Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of Chile
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Politics of Chile
Since its return to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the regional and international arena.[1] Chile assumed a two-year non-permanent position on the UN Security Council in January 2003 and was re-elected to the council in October 2013.[2] It is also an active member of the UN family of agencies, serving as a member of the Commission on Human Rights and participating in UN peacekeeping activities. Chile hosted the second Summit of the Americas in 1998, was the chair of the Rio Group in 2001, hosted the Defense Ministerial of the Americas in 2002, and the APEC summit and related meetings in 2004. In 2005 it hosted the Community of Democracies ministerial conference. It is an associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC. The OECD agreed to invite Chile to be among four countries to open discussions in becoming an official member.[3]
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Chile maintains diplomatic relations with:[4][5]
Bilateral relations
Africa
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 September 1973 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 July 1929 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 16 October 1945 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 6 October 1961 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | September 1975 | See Chile–Kenya relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 20 May 1971 | See Chile–Libya relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | October 1961 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | May 1948 |
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Americas
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 January 1827 | See Argentina–Chile relations
Chile and Argentina were close allies during the wars of independence against Spain. Argentine General José de San Martín crossed the Andes with Chilean independence hero Bernardo O'Higgins and together they defeated the Spaniards. However, after independence, relations soured. This was primarily due to a border dispute: both nations claimed the totality of the Patagonia region.[118] Attempts to clear up the dispute were unsuccessful until 1881, when Chile was at war with both Bolivia and Peru. In order to avoid fighting Argentina as well, Chilean President Aníbal Pinto authorized his envoy, Diego Barros Arana to hand over as much territory as was needed to avoid Argentina siding with Bolivia and Peru. Barros succeeded in his mission: Argentina was granted east Patagonia and Chile the Strait of Magellan.[118] However, border disputes continued. In 1902, war was again avoided when British King Edward VII agreed to mediate between the two nations. He established the current border in the Patagonia region.[118] The Beagle conflict began to brew in the 1960s, when Argentina began to claim that the Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands in the Beagle Channel were rightfully hers. In 1971 Chile and Argentina signed an agreement formally submitting the Beagle Channel issue to binding Beagle Channel Arbitration. On May 2, 1977 the court ruled that the islands and all adjacent formations belonged to Chile. See the Report and decision of the Court of Arbitration. On 25 January 1978, the Argentina military junta led by General Jorge Videla declared the award fundamentally null and intensified their claim over the islands. On 22. December 1978, Argentina started[119] the Operation Soberanía over the disputed islands, but the invasion was halted due to:[120]
and in cite 46:
In December that year, moments before Videla signed a declaration of war against Chile, Pope John Paul II agreed to mediate between the two nations. The Pope's envoy, Antonio Samorè, successfully averted war and proposed a new definitive boundary in which the three disputed islands would remain Chilean. Chile immediately accepted this decision, but Argentina still disliked and avoided acceptance until after the lost Falklands War in 1982. Both agreed to Samoré's proposal and signed the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina, ending that dispute.[121] In the 1990s, under presidents Frei and Menem both countries solved almost all of the remaining border disputes during bilateral talks. They also agreed to submit Laguna del Desierto to international arbitration in 1994. Almost the entire disputed area was awarded to Argentina.[122] The last border dispute are Шаблон:Convert. in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field from Mount Fitz Roy to Mount Daudet that is still officially undefined.[123][124] In August 2006, however, a tourist map was published in Argentina placing the disputed region within the borders of that country. Chile filed an official complaint, sparking renewed efforts to settle the dispute which the Argentine government supports and urged Chile to finish quick as possible the demarcation of the international border.[125] Since democratization in the 1980s, both countries began a close economic and political integration as Chile became an associated member of Mercosur. Also both countries practice defense cooperation and friendship policy.Шаблон:Citation needed
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| Шаблон:Flag | 4 December 1990 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 3 October 1967 |
