Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of Barbados
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Politics of BarbadosThis article deals with the diplomatic affairs, foreign policy and international relations of Barbados.
At the political level, these matters are officially handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which answers to the Prime Minister. The Minister of Foreign Affairs is Kerrie Symmonds.
Barbados is a moderate political and economic power in the Caribbean region.
Between independence in 1966 and the 1990s, Barbados has used a pro business and investment policy to expand its influence in the world. Through the usage of its network of international bilateral relations, the country has been able to maintain an independent foreign policy. Barbados' recent policy has been to focus and strengthen ties with nations that country feels will enhance its diplomacy or foreign trade. Barbados has sought to engage in multilateral diplomacy through the United Nations, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the Association of Caribbean States (ACS), the group of ACP countries, the Organization of American States, and several other agencies which it is engaged. In 2008 Barbados and the other members of CARICOM signed an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the European Union and its European Commission.[1] The deal covers CARICOM's membership in the Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM). CARIFORUM in turn is a part of the Group of African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) States. The agreement outlines Barbados' future development and trade ties with the European Union, and serves as a blueprint for future relations between both trading blocs under the Cotonou Agreement and the Lomé Convention.[2]
Barbados has placed an emphasis on a furtherance of relations with the nations of Africa where the majority of islanders have ancestral connection.[3][4][5][6][7] A prior CARICOM-Africa summit were held with future agenda to be formulated.[8][9]
As a small nation, the primary thrust of Barbados' diplomatic activity has been within international organisations. Currently Barbados has established official diplomatic relations with 105 countries around the globe.
History
In 1965, Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago established the Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA). Following independence from the United Kingdom in 1966, Barbados went on to become a founding member of many other international organizations.
On 4 July 1973, the founding nations of Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Jamaica signed the original Treaty of Chaguaramas in Trinidad thus establishing the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM). The agreement to establish CARICOM wound up succeeded the CARIFTA organisation. By the following year many of the remaining English-speaking Caribbean states followed suit and also joined CARICOM by May 1974, bring it slowly to the 15 members it has today.
Barbados also is a member of the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), established in 1970, with headquarters in Wildey, Saint Michael (Bridgetown). The eastern Caribbean's Regional Security System (RSS), which associates Barbados with six nations of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) is also based in Barbados. In July 1994, Barbados joined the newly established Association of Caribbean States (ACS).
In 2002 the United Nations opened a building in the Marine Gardens area of Hastings found in the Parish of Christ Church the facility simply called the United Nations House acts as a regional operations headquarters for several programmes of the United Nations in Barbados and for many of the other islands in the Eastern Caribbean region.[10]
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Barbados maintains diplomatic relations with:
Bilateral relations
Africa
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | -Nov-25 1979 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1970-Apr-24 | See Barbados–Nigeria relations
|
Americas
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1981-Nov-01 | Шаблон:See also
Antigua & Barbuda and Barbados were once both commonwealth realms (until Barbados became a republic in 2021), members of: the Association of Caribbean States, the Caribbean Community, the Belt & Road Initiative, the Caribbean Development Bank, the Commonwealth of Nations, ECLAC, EU-CARIFORUM, the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, the Organization of American States, the Small Island Developing States, and the United Nations. The establishment of diplomatic relations between Barbados and Antigua and Barbuda started on 1 November 1981.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1968-Aug-16 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1973-Jul-10 | Шаблон:See also
The Commonwealth of the Bahamas were once both commonwealth realms (until Barbados became a republic in 2021), members of: the Association of Caribbean States, the Caribbean Community, the Belt & Road Initiative, the Caribbean Development Bank, the Commonwealth of Nations, ECLAC, EU-CARIFORUM, the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, the Organization of American States, the Small Island Developing States, and the United Nations. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1973.[69]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1981-Sep-21 | Шаблон:See also
