Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of Bulgaria
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Politics of Bulgaria The Republic of Bulgaria is a country in Southeast Europe, and a member of both NATO (since 2004) and the European Union (since 2007).[1] It maintains diplomatic relations with 183 countries.[2]
Bulgaria has generally good foreign relations with its neighbors and has proved to be a constructive force in the region Шаблон:Citation needed under socialist and democratic governments alike. Promoting regional stability, Bulgaria hosted a Southeast European Foreign Ministers meeting in July 1996, and an OSCE conference on Black Sea cooperation in November 1995. Bulgaria also participated in the 1996 South Balkan Defense Ministerial in Albania and it is active in the Southeast European Cooperative Initiative. Since the group's inception in 2015 Bulgaria has been a part of the B9 format, a subset of Eastern European NATO countries.
Bulgaria's main allies are Greece and Romania, and it maintains good relations with Serbia and the rest of the Balkans. The Republic of North Macedonia plays an important role in Bulgarian foreign and domestic policy due to historical, ethnic and cultural ties.Шаблон:Citation needed
History
After the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, Bulgaria sought economic cooperative arrangements with Germany, Italy, France, Portugal, and Spain, as well as military cooperation with Romania, Greece, and Turkey. A start was made on easing tensions with its historical adversary Serbia.[3]
Due to close historical, cultural, and economic ties, Bulgaria sought a mutually beneficial relationship with Russia, on which it largely depends for energy supplies.Шаблон:Cn
Bulgaria's EU Association Agreement came into effect in 1994, and Bulgaria formally applied for full EU membership in December 1995. During the 1999 EU summit in Helsinki, the country was invited to start membership talks with the Union. On January 1, 2007, Bulgaria officially became a member of the European Union. In 1996, Bulgaria acceded to the Wassenaar Arrangement controlling exports of weapons and sensitive technology to countries of concern and also was admitted to the World Trade Organization. Bulgaria is a member of the Zangger Committee and the Nuclear Suppliers Group. After a period of equivocation under a socialist government, in March 1997 a UDF-led caretaker cabinet applied for full NATO membership, which became a reality in April 2004.
Bulgaria and the United States signed a Defense Cooperation Agreement in 2006 providing for military bases and training camps of the U.S. Army in Bulgaria, as part of the Pentagon's restructuring plan.Шаблон:Cn
The HIV trial in Libya resulted in the release of Bulgarian nurses imprisoned by Muammar Gaddafi's government in Libya. French President Nicolas Sarkozy secured the release in exchange for several business deals.[4][5]
In June 2010, media reports claimed that Bulgaria considers closing a total of 30 of its diplomatic missions abroad. Currently, Bulgaria has 83 embassies, 6 permanent representations, 20 consular offices, and 2 diplomatic bureaus. The proposed closures were backed by Prime Minister Boyko Borisov, who described some of Bulgaria's embassies as useless.[6] In November 2010, Bulgaria's Foreign Minister Nikolay Mladenov formally announced his team proposes to close seven embassies as part of a plan for restructuring and austerity measures.
In March 2012 the Borisov administration decided to discontinue its plans to build with the help of Rosatom and Atomstroyexport the Belene nuclear station near the River Danube. At the time, Bulgaria depended on Russia for 89% of its petrol, 100% of natural gas and all of the nuclear fuel needed for its twin-reactor Kozloduy nuclear station.[7] In the sequential lawsuit, the International Court of Arbitration at the International Chamber of Commerce in Geneva ruled against Bulgaria.[8]
2014-2021
In August 2014 Bulgaria suspended its 930 km portion of the South Stream natural gas pipeline project with Gazprom until the project conforms to European Union law. In default of this project, Naftogaz and Ukraine stood to benefit.[9] Gas was to be pumped to the Black Sea port of Varna before it travelled overland to the Serbian border and northeast from there to Hungary, Slovenia and Austria.[10]
A Bulgarian weapons dealer named Emilian Gebrev was poisoned (along with his son and an employee[11]) in Sofia in spring 2015 using a substance believed to be the nerve agent Novichok,[12] and in 2020 three Russian nationals were charged in absentia. One of the three went by the name Sergei Fedotov,[13] which is the alias of Denis Sergeev (GRU officer).