Barbados is accredited in Chile through its embassy in Caracas, (Venezuela). Chile is accredited to Barbados from its embassy in Port of Spain, (Trinidad and Tobago) and maintains an honorary consulate in Bridgetown. Barbados and Chile formally established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1967.[126] Chile was the first Latin American country with which Barbados formally established formal diplomatic relations.[127] Both countries raised the agenda of rekindling ties in 2005 as a precursor to the attempted Free Trade Area of the Americas trade bloc. At current both blocs have discussed the introduction of a free trade agreement[128][129] and more specifically Chile and CARICOM have specifically noted the possibility of establishing a free trade agreement.[130] Chilean President Ricardo Lagos visited Barbados on February 20–21, 2005[131] The Barbados Prime Minister later reciprocated by official visit to Chile in November 2005. As part of their meeting the Government of Barbados pledged support to Chilean-diplomat José Miguel Insulza for the post of Secretary General to the Organization of American States (OAS). Шаблон:Citation needed In May 2009, Prime Minister David Thompson outlined his plan to further Barbadian relations in the Americas. As part of his outline he named Chile as one of three countries which he desired his government would further enhance relations with in South America.[132] In August 2017 President Bachelet visited Barbados and met with her Barbadian counterpart to discuss mutual areas of cooperation.[133][134][135]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 15 May 1990 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 20 April 1873 | See Bolivia–Chile relations
Relations with Bolivia have been strained ever since the independence wars because of the Atacama border dispute (Bolivia claims a corridor to the Pacific Ocean). The Spaniards never bothered to definitively establish a border between Chile and Bolivia. Chile claimed its limit with Peru ran through the Loa River and that Bolivia was therefore landlocked, while Bolivia claimed it did have a coast and that the limit with Chile ran along the Salado River. The border remained vague throughout the 19th century. Finally, Bolivia and Chile agreed, in 1866, to allow Bolivia access to the Pacific and that the limit of the two countries would run along the 24th parallel. The area between the 25th and 23rd parallel would remain demilitarized and both nations would be allowed to mine there.[137] It was also agreed that taxes on the exportation of saltpeter would not increase.Шаблон:Citation needed However, in 1879, Bolivian dictator General Hilarión Daza increased the taxes on the exportation of saltpeter, violating the 1866 treaty. When Chilean-owned saltpeter companies protested, Daza expropriated their companies and sold them in a public auction. Daza then put an end to all commerce with Chile and exiled all Chilean residents in Bolivia (the Bolivian port of Antofagasta had more Chileans than Bolivians). In response, Chile declared war on Bolivia and occupied Bolivia's coast. Peru had, in 1873, signed a secret pact with Bolivia in which the two countries agreed to fight together against any nation that threatened either of them. When Peru refused to be neutral in the conflict between Chile and Bolivia, Chile declared war on Peru. Chile defeated both countries and annexed the coast claimed by Bolivia. This was ratified in a 1904 treaty.[138] Diplomatic relations with Bolivia continued to be strained because of Bolivia's continuing aspiration to the sea. In 1964, Bolivian President Víctor Paz Estenssoro severed diplomatic relations with Chile. Generals Augusto Pinochet and Hugo Banzer resumed diplomatic relations and attempted to settle territorial disputes. The secret negotiations started in 1973 and in 1975 diplomatic relations between Chile and Bolivia were established. That year, both dictators met in the Bolivian border town of Charaña. Pinochet agreed to give Bolivia a small strip of land running between the Chilean city of Arica and the Peruvian border. However the Treaty of Lima between Peru and Chile specified that Chile must consult Peru before granting any land to a third party in the area of Tarapacá. Peruvian dictator General Francisco Morales Bermúdez did not agree with the Charaña proposal and instead drafted his own proposal, in which the three nations would share administration of the port of Arica and the sea immediately in front of it. Pinochet refused this agreement, and Banzer broke ties with Chile again in 1978. The failure of the Charaña accords was one of the reasons of Banzer's downfall that very year.Шаблон:Citation needed Chile and Bolivia maintain consular relations, and appear to have become friendlier. Former Chilean President Ricardo Lagos attended the inauguration of current Bolivian President Evo Morales. Morales has repeatedly announced his intention to establish diplomatic relations with Chile once more, but has still not given up Bolivia's claim to the sea.Шаблон:Citation needed
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| Шаблон:Flag | 22 April 1836 | See Brazil–Chile relations
Chile and Brazil have acted numerous times as mediators in international conflicts, such as in the 1914 diplomatic impasse between the United States and Mexico, avoiding a possible state of war between those two countries. More recently, since the 2004 Haitian coup d'état, Chile and Brazil have actively participated in the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti, which is led by the Brazilian Army. They are also two of the three most important economies in South America along with Argentina.Шаблон:Citation needed
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| Шаблон:Flag | 28 August 1941 | See Canada–Chile relations
Since 1997 Canada and Chile's trade relations have been governed by the Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement, Chile's first full free trade agreement and Canada's first with a Latin American nation.[139] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 August 1822 | See Chile-Colombia relations
Both nations are members of the Pacific Alliance.