Barbados and Belize were once both commonwealth realms (until Barbados became a republic in 2021), members of: the Association of Caribbean States, the Caribbean Community, the Belt & Road Initiative, the Caribbean Development Bank, the Commonwealth of Nations, ECLAC, EU-CARIFORUM, the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, the Organization of American States, the Small Island Developing States, and the United Nations. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1971-Nov-26 | See Barbados–Brazil relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1966-Nov-30 | See Barbados–Canada relations
Barbados and Canada were once both commonwealth realms (until Barbados became a republic in 2021), members of: the Belt & Road Initiative, the Caribbean Development Bank, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations. In 1907, the Government of Canada opened a Trade Commissioner Service to the Caribbean region located in Bridgetown, Barbados.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1967-Oct-03 |
Barbados is accredited in Chile through its embassy in Caracas, (Venezuela). Chile is accredited to Barbados from its embassy in Port of Spain, (Trinidad and Tobago) and maintains an honorary consulate in Bridgetown. Barbados and Chile formally established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1967.[74] Chile was the first Latin American country which Barbados formally established formal diplomatic relations.[75][76] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1978-Nov-03 | Шаблон:See also
Barbados and the Commonwealth of Dominica are members of: the Association of Caribbean States, the Caribbean Community, the Belt & Road Initiative, the Caribbean Development Bank, the Commonwealth of Nations, ECLAC, EU-CARIFORUM, the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, the Organization of American States, the Small Island Developing States, and the United Nations. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 November 1978.[63]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1974-Mar-03 | Шаблон:See also
Barbados and Grenada are two of sixteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Association of Caribbean States, the Caribbean Community, the Belt & Road Initiative, the Caribbean Development Bank, the Commonwealth of Nations, ECLAC, EU-CARIFORUM, the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, the Organization of American States, the Small Island Developing States, and the United Nations. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1966-Nov-30 | See Barbados–Guyana relations
Barbados and the Co-Operative Republic of Guyana are members of: the Association of Caribbean States, the Caribbean Community, the Belt & Road Initiative, the Caribbean Development Bank, the Commonwealth of Nations, ECLAC, EU-CARIFORUM, the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, the Organization of American States, the Small Island Developing States, and the United Nations. The relations between Guyana and Barbados had its genesis to a time when both Guyana (then British Guiana) and Barbados were both British colonies. Shortly after Great Britain secured British Guiana from the Dutch, waves of migrants were encouraged to move and settle in Guyana. Barbados was one such location where large numbers of migrants came from. Through time Barbados and Guyana have both supported each other. With the move towards independence in the region Guyana was seen as the breadbasket of the wider Caribbean which led to yet more waves of Barbadians seeking to move to Guyana for better opportunities. More recently the Guyanese Government has extended an offer to Barbadians.[77][78] The Guyanese government has offered to put in place an economically favourable regime towards any Barbadians that wish to relocate to Guyana and contribute towards that nation's goals in agricultural investment.[79] The announcement was made in the final days of the Owen Arthur administration by MP member Mia Motley. In the early 1990s the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, Patrick Manning pitched an initiative for Barbados, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago to enter into some form of political union or political association. This initiative was short lived and didn't proceed following the Democratic Labour Party's defeat during the 1994 elections. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1966-Nov-30 | Шаблон:See also
Barbados and Jamaica were once both commonwealth realms (until Barbados became a republic in 2021): the Association of Caribbean States, the Caribbean Community, the Belt & Road Initiative, the Caribbean Development Bank, the Commonwealth of Nations, ECLAC, EU-CARIFORUM, the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, the Organization of American States, the Small Island Developing States, and the United Nations.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1972-Sep-11 | See Barbados–Mexico relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1975-Aug-28 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1983-Sep-19 | Шаблон:See also
Barbados and the Federation of St. Kitts & Nevis were once both commonwealth realms (until Barbados became a republic in 2021), members of: the Association of Caribbean States, the Caribbean Community, the Caribbean Development Bank, the Commonwealth of Nations, ECLAC, EU-CARIFORUM, the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, the Organization of American States, the Small Island Developing States, and the United Nations. |
