Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of Egypt
The Foreign relations of Egypt are the Egyptian government's external relations with the outside world. Egypt's foreign policy operates along a non-aligned level. Factors such as population size, historical events, military strength, diplomatic expertise and a strategic geographical position give Egypt extensive political influence in the Middle East, Africa, and within the Non-Aligned Movement as a whole. Cairo has been a crossroads of the Arab world's commerce and culture for centuries, and its intellectual and religious institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural landmarks.
Diplomatic relations
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Egypt has been seeking to play a role in the resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
Egypt played an important role in the negotiations leading to the Madrid Conference of 1991, which, under United States and Soviet sponsorship, brought together all parties in the region, including for the first time a Palestinian delegation, to discuss Middle East peace.
This support has continued to the present, with former President Hosni Mubarak often intervening personally to promote peace negotiations. In 1996, he hosted the Sharm El-Sheikh "Summit of the Peacemakers" attended by President Bill Clinton and other world leaders.
In 2000, he hosted two summits at Sharm El-Sheikh and one at Taba in an effort to resume the Camp David negotiations suspended in July 2000, and in June 2003, Mubarak hosted President George W. Bush for another summit on Middle East peace process. Another summit was convened in Sharm El Sheik in early 2005, which was attended by Egypt, Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Jordan. The former Egyptian Chief of Intelligence, General Omar Suleiman, played a substantial role in negotiations between the Israeli and Palestinian sides and was highly respected on both sides.
List
List of countries which Egypt maintains diplomatic relations with:
Bilateral relations
Africa
In the 21st-century Egypt has encountered a major problem with immigration, as millions of Africans attempt to enter Egypt fleeing poverty and war. Border control methods can be "harsh, sometimes lethal." This has strained relations with Egypt's southern neighbors, and with Israel and the members of the EU as these immigrants attempt to move on to wealthier countries.[183]
The dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam has become a national preoccupation in both countries.[184][185] Egypt sees the dam as an existential threat, fearing that the dam will reduce the amount of water it receives from the Nile.[186] Egypt's Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry said: "Survival is not a question of choice, but an imperative of nature."[187]
| Country | Formal relations established | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Algeria–Egypt relations | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 February 1976 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 February 1976[188]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 30 June 1960 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960[189]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 22 July 1977 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 July 1977, when the first Ambassador of Egypt to Djibouti, Mohamed Samy Heiba, presented his credentials to President Hassan Gouled Aptidon.[190]
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| Шаблон:Flag | See Egypt–Ethiopia relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 11 June 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 1974[193]
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| Шаблон:Flag | See Egypt–Kenya relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 3 September 1953 | See Egypt–Libya relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 September 1953 when first Libyan Minister to Egypt Ibrahim El-Senoussi present his credentials to General Naguib.[195] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 21 October 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 1964 when UAR (Egypt) officially recognized the Islamic Republic of Mauritania.[196] |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Egypt–Morocco relations
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| Шаблон:Flag |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 10 February 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1971[197]
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| Шаблон:Flag |
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| Шаблон:Flag | See Egypt–Somalia relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1942 | See Egypt–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 9 July 2011 | See Egypt–South Sudan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 2011[198]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 4 January 1956 | See Egypt–Sudan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1956 when first ambassador of Egypt to Sudan general Mahmoud Seif El-Yazal Khalifa presented his letters of credentials.[199][200]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 14 November 1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1962 when Mr. Mustafa F. El-Essawi has been accredited as Ambassador of United Arab Republic (Egypt) to Tanganyika with residence in Dar es Salaam.[201]
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| Шаблон:Flag |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 23 April 1980 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 April 1980.[202]
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Americas
| Country | Formal relations established | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 9 June 1947 | See Argentina–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1947[203]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 27 February 1924 | See Brazil–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1924.[206]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 28 July 1954 | See Canada–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 July 1954[208] Both countries established embassies in their respective capitals in 1954. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1929 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1929[211]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 23 January 1957 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1957[212]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 5 September 1949 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1949[213]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 31 March 1958 | See Egypt–Mexico relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 1958[214]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 7 October 1963 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1963.[216]Шаблон:Main