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1858 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 19 October 1903 | See Chile–Cuba relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1938 | See Chile–Dominican Republic relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1836 | See Chile–Ecuador relations
After the War of the Pacific (1879–83) pursued a policy of promoting friendly relationships between countries with disputes with Chile's neighbors. In doing so Chile made attempts to establish friendly relationships between Ecuador and Colombia, both were countries that had serious territorial disputes with Peru in the Amazon. Military cooperation with Ecuador grew considerably after the War of the Pacific with Chile sending instructors to the military academy in Quito and selling superfluous arms and munitions to Ecuador.[140] Despite Chile's over-all good relations with Ecuador both countries had a minor diplomatic crisis resulting from the capture of the Peruvian torpedo boat Alay in Ecuadorian territorial waters during the war.[141] Chile together with the other ABC Powers and the USA were among the guarantors of the Rio Protocol that followed the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War in 1942.[142] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 April 1860 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 8 August 1840 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 22 July 1971 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 7 June 1943 | See Chile–Haiti relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 7 March 1831 | See Chile–Mexico relations
The two nations have maintained relations since 1831.[144] On May 20, 1914, Chile and the other ABC Powers met in Niagara Falls, Canada, to mediate diplomatically to avoid a state of war between the United States and Mexico over the Veracruz Incident and the Tampico Affair. In 1974, Mexico severed diplomatic relations over the overthrow of President Salvador Allende. For the next fifteen years, Mexico would accept thousands of Chilean refugees who were escaping the government of General Augusto Pinochet. Diplomatic relations between the two nations were re-established in 1990. Currently both countries have signed a free trade agreement that went into effect in 1999.[145] Both nations are founding members of the Pacific Alliance and are the only two Latin-American nations to be members of the OECD.
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| Шаблон:Flag | March 1857 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1 March 1908 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 22 July 1843 | See Chile–Paraguay relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 8 August 1828 | See Chile–Peru relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 February 1964 | See Chile–Trinidad and Tobago relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 6 July 1822 | See Chile–United States relations
Chile-United States relations have been better in the period 1988 to the present than any other time in history. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, The United States government applauded the rebirth of democratic practices in Chile, despite having facilitated the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, the build-up to which included destabilizing the country's economy and politics.
