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement respectively. There are no formal diplomatic relations between the two countries, because of the ongoing Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and dispute. In 2008, Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev declared, "Nagorno Karabakh will never be independent; the position is backed by international mediators as well; Armenia has to accept the reality," and "in 1918, Yerevan was granted to the Armenians. It was a great mistake. The khanate of Iravan was the Azerbaijani territory, the Armenians were guests here."[65] During the Soviet period, many Armenians and Azerbaijanis lived side by side in peace. However, when Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the policies of Glasnost and Perestroika, the majority of Armenians from the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) of the Azerbaijan SSR began a movement to unify with the Armenian SSR. In 1988, the Armenians of Karabakh voted to secede and join Armenia. This, along with mutual massacres in Azerbaijan and Armenia resulted in the conflict that became known as the Nagorno-Karabakh War. The violence resulted in de facto Armenian control of former NKAO and seven surrounding Azerbaijani regions, which was effectively halted when both sides agrees to observe a cease-fire, which has since been in effect since May 1994, and in late 1995 both also agreed to mediation of the OSCE Minsk Group. The Minsk Group is currently co-chaired by the U.S., France, and Russia and comprises Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and several Western European nations. Despite the cease fire, up to 40 clashes are reported along the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict lines of control each year.Шаблон:Citation needed The two countries are still technically at war. Citizens of the Republic of Armenia, as well as citizens of any other country who are of Armenian descent, are forbidden entry to the Republic of Azerbaijan. If a person's passport shows any evidence of travel to Nagorno-Karabakh, they are forbidden entry to the Republic of Azerbaijan.[66] In 2008, in what became known as the 2008 Mardakert Skirmishes, Armenia and Azerbaijan clashed over Nagorno-Karabakh. The fighting between the two sides was brief, with few casualties on either side.[67] As of July 2020, the new round of military escalation along the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan continued, thus making it one of the most explosive regions in Eurasia.[68] On 27 September 2020, a new military conflict emerged between Azerbaijan and Armenia.[69] The following day, on 28 September 2020, Azerbaijan's President Ilham Aliyev signed a decree declaring a partial military mobilisation following clashes with Armenian forces over the Nagorno-Karabakh region.[70] An armistice agreement between the two countries was signed on 10 November 2020, returning control of the territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh to Azerbaijan. |
| Шаблон:Flagu | 6 November 1996[71]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Bahrain relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | 30 December 1991[72]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Bangladesh relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–China relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan-India relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan-Indonesia relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts, Шаблон:Dts |
See Azerbaijan–Iran relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 2 January 1992Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Iraq relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Israel relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Japan relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[79][80] | See Azerbaijan–Jordan relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Kazakhstan relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 10 October 1994[81]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Kuwait relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan-Kyrgyzstan relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 22 May 1995Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Laos relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[82] | See Azerbaijan–Lebanon relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 31 December 1991Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Malaysia relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 14 September 1994Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Qatar relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Pakistan relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Palestine relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 27 March 1992[88]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Philippines relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[89] | See Azerbaijan–Saudi Arabia relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–South Korea relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | 12 February 1992[93]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Sri Lanka relations
|
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[94] | See Azerbaijan–Syria relations
Syria is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Tehran, Iran. |
| Шаблон:Flagu | 29 May 1992[95]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Tajikistan relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 7 July 1992[96]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Thailand relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 14 Jan. 1992[97] | See Azerbaijan–Turkey relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 9 June 1992[99]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Turkmenistan relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[101] | See Azerbaijan–United Arab Emirates relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 2 October 1995[102]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Uzbekistan relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 23 September 1992[103]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Vietnam relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | 25 February 1992[104]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Yemen relations
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Europe