The Bucharest Nine (or B9 format) is an organization founded on 4 November 2015 in Bucharest, Romania, at the initiative of the President of Romania Klaus Iohannis and the President of Poland Andrzej Duda during a bilateral meeting between them.[14] Its members are Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. Its apparition was mainly a result of a perceived aggressive attitude from Russia following the annexation of Crimea from Ukraine and its posterior intervention in eastern Ukraine both in 2014. All members of the B9 were either part of the former Soviet Union (USSR) or the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact.[2][15]
Rampant corruption has led as recently as June 2019 to repeated rejection of Bulgaria's attempts to join the Schengen Area.[16]
After the Prespa Agreement between Macedonia and Greece went into force in 2018, Bulgaria broke the Friendship Agreement in which it would assist Macedonia with its EU integration, and instead vetoed the start of Macedonia's EU accession talks. Bulgaria now places demands, which some Macedonian observers label "outrageous", on Macedonia in which Macedonians must ‘admit’ their grandparents were Bulgarians and their language is in fact Bulgarian if they wish to continue their path into the EU.[17]
Bulgaria manufactures many types of Soviet-era ammunition, anti-tank missiles, and light arms, and has extensive trade ties with other recovering Soviet countries for this reason.[18]
The TurkStream natural gas pipeline project seemed to excite quite a few journalists.[19][20] The project's European landfall is Bulgaria.[20] TurkStream started shipping gas to Bulgaria, Greece and North Macedonia on 1 January 2020,[21] after the personal intervention of Vladimir Putin.[22] One journalist ran his article under the headline "How Bulgaria gave Gazprom the keys to the Balkans".[23]
In 2020, five Russian diplomats and the Russian military attaché were expelled on grounds that they were engaging in espionage.[24] Together with the two expelled on account of the Iliev scandal, eight Russian diplomats were expelled over 18 months to April 2021.[25]
2022-date
Prime Minister Kiril Petkov has introduced a political taboo on the use of Russian narratives, including the "special operation" label favoured by Vladimir Putin. Those who think otherwise so have to bear heavy political responsibility: the Bulgarian Minister of Defense, Stefan Yanev, was the first to be punished. He allowed himself to declare, following Putin, that it is not "war" in Ukraine but a "military operation". Petkov dismissed the minister on March 1, a scant week after the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[26]
Petkov recalled his ambassador to Russia, after Russian ambassador to Bulgaria Eleonora Mitrofanova conducted herself abysmally in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[26]
On 7 May 2022 the head of Bulgargaz, Ivan Topchiisky, announced that Bulgaria will be able to overcome its dependence on the Russian supplier Gazprom by the end of 2022. The demands of Gazprom to make payments for gas in rubles added fuel to the fire, and Sofia refused. Thus, Bulgaria turned out to be one of the two EU countries to which Russia cut off gas supplies, and this necessitated the urgent co-operation of EU Commissioner Ursula von der Leyen.[26]
In early 2022, Petkov was sympathetic to Volodymyr Zelensky's repeated requests for military aid during his country's battle against the Russians but he faced the refusal of his coalition partner the Bulgarian Socialist Party (which is the successor to the Soviet-era Bulgarian Communist Party[27]) and their leader Korneliya Ninova.[18] On 4 May, Parliament approved the continuation of repairs to damaged Ukrainian military equipment,[28] and will continue to support Ukraine's membership in the EU, as well as to the Ukrainian refugees from the war,[26] who numbered more than 56,000 as of 7 June.[29] Petkov noted Bulgaria's espousal of all sanctions against Russia, and would allow the use of the Port of Varna to transship goods that had been stifled by the Russian blockade of Odesa.[30]
Bulgarias wish to see an end of Russian gas in the EU contributed to a decision to apply a high transit tax on gas being pumped through the country to Hungary and Serbia in October 2023, which caused an upset even though the tax would probably be paid by Gazprom, not Hungary or Serbia.[31] In December, despite the European Commission agreeing that the law does not breach EU regulations, Bulgaria agreed to suspended the charge to avoid any issues during Bulgaria's pending Schengen Area application.[32]
Bulgaria-NATO relations
Bulgaria joined NATO in 2004,[33] three years before it acceded to the European Union.[24]
In June 2016 Borisov and Plevneliev vetoed Romania's idea of forming a NATO flotilla in the Black Sea,[26] one day after a stern warning from Russia.[34] NATO partners Romania and Turkey had favoured the idea,[34] along with Ukraine, which wanted to join any such initiative.[8] The refusal came on the day of a visit of President Klaus Iohannis of Romania.[8]
In 2018, Bulgaria ordered eight F-16V multirole fighter aircraft, to replace its aging fleet of Mig 29s. Together with service and training, they will cost $1.2 billion.[35] The fleet of Mig 29s are serviced by their Russian manufacturer.[25]
In December 2020 German manufacturer Lurssen was contracted to equip the Bulgarian Navy with new Multipurpose Modular Patrol Vessels (aka Offshore Patrol Vessels) built at the Bulgarian shipyard MTG Dolphin JSC, west of Varna. Lürssen is the prime contractor for the Bulgarian Ministry of Defence, while Swedish manufacturer Saab AB subcontracted to provide the electronics.[36] The contract was valued at $593 million.[37] The vessels are 90 meters long and displace 2,300 tons.[38] The first was launched in August 2023 with delivery scheduled for 2025.