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| Шаблон:Flag | 9 July 1869 | See Chile–Uruguay relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 14 April 1853 | See Chile–Venezuela relations
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Asia
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 December 1993 | See Armenia–Chile relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 15 December 1970 | See Chile–China relations
Chile recognized the Republic of China until 1970, when diplomatic recognition was switched to the People's Republic of China under the left-leaning Allende. After the 1973 coup by the Pinochet-led junta, diplomatic relations were cut between Chile and all Communist nations, with the exception of China and Romania. The strongly anti-Communist military government in Chile maintained friendly ties with the Communist government in China for the remainder of the Cold War, with Pinochet crediting the Chinese for abiding by the principle of non-interference in other nations' internal affairs.[148] China and Chile exchanged military missions and the Soviet Chilean copper exports to China and Chinese loans The friendly relations were cemented by a share distaste for the Soviet Union, the Chinese diplomatic principle of non-interference in other nations' internal affairs, and a willingness to overlook ideological differences in the pursuit of economic ties.[149] |
| Шаблон:Flag | March 1949 | See Chile-India relations
Chile was the first country in South America to sign a trade agreement with India, in 1956. An ongoing dialogue has nurtured bilateral political understanding. The mechanism of Foreign Office level consultations was initiated in Santiago in August 2000, and was followed up with a second meeting in New Delhi in April, 2003. However, high-level political exchanges have been few and far between. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi visited Chile in 1968, Transport and Communications Minister K.P. Unnikrishnan in 1990, and President Shankar Dayal Sharma in 1995. From the Chilean side, there has not been any HOS/HOG visit to India. As an indication of Chile's interest in an enhanced relationship, the Chilean Ministry of Agriculture visited India in December 2001.Шаблон:Citation needed
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| Шаблон:Flag | 29 September 1965 | See Chile-Indonesia relations
Bilateral relations between Chile and Indonesia were established in 1964. These relations were strengthened by the establishment of the Indonesian embassy in Santiago in March 1991.
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| Шаблон:Flag | 16 January 1908 |
Iran severed its diplomatic ties with Chile on August 18, 1980, protesting Pinochet regime's repressive internal policies and giving the Chilean Chargé d'affaires in Tehran 15 days to close the embassy and leave the country.[150] Iran and Chile resumed relations on December 2, 1991 with Iran opening its embassy in Santiago, only to close it again in 1999 citing financial problems. The Iranian embassy in Santiago was finally reopened in 2007 at full ambassador level.[151]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 16 May 1950 | See Chile–Israel relations
Chile recognized Israel's independence in February 1949.[152][153] Both countries established diplomatic relation on 16 May 1950, with Israel sending their first ambassador on that date and Chile sending their first ambassador on 16 June 1952.[152]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 7 October 1952 | See Chile–Japan relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1954 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 28 June 1945 | See Chile–Lebanon relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 26 February 1979 | See Chile–Malaysia relations
The Chile–Malaysia relations is mainly based on trade. In 2009, the total trade between Chile and Malaysia is $336 million with the total Malaysian export to Chile were $16.8 million while the import with $148.7 million.[156]
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| Шаблон:Flag | March 1949 | See Chile-Pakistan relations
Chile–Pakistan relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Chile and Pakistan. Formal diplomatic relations between the two states established in 2008.
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| Шаблон:Flag | See Chile–Palestine relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 17 July 1962 | See Chile–Philippines relations
Chile and the Philippines were both former Spanish colonies. Diplomatic relations between Chile and the Philippines began way back in 1854 when Chile opened a consulate in Binondo, Manila. But the formal relations established on July 4, 1946, the day that the Philippines officially gained their official independence from the United States.During the authoritarian regime of Ferdinand Marcos in 1980, he invited Augusto Pinochet to visit the country, but later he refused Pinochet's plane to land in the country, this was because of a US program to isolate Pinochet's regime, in which the US pressured Marcos to cancel Pinochet's visit.Chilean-Philippines relations were strained until 1986, when Corazon Aquino later ousted Marcos in the People Power Revolution.
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| Шаблон:Flag | 18 April 1962 |
The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and República de Chile began on 18 April 1962.[157]
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| Шаблон:Flag | See Chile–Taiwan relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 30 January 1926[161] | See Chile–Turkey relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 25 March 1971 | See Chile–Vietnam relations
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Europe
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 July 1996 | See Andorra–Chile relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1947 | See Austria–Chile relations
The first bilateral relations dates back from 1846.