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[105] | See Albania–Azerbaijan relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Austria–Azerbaijan relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Belarus relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Belgium relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 19 February 1995[110]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Bosnia and Herzegovina relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan—Bulgaria relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Croatia relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Azerbaijan formally recognizes the government of the Republic of Cyprus as the sole representative of the island, but has not yet established diplomatic relations with Cyprus. The parliament of Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic issued a resolution recognizing the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus as a sovereign state. While this recognition is not regarded by Azerbaijan and internationally as 'official state-to-state', Azerbaijan itself maintained cordial unofficial relations with the TRNC. In 2004, Azerbaijan threatened to formally recognize the TRNC if the Annan Plan was voted down by the Greek Cypriots (who rejected the plan in one of twin referendums held 24 April 2004 in both the Greek and Turkish zones simultaneously), but backed off the threat when it was pointed out by Cyprus that doing so would be hypocritical, as a portion of its territory just like that of Cyprus itself is under occupation and would probably result in negative impact on its ongoing dispute with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh.[115] | |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Czech Republic relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[117] | See Azerbaijan-Denmark relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan-Estonia relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan—France relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts, Шаблон:Dts |
See Azerbaijan–Georgia relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[122] | See Azerbaijan–Germany relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Greece relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 23 May 1992Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Holy See relations
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| Шаблон:Flagicon Hungary | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Hungary relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 27 February 1998[128]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Iceland relations |
| Шаблон:Flagicon Ireland | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Ireland relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Italy relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Kosovo relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan—Latvia relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 21 January 1992[133]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Liechtenstein relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan—Lithuania relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 21 December 1991[134]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Moldova relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 19 December 2007[135]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Monaco relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Montenegro relations
Azerbaijan recognized the independence of Montenegro on 24 July 2006. On 24 April 2008, diplomatic relations between these two countries were established. |
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Netherlands relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[138] | See Azerbaijan—North Macedonia relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan-Poland relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 5 June 1992[139] | See Azerbaijan–Portugal relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Romania relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Russia relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 19 April 2002[141]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–San Marino relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Serbia relations |
| Шаблон:Flagu | 23 November 1993[142]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Slovakia relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | 20 February 1996[143]Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Slovenia relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[144] | See Azerbaijan–Spain relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Sweden relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Switzerland relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts, Шаблон:Dts |
See Azerbaijan–Ukraine relations
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| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts, Шаблон:Dts |
See Azerbaijan – United Kingdom relations
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Oceania
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[154] | See Australia–Azerbaijan relations
|
| Шаблон:Flagu | Шаблон:Dts[155] | See Azerbaijan—New Zealand relations
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International organizations
AsDB BSEC CE CIS EAPC EBRD ECE ECO ESCAP FAO GUAM IAEA IBRD ICAO ICRM IDA IDB IFAD IFC IFRCS ILO IMF IMO Interpol IOC, IOM ISO (correspondent) ITU ITUC OAS (observer) OIC OPCW OSCE PFP United Nations UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UPU WCO WFTU WHO WIPO WMO WToO WTO(observer)
Other entities
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta – there are no relations
- States with limited recognition
Disputes
Nagorno-Karabakh/Azerbaijan
Шаблон:See also The frozen conflict over currently largely Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh within the Republic of Azerbaijan began when in 1988 the Armenian majority of Nagorno-Karabakh demanded autonomy with demonstrations and persecutions against ethnic Azeris following in Armenia. This led to anti-Armenian rioting in Azerbaijan, with Azerbaijani militias beginning their effort to expel Armenians from the enclave. In 1992, a war broke out and pogroms of Armenians and Azeris forced both groups to flee their homes. In 1994, a Russian-brokered ceasefire ended the war but more than 1 million ethnic Armenians and Azeris are still not able to return home. The conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh remains unresolved despite negotiations, that are ongoing since 1992 under the aegis of the Minsk Group of the OSCE, to resolve the conflict peacefully.[156][157]
Caviar diplomacy