| Шаблон:Flag | -Feb-22 1979 | Шаблон:See also
Barbados and St. Lucia were once both commonwealth realms (until Barbados became a republic in 2021), members of: the Association of Caribbean States, the Caribbean Community, the Caribbean Development Bank, the Commonwealth of Nations, ECLAC, EU-CARIFORUM, the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, the Organization of American States, the Small Island Developing States, and the United Nations. |
| Шаблон:Flag | -Oct-27 1979 | Шаблон:See also
Barbados and St. Vincent & the Grenadines were once both commonwealth realms (until Barbados became a republic in 2021), members of: the Association of Caribbean States, the Caribbean Community, the Belt & Road Initiative, the Caribbean Development Bank, the Commonwealth of Nations, ECLAC, EU-CARIFORUM, the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, the Organization of American States, the Small Island Developing States, and the United Nations. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1978-Mar-08 | See Barbados–Suriname relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1978. Barbados is accredited to Suriname from Bridgetown. Suriname is represented in Barbados through its embassy in Port of Spain, (Trinidad and Tobago). Barbados and the Republic of Suriname are members of: the Association of Caribbean States, the Caribbean Community, the Belt & Road Initiative, the Caribbean Development Bank, the Commonwealth of Nations, ECLAC, EU-CARIFORUM, the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, the Organization of American States, the Small Island Developing States, and the United Nations. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1966-Nov-30 | See Barbados–Trinidad and Tobago relations
Barbados and the Republic of Trinidad & Tobago are members of: the Association of Caribbean States, the Caribbean Community, the Belt & Road Initiative, the Caribbean Development Bank, the Commonwealth of Nations, ECLAC, EU-CARIFORUM, the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, the Organization of American States, the Small Island Developing States, and the United Nations. On 11 April 2006, the 5-Member UNCLOS Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal, presided over by H.E. Judge Stephen M. Schwebel, rendered after two years of international judicial proceedings, the landmark Barbados/Trinidad and Tobago Award, which resolved the maritime boundary delimitation (in the East, Central and West sectors) to satisfaction of both Parties and committed Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago to resolve their fisheries dispute by means of concluding a new Fisheries Agreement. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1966-Nov-30 | See Barbados–United States relations
In May 1997, Prime Minister Owen Arthur hosted United States President Bill Clinton and 14 other Caribbean leaders during the first-ever U.S.-regional summit in Bridgetown, Barbados. The summit strengthened the basis for regional cooperation on justice and counternarcotics issues, finance and development, and trade. |
Asia
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1977-May-30 | See also Barbados – People's Republic of China relations
Barbados and the China established official diplomatic relations 30 May 1977.[80] Barbados-Sino diplomatic and economic relations have grown steadily over three decades. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1966-Nov-30 | India and Barbados established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1966 (the date of Barbados' national independence).[81] On that date, the government of India gifted Barbados the throne in Barbados' national House of Assembly.[82] India is represented in Barbados through its embassy in Suriname[83][84][85] and an Indian consulate in Holetown, St. James.[86] Today around 3,000 persons from India call Barbados home. Two-thirds are from the India's Surat district of Gujarat known as Suratis. Most of the Suratis are involved in trading. The rest are mainly Sindhis. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1967-Aug-29 | See also Barbados–Israel relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1967-Aug-29 | See Barbados–Japan relations
Japan is accredited to Barbados from its embassy in Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago) and an honorary consulate in Bridgetown. Barbados is represented in Japan through a non-resident ambassador in Bridgetown. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1996-Dec-19 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 December 1996.[87][88] On 17 July 2013 a bilateral Open Skies Agreement (OSA) were signed between both countries.[89] On 25 April 2014 a bilateral Singapore-Barbados Double Taxation Agreement treaty came into effect[90] with subsequent modifications in 2021.[91] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1977-Nov-15 |
Barbados and the Republic of Korea established diplomatic relations on 15 November 1977.[92]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1970[93] | See Barbados–Turkey relations
|
Europe
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | The European Union relations and cooperation with Barbados are carried out both on a bilateral and a multilateral basis. Barbados is party to the Cotonou Agreement, through which Шаблон:As of it is linked by an Economic Partnership Agreement with the European Commission. The pact involves the Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM) subgroup of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP). CARIFORUM is the only part of the wider ACP-bloc that has concluded the full regional trade-pact with the European Union. There are also ongoing EU-Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) and EU-CARIFORUM dialogues.[95]