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| Шаблон:Flag | 15 April 1992 | See Chile–Croatia relations
The Senate of Chile has awarded Croatian President Stjepan Mesić an order of merit, to honor the improvement of bilateral relations between Croatia and Chile. While representing Chile, senate vice president Baldo Prokurica stated that he found areas for stronger collaboration in future in oil and gas research and shipyards and he expressed an interest in Chilean students' having scholarships in Croatia.[162] There are between 380,000 and 500,000 people of Croatian descent living in Chile. Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration: list of bilateral treaties with Chile
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| Шаблон:Flag | 4 February 1899 | See Chile–Denmark relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 27 September 1991 | See Chile–Estonia relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 20 February 1931 | See Chile–Finland relations
Chile recognised Finland's independence on June 17, 1919. Diplomatic relations between them were established in 1931 and have been continuously maintained, despite pressures at times to discontinue them.[169] The two countries maintain resident ambassadors in both capitals.[169]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 15 September 1846 | See Chile–France relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 24 September 1863 | See Chile–Germany relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 July 1941 | See Chile–Greece relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1930 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1 June 1992 | See Chile–Ireland relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 June 1856 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 9 June 1919 | See Chile–Norway relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 7 December 1920 | See Chile–Poland relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 28 February 1879 | See Chile–Portugal relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 5 February 1925 | See Chile–Romania relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 26 December 1991 | See Chile–Russia relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1935 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 12 June 1883 | See Chile–Spain relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 14 June 1895 | See Chile–Sweden relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 31 October 1897 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 28 January 1992 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 4 October 1854 | See Chile–United Kingdom relations
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Oceania
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 27 December 1945 | See Australia–Chile relations
Diplomatic relations date back from the time when Australia was a British colony. During the Australian gold rush, the population grew fast and Chile became one of Australia's major wheat suppliers, with a regular traffic of ships between Sydney and Valparaíso. Australia and Chile signed the Australia-Chile Free Trade Agreement on July 30, 2008. The agreement came into effect in the first quarter of 2009. Australia was one of several international partners with Chile in the Gemini Observatory, with one of the two 8 m telescopes of the observatory located at the summit of Cerro Pachón in Chile. Both countries are members of APEC, OECD and the Cairns Group. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1948 | See Chile–New Zealand relations
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See also
- List of diplomatic missions in Chile
- List of diplomatic missions of Chile
- Visa requirements for Chilean citizens
References
Further reading
- Rodríguez Elizondo, José: Chile-Perú. El siglo que vivimos en peligro. La Tercera-Mondadori, Santiago, 2004
- Шаблон:Cite journal
External links
Шаблон:Foreign relations of Chile Шаблон:Chile topics Шаблон:Foreign relations in South America Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Schenoni, Luis (2017) "Subsystemic Unipolarities?" in Strategic Analysis, 41(1): 74–86 [1]
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- ↑ See Argentine newspaper Clarín of Buenos Aires, 20 December 1998
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- ↑ Barbados Hoping To Expand Relations, Barbados Government Information Service (BGIS), 8 May 2009
- ↑ Barbados and Chile to strengthen relationship Шаблон:Webarchive, Barbados Daily Nation, Added 24 August 2017
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- ↑ Parraguez, Maria-Luisa. "Chile's Foreign Policy towards North America". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the ISA's 49th ANNUAL CONVENTION, BRIDGING MULTIPLE DIVIDES, Hilton San Francisco, SAN FRANCISCO, CA, USA (26 March 2008)
- ↑ Burr, Robert N. 1955. The Balance of Power in Nineteenth-Century South America: An Exploratory Essay. The Hispanic American Historical Review.
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- ↑ "Chile's Right-Wing President Welcomes a Chinese Official." _The New York Times_, June 16, 1987, page A5.
- ↑ Sulzberger, C. L. "Chile and the Coldest War." _The New York Times_, November 29, 1975, page 27.
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 163,0 163,1 163,2 163,3 163,4 Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Estonia and Chile Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Elektrooniline Riigi Teataja: Eesti Vabariigi valitsuse ja Tšiili Vabariigi valitsuse vaheline turistide viisakohustuse kaotamise kokkulepe
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Estonian Cabinet of Ministers: Prime Minister spoke with the President of Chile about the common interests of both states
- ↑ Ärileht Шаблон:Webarchive 4 December 2008 15:21: Eesti tarbija eelistab Hispaania ja Tšiili veine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 169,0 169,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