In December 2020 one Russian military attaché in Sofia was alleged to have gathered information on US service members stationed on Bulgarian territory during military exercises.[13]
In 2021 six USAF F-16s operated from Bulgaria's Graf Ignatievo Air Base.[13]
On 18 March 18 Bulgaria and Romania amended their 2011 Agreement on cross-border air policing.[25]
In March 2021 six Bulgarians were charged with espionage and several Russian diplomats were expelled. The Bulgarian ring leader was a highly placed former official with the Ministry of Defense named Ivan Iliev, who corrupted his wife, and who trained military intelligence officers. Two Russian diplomats named Sergei Nikolashin and Vadim Bikov were expelled on 22 March 2021. Iliev was finally apprehended outside the Russian embassy, where he had intended to obtain asylum. Another arrest was that of Lyubomir Medarov who had until then been in charge of the office of classified communications and information of the Bulgarian parliament. Colonel Petar Petrov from the Ministry of Defense had access to the most highly classified documents about NATO activities. One observer characterized this event as the biggest story in Bulgarian defence since World War Two. Prosecutors alleged that the group "posed a serious threat to national security by collecting and handing to a foreign country state secrets of Bulgaria, NATO and the European Union." At the time of the arrests, several held senior positions in the Military Intelligence Service and the Ministry of Defence.[13][24][35]
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Bulgaria maintains diplomatic relations with:
Bulgaria has not established diplomatic relations with Bhutan, Gambia, Haiti, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, South Sudan, and Tonga.
Relations by region and country
Multilateral
| Organization | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | See 2007 enlargement of the European Union
Bulgaria joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 2007. | |
| Шаблон:Flag |
Bulgaria joined NATO as a full member on 29 March 2004. |
Africa
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1962[51] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 20 November 1975 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 February 1926[57] | See Bulgaria–Egypt relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 June 1963[58] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 September 1961[59]Шаблон:Full citation needed |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1964[62] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 February 1992 | See Bulgaria–South Africa relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 July 1956[64] | See Bulgaria–Sudan relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1956[65] |
Americas
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1931[68] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 February 1994[69] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1934[71] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 June 1966[72] | See Bulgaria–Canada relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1935[76] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 May 1973[77]Шаблон:Full citation needed | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1960[78] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1971[80] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 6 January 1938[81]Шаблон:Full citation needed | See Bulgaria–Mexico relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 December 1992 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1969 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1903[86] | See Bulgaria–United States relations
Bulgarian-American relations, first formally established in 1903, have moved from missionary activity and American support for Bulgarian independence in the late 19th century to the growth of trade and commerce in the early 20th century, to reluctant hostility during World War I and open war and bombardment in World War II, to ideological confrontation during the Cold War, to partnership with the United States in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and growing political, military and economic ties in the beginning of the 21st century.
|
| Шаблон:Flag |
|
Asia
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 12 June 1961[87] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 January 1992[90] | See Armenia–Bulgaria relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 June 1992[93] | See Azerbaijan–Bulgaria relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 October 1949[96] | See Bulgaria–China relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 June 1992[99] | See Bulgaria–Georgia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 22 December 1954[102] | See Bulgaria–India relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 20 September 1956[105] | See Bulgaria–Indonesia relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1897[107] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 14 August 1958[111] | See Bulgaria–Iraq relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 4 December 1948[114] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 12 October 1939[117] | See Bulgaria–Japan relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 June 1992[120] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 19 September 1966 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 22 April 1950[124] | See Bulgaria–Mongolia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 29 November 1948[125] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 June 1965[126] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | November 1988[128] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 March 1990[129] | See Bulgaria–South Korea relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 July 1954 | See Bulgaria–Syria relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 August 1974[136] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 October 1925[140] | See Bulgaria–Turkey relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 19 October 1991[143] | See Bulgaria–United Arab Emirates relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 12 September 1992[144] | See Bulgaria–Uzbekistan relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 February 1950[145] | See Bulgaria–Vietnam relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 12 October, 1962[148] | See Bulgaria–Yemen relations
|
Europe
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1922[149] | See Albania–Bulgaria relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 14 July 1993[154] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 7 July 1879[156] | See Austria–Bulgaria relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 26 March 1992[159] | See Belarus–Bulgaria relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1879[163] | See Belgium–Bulgaria relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 January 1992[166] | See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Bulgaria relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 August 1992[169] | See Bulgaria–Croatia relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 October 1960[172] | See Bulgaria–Cyprus relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 27 September 1920[174] | See Bulgaria–Czech Republic relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 17 April 1931[178] | See Bulgaria–Denmark relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 20 May 1921[179] | See Bulgaria–Estonia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 August 1918[180] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 July 1879[181] | See Bulgaria–France relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1879[183] | See Bulgaria–Germany relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1880[186] | See Bulgaria–Greece relations