The Mission of Barbados to the European Union is located in Brussels, while the Delegation of the European Union to Barbados and its regional Eastern Caribbean neighbours is in Bridgetown. | |
| Шаблон:Flag | -Aug-20 1979 | * Denmark is represented in Barbados, through its embassy in Mexico.[96] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1968-May-03 | See Barbados–France relations
Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 3 May 1968. Barbados is represented in France through its embassy in Brussels (Belgium). France is represented in Barbados through its embassy in Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago) and an honorary consulate in Bridgetown. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1967-Mar-14 | See Barbados–Germany relations
Barbados is represented in Germany through its embassy in Brussels, (Belgium) and Germany is represented in to Barbados from its embassy in Port of Spain, (Trinidad and Tobago). Barbados and West Germany formally established diplomatic relations on 14 March 1967. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 2001-May-03 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1966-Nov-30 |
The Soviet Union recognized the independence of Barbados on 30 November 1966. On 29 January 1993, Russian Federation and Barbados established formal diplomatic relations.[100][101] In 2018 both nations celebrated 25 years of diplomatic ties and pledged closer collaboration.[102][103][104] The two nations also discussed cultural exchanges and Russia working with Barbados' light oil and gas industry.[105][106] And possible scholarships to Russian schools.[107] In 2022 the Russian Foreign Minister met his counterpart in Barbados to discuss current relations and explored a future agenda with the nation including among other things the conclusion of a visa waiver agreement between both nations.[108]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1966-Nov-30 | See Barbados – United Kingdom relations
The two countries are related through common history, the Commonwealth of Nations and until 2021, shared of the same Head of State, Queen Elizabeth II as their Monarch. The British High Commission was established in Bridgetown, Barbados in 1967. There is a Barbadian High Commission in London. |
Oceania
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1974-Jan-07 | See Australia–Barbados relations
The Australian High Commissioner to Barbados is accredited from Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados is represented in Australia through its High Commission in Ottawa, Ontario, (Canada). Barbados maintains an honorary consul in Australia. Barbados and Australia established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1974. Both Barbados and Australia are current members of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, and comprised as former parts of the British Empire. |
| Шаблон:Flagcountry | 1974-Aug-28 |
|
Bilateral agreements
Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments treaties
Barbados has a number of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) with a growing list of nations. Some of which include:[113]
- Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) – Signed 29 May 2009[114]
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 29 May 1996
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 20 July 1998
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 19 February 1996
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 2 December 1994
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 22 April 2008
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 25 October 1995
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 28 September 2004
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 29 March 1995
- Шаблон:Flag – March 1995
- Шаблон:Flag – April 1993
- Шаблон:Flag – July 1994
Double Taxation Agreements
Barbados has a number of Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs) with a growing list of nations. Some of which include:[115]
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 27 February 2006
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 23 February 2009
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 15 May 2000
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 6 July 1994
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 17 June 1999
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 15 June 1989
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 24 April 2008
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 5 December 2001
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 28 September 2004
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 7 April 2008[116]
- Шаблон:Flag; Signed: 28 November 2006
- Шаблон:Flag; Signed: 19 October 2007
- Шаблон:Flag – Signed: 1 July 1991
- Шаблон:Flag – Extended to Barbados from UK, 1954
- Шаблон:Flag– Signed: 18 December 1991
- Шаблон:Flag– Signed: 11 December 1998
Multilateral relations
Barbados and the Commonwealth of Nations
Barbados has been a member state of the Commonwealth since 1966, when it became an independent Commonwealth realm and the 27th member state of the Commonwealth.