Шаблон:Main The European Stability Initiative (ESI) has revealed in a report from 2012 with the title "Caviar diplomacy: How Azerbaijan silenced the Council of Europe", that since Azerbaijan's entry into the Council of Europe, each year 30 to 40 deputies are invited to Azerbaijan and generously paid with expensive gifts, including caviar (worth up to 1,400 euro), silk carpets, gold, silver and large amounts of money.[158][159] In return they become lobbyists for Azerbaijan. This practice has been widely referred to as "Caviar diplomacy".[160]
ESI also published a report on 2013 Presidential elections in Azerbaijan titled "Disgraced: Azerbaijan and the end of election monitoring as we know it". The report revealed the ties between Azerbaijani government and the members of certain observation missions who praised the elections.[161] Azerbaijan's "Caviar diplomacy" at 2013 presidential elections sparked a major international scandal, as the reports of two authoritative organizations Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe/European Parliament and OSCE/ODIHR completely contradicted one another in their assessments of elections.[162][163][164][165]
Non-governmental anti-corruption organization Transparency International has regularly judged Azerbaijan to be one of the most corrupt countries in the world[165][166] and has also criticized Azerbaijan for the "Caviar diplomacy".[160][167]
At June 2016 the public prosecutor of Milan has accused the former leader of the (Christian) Union of the center and of the European People's Party of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Luca Volonte of accepting large bribes from representatives of the Azerbaijani government.[168] Two people with high-level experience of the Council of Europe's parliamentary assembly (Pace) have told the Guardian they believe its members have been offered bribes for votes by Azerbaijan. Former Azerbaijani diplomat, Arif Mammadov, alleged that a member of Azerbaijan's delegation at the Council of Europe had €30m (£25m) to spend on lobbying its institutions, including the Council of Europe assembly.[169] PACE ratified the terms of reference of an independent external investigation body to carry out a detailed independent inquiry into the allegations of corruption at the council involving Azerbaijan.[170]
ESISC report
Шаблон:Main On 6 March 2017, ESISC (European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center) published a scandalous report called "The Armenian Connection" where it veraciously attacked human rights NGOs and research organisations criticising human rights violations and corruption in Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Russia.[171]
ESISC in that report asserted that "Caviar diplomacy" report elaborated by ESI aimed to create climate of suspicion based on slander to form a network of MPs that would engage in a political war against Azerbaijan.[172] In the Second Chapter of the report called "The Armenian Connection: «Mr X», Nils Muižnieks, Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights" that was published on 18 April 2017 ESISC asserted that the network composed of European PMs, Armenian officials and some NGOs: Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, "Human Rights House Foundation", "Open Dialog", European Stability Initiative, and Helsinki Committee for Human Rights, was financed by the Soros Foundation. According to ESISC the key figure of the network since 2012 has been Nils Muižnieks, Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe and the network has served to the interests of George Soros and the Republic of Armenia.[173] "The report is written in the worst traditions of authoritarian propaganda, makes absurd claims, and is clearly aimed at deflecting the wave of criticism against cover-up of unethical lobbying and corruption in PACE and demands for change in the Assembly", said Freedom Files Analytical Centre.[171]
According Robert Coalson (Radio Free Europe), ESISC is a part of Baku's lobbying efforts to extend to the use of front think tanks to shift public opinion.[174]
European Stability Initiative said that "ESISC report is full of lies (such as claiming that German PACE member Strasser holds pro-Armenian views and citing as evidence that he went to Yerevan in 2015 to commemorate the Armenian genocide, when Strasser has never in his life been to independent Armenia)".[175]
See also
- Azerbaijan–European Union relations
- Azerbaijan–NATO relations
- Azerbaijan and the International Monetary Fund
- List of diplomatic missions in Azerbaijan
- List of diplomatic missions of Azerbaijan
- Visa requirements for Azerbaijani citizens
Further reading
- Valiyev, Anar: "Azerbaijan and the North Caucasus: A Pragmatic Relationship" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 27
- Hübner, Gerald: "Foreign Direct Investment in Azerbaijan—the Quality of Quantity" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 28
- Abbasov, Shahin: "Azerbaijan's Eurovision Story: Great Chances to Improve, But No Political Will" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 32
- Mazziotti, Marius; Sauerborn, Djan; Scianna, Bastian Matteo: "Multipolarity is key: Assessing Azerbaijan's foreign policy"[1]
References
- CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website
External links
- U.S. Embassy in Azerbaijan in Baku
- Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in Washington
- Tajikistan & Kyrgyzstan relations Шаблон:Webarchive
Шаблон:Foreign relations of Azerbaijan Шаблон:Azerbaijan topics Шаблон:Foreign relations of Asia Шаблон:Foreign relations of Europe
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- ↑ Armenia and Azerbaijan still skirting war in Nagorno-Karabakh. thestar.com. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013
- ↑ Aserbaidschan: Die Kaviar-Diplomatie (German). Der Tagesspiegel. Retrieved 3 August 2013
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- ↑ Corruzione, "tangente da due milioni dall'Azerbaijan": indagato a Milano ex Udc Volontè // Corriere della Sera, 25 June 2016
- ↑ Fresh claims of Azerbaijan vote-rigging at European human rights body // The Guardian. 20 April 2017
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- ↑ 171,0 171,1 AN EXPLORATION INTO AZERBAIJAN'S SOPHISTICATED SYSTEM OF PROJECTING ITS INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCE, BUYING WESTERN POLITICIANS AND CAPTURING INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS // Freedom Files Analytical Centre (Civic Solidarity Platform), March 2017
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- ↑ Baku Smooths Over Its Rights Record With A Thick Layer Of Caviar // Radio Free Europe, 8 November 2013
- ↑ Merchants of Doubt or investigating Corruption // ESI, 21 April 2017