Relations between Greece and Bulgaria have been very cordial since the 1950s, due to the strong cultural, political and religious ties between the two nations, preceded in the earlier 20th century by periods of intense mutual hostility. Since Bulgaria's independence in 1876, Greece and Bulgaria faced each other in three major wars: the Second Balkan War, the First World War and the Second World War, in which Bulgaria briefly occupied parts of northern Greece.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Holy See–Bulgaria relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 9 August 1920[188] | See Bulgaria–Hungary relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 27 December 1963[189] | See Bulgaria–Iceland relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 July 1990[190] | See Bulgaria–Ireland relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 July 1879[193] | See Bulgaria–Italy relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 27 May 2008[48] | See Bulgaria–Kosovo relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 May 1922[199] | See Bulgaria–Latvia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 19 November 1993[202] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 November 1924[203] | See Bulgaria–Lithuania relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1956[206] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 September 1971[207] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 February 1992[210] | See Bulgaria–Moldova relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 14 February 2008[212] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 August 2006[213] | See Bulgaria–Montenegro relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1909[214] | See Bulgaria–Netherlands relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 January 1992[217] | See Bulgaria–North Macedonia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 20 August 1906[219] | See Bulgaria–Norway relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 December 1918[221] | See Bulgaria–Poland relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1893[224] | See Bulgaria–Portugal relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Bulgaria–Romania relations
Bulgarian relations with Romania featured regular official visits by the two presidents. Romanian-Bulgarian relations are developing "very intensively" because of EU accession, since Romania and Bulgaria joined the European Union in 2007. Romania and Bulgaria have never had any serious conflicts, other than a territorial dispute over the Dobruja region in 1913–1940, now largely forgotten. Vidin and Calafat have perhaps the closest relations of any towns along this lower section of the Danube. There is a regular ferry service, so locals here have regular interchange with their neighbors across the border.
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 7 July 1879[227] | See Bulgaria–Russia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 17 April 2000[230] |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 January 1879[231]Шаблон:Full citation needed | See Bulgaria–Serbia relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 January 1993[232] | See Bulgaria–Slovakia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1992[235] | See Bulgaria–Slovenia relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 May 1910[238] | See Bulgaria–Spain relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 6 June 1914[241] | See Bulgaria–Sweden relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 14 November 1916[244] | See Bulgaria–Switzerland relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 October 1925[140] | See Turkey in Asia Above |
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 December 1991[247] | See Bulgaria–Ukraine relations
Ukrainian-Bulgarian relations are characterized by a constant active political dialogue at the highest level. Ukraine and Bulgaria actively cooperate and provide mutual support within the framework of regional and international organizations, such as the BSEC, the Central European Initiative, the OSCE, the Council of Europe, the United Nations. Bulgaria, has confirmed readiness to promote the European and Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine. It occupies an important place in the Balkan direction of Ukraine's foreign policy interests, which is due to the geopolitical position of the country in the Balkans, the proximity of interests in the Black Sea and the Danube region. Ukraine and Bulgaria are united by ethnic, linguistic and religious components, traditional economic, trade and cultural-historical ties. Bulgaria is an important market for Ukrainian products and the largest trade and economic partner of Ukraine in the Balkan region. In 2017, foreign trade between Ukraine and Bulgaria demonstrated growth dynamics. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 July 1879[250] | See Bulgaria–United Kingdom relations |
Oceania
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 April 1972[253] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 9 October 1984[256] |
|
See also
- List of diplomatic missions in Bulgaria
- List of diplomatic missions of Bulgaria
- List of joint US-Bulgarian military bases
References
External links
Шаблон:Foreign relations of Bulgaria Шаблон:Bulgaria topics Шаблон:Foreign relations of Europe
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- ↑ 152,0 152,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 153,00 153,01 153,02 153,03 153,04 153,05 153,06 153,07 153,08 153,09 153,10 153,11 153,12 153,13 153,14 153,15 153,16 153,17 153,18 153,19 153,20 153,21 153,22 153,23 153,24 153,25 153,26 Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ "Bulgaria to Issue Visas in Pristina", BalkanInsight.com, 27 May 2008. Link accessed 2008-05-27.
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Bulgarian embassy The Hague Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Dutch embassy Sofia Шаблон:Webarchive
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- ↑ Bulgarian Policies on the Republic of North Macedonia: Recommendations on the development of good neighbourly relations following Bulgaria’s accession to the EU and in the context of NATO and EU enlargement in the Western Balkans. Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2008. 80 pp. (Trilingual publication in Bulgarian, Macedonian and English) Шаблон:ISBN
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Slovakia has an embassy in Sofia Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Slovenian Foreign Ministry: directions of diplomatic representation of both countries Шаблон:Webarchive
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Spanish embassy in Sofia (in Bulgarian and Spanish only) Шаблон:Webarchive
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