Barbadians have held various roles within the Commonwealth of Nations such as elections observers, or even more prominently. The country's former Governor-General, Dame Nita Barrow who served on the original Eminent Persons Group of 1985-1986 researched ways to bring about an end of apartheid in South Africa.[117]
Various Commonwealth meetings hosted by Barbados:
- 1990 Eleventh Conference of Commonwealth Education Ministers in Bridgetown
- 2005 Commonwealth Finance Ministers Meeting
- 2010 Ninth Commonwealth Women's Affairs Ministers Meeting
Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Barbados was viceregally represented by the Governor-General of Barbados until 30 November 2021.
The last Governor-General of Barbados, Dame Sandra Mason was installed in as the first President of Barbados on 30 November 2021 upon Barbados becoming a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations.
United Nations
On 7 December 1966 the Security Council of the United nations met to debate the membership of Barbados to the General Assembly of the United Nations. During the 1487th plenary meeting of 9 December 1966[118] it was decided that Barbados would be granted membership. Thusly Barbados became the 122nd full member of the United Nations General Assembly on 12 December 1966.[119]
Diplomatic missions
Barbados has diplomatic missions headed by resident ambassadors or high commissioners in Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Venezuela, and at the European Union (Brussels) and the UN. It also has resident consuls general in Toronto, Miami, and New York City. Australia, Brazil, Cuba, Canada, Colombia, People's Republic of China, Guatemala, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Venezuela have ambassadors or high commissioners resident in Barbados.
Participation in international organisations
ACP • ACCP • ACS • Afreximbank • AOSIS • BIS • C • CAF-BDLACШаблон:Small • Carib-Export • CARICOM • CARIFORUM • CARTAC • CCtJ • CDB • CDERA • CITEL • CTO • CXC • CFATF • CRNM • CROSQ • CSME • ECLAC • FAO • G33 • G77 • IADB • IDB • IAEA • IBRD • ICAO • ICCt • ICFTU • ICJ • ICRM • IDA • IFAD • IFC • IFRCS • ILO • IMF • IMO • Intelsat • Interpol • IOC • IOM • IMPACS • ISO • ITU • LAES • MACHC • MIGA • NAM • OAS • OPANAL • OPCW • PAPSS •PAHO • Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas • RSS • SIDS • UN • UNCTAD • UNESCO • UNHCR • UNIDO • UPU • WCO • WFTU • WHO • WIPO • WMO • UNWTO • WTO
Issues
- In 2008, Barbados submitted an updated claim to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (UNCLCS) to extend its territorial waters and continental shelf (Exclusive Economic Zone) margins.[120]
- Barbados started the process of settlement of maritime boundary with Guyana.[121]
- Former Prime Minister Owen Arthur had announced that Barbados would begin to settle its maritime boundaries with France(Martinique).[122]
Disputes – international:
- Venezuela, The Barbados Government charged that 1990 Maritime Delimitation Treaty agreement between Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela extended into its maritime area.[123]
Illicit drugs:
- Barbados is one of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcotics bound for the US and Europe
See also
- Government of Barbados
- List of diplomatic missions in Barbados
- List of diplomatic missions of Barbados
- List of ambassadors and high commissioners to and from Barbados
- Visa requirements for Barbadian citizens
References
External links
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade
- Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Barbados
- The European Commission's Delegation to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean
- Economic aspects of sustainable development in Barbados
- [1] – Paper on the EPA (involving) Barbados and the EU's territories
- Barbados Hoping To Expand Relations – Barbados P.M. outlines foreign relations plans.
Шаблон:Barbados topics Шаблон:Foreign relations of Barbados Шаблон:Foreign relations of the Commonwealth of Nations Шаблон:Foreign relations in the Caribbean Шаблон:Americas topic
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