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| Шаблон:Flag | 26 April 1922 | See Egypt–United States relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 April 1922[217] After the Yom Kippur War, Egyptian foreign policy began to shift as a result of the change in Egypt's leadership from President Gamal Abdel-Nasser to Anwar Sadat and the emerging peace process between Egypt and Israel. Sadat realized that reaching a settlement of the Arab–Israeli conflict is a precondition for Egyptian development. To achieve this goal, Sadat ventured to enhance US–Egyptian relations to foster a peace process with Israel. After a seven-year hiatus, both countries reestablished normal diplomatic relations on February 28, 1974. Military cooperationFollowing the peace treaty with Israel, between 1979 and 2003, the US has provided Egypt with about $19 billion in military aid, making Egypt the second largest non-NATO recipient of US military aid after Israel. Also, Egypt received about $30 billion in economic aid within the same time frame. In 2009, the US provided a military assistance of US$1.3 billion (inflation adjusted US$ Шаблон:Inflation billion in Шаблон:CURRENTISOYEAR), and an economic assistance of US$250 million (inflation adjusted US$ Шаблон:Inflation million in Шаблон:CURRENTISOYEAR). In 1989 both Egypt and Israel became a Major non-NATO ally of the United States. Military cooperation between the US and Egypt is probably the strongest aspect of their strategic partnership. General Anthony Zinni, the former Commandant of the US Central Command (CENTCOM), once said, "Egypt is the most important country in my area of responsibility because of the access it gives me to the region." Egypt was also described during the Clinton Administration as the most prominent player in the Arab world and a key US ally in the Middle East. US military assistance to Egypt was considered part of the administration's strategy to maintaining continued availability of Persian Gulf energy resources and to secure the Suez Canal, which serves both as an important international oil route and as critical route for US warships transiting between the Mediterranean and either the Indian Ocean or the Persian Gulf. The Egyptian military provides indirect support for the foreign policy of Egypt in the region. Egypt is the strongest military power on the African continent, and the whole Middle East War on TerrorDespite differences and periods of friction in relations between the two countries, the US-Egyptian relations under Mubarak have evolved moving beyond the Middle East peace process towards an independent bilateral friendship. It was in the US interest that Egypt was able to present moderate voice in Arab councils and persuade other Arab states to join the peace process and to normalize their relations with the US. However lately Egyptian-American relations have become a little tense. This is due to a great extent to the Egyptian unwillingness to send troops to Afghanistan and Iraq in peace stabilization missions. Egypt strongly backed the US in its war against international terrorism after the September 11 attacks, but refused to send troops to Afghanistan during the war and after it. Egypt also opposed US military intervention of March 2003 in Iraq, continued to oppose US occupation of the country after the war and further refused to comply with US requests to send troops to the country even under a UN umbrella. The issue of participation in the post-war construction efforts in Iraq has been controversial in Egypt and in the Arab world as a whole. Opponents say that the war was illegal and it is necessary to wait until Iraq has legal representative government to deal with it. On the other hand, supporters of participation argued that the responsibility to protect Iraqis and to help them in time of crisis should prevail and guide the Egyptian action in Iraq, despite the fact that the Iraqis do not agree. Post-Mubarak relations with U.S.Шаблон:Update On January 21, 2012, the U.S. Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood's son, Sam, was detained by the Egyptian government and not allowed to leave the country as part of a politically charged criminal investigation by the Egyptian government into the activities of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) monitoring local elections in Egypt. LaHood's son is the Egypt director of the International Republican Institute. The Egyptian government has detained twelve NGO representatives from leaving Egypt.[218] On February 5, 2012, Egyptian authorities charged LaHood's son and 42 other individuals with "spending money from organizations that were operating in Egypt without a license." Nineteen Americans are part of the 42 charged. The U.S. government has made it clear that $1.5 billion in U.S. aid to Egypt could be withheld if the investigation is not finished quickly. Faiza Abu Naga, Egypt's Minister of International Cooperation, is seen as the person pushing the investigation forward, straining U.S. and Egypt relations.[219] On 7 October 2020, in line with Egypt's Vision 2030, US Agency for International Development (USAID) and Egypt's Ministry of International Cooperation signed an agreement to add $22.8 million to the five-year Inclusive Economic Governance bilateral assistance agreement. The funding was intended to improve the investment environment and empower women to join the labor force.[220]
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Asia
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flagcountry | 10 May 1928 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1928 when has been signed Treaty of Friendship between Afghanistan and Egypt.[223]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 9 March 1992 | See Armenia–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1992[224]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 27 March 1992 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 June 1972 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 June 1972.[228]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 15 September 1973 | See Bangladesh-Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1973.[229]
Egypt was one of the first Arab states to recognize Bangladesh's independence.[230] President Anwar Al Sadat enjoyed a close rapport with Bangladesh's founder Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. In 1973, Egypt gifted 30 tanks to the Bangladesh Army. Both nations are members of the OIC and the Developing 8 Countries, and identified among the Next Eleven economies. Present-day relations are characterized by a growing trade and economic relationship. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 May 1956 | See China–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 1956[231] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 May 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 May 1992[232]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 18 August 1947 | See Egypt–India relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 August 1947[234] Modern Egypt-India relations go back to the contacts between Saad Zaghloul and Mohandas Gandhi on the common goals of their respective movements of independence. In 1955, Egypt under Gamal Abdul Nasser and India under Jawaharlal Nehru became the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement. During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1967, following the Six-Day War, India supported Egypt and the Arabs. In 1977, New Delhi described the visit of President Anwar al-Sadat to Jerusalem as a "brave" move and considered the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel a primary step on the path of a just settlement of the Middle East problem. Major Egyptian exports to India include raw cotton, raw and manufactured fertilizers, oil and oil products, organic and non-organic chemicals, leather and iron products. Major imports into Egypt from India are cotton yarn, sesame, coffee, herbs, tobacco and lentils. The Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum is also currently negotiating the establishment of a natural gas-operated fertilizer plant with another Indian company. In 2004 the Gas Authority of India Limited, bought 15% of Egypt Nat Gas distribution and marketing company. In 2008 Egyptian investment in India was worth some 750 million dollars, according to the Egyptian ambassador.[235] President Mubarak of Egypt visited India in 2008. During the visit he met Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[236] In 2023 India has invited Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi as the chief guest of the 74th Republic Day parade.[237] Also Representing the main branches of the Egyptian armed forces, 144 soldiers participated in the parade.[238] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 June 1947 | See Egypt–Indonesia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1947.[239]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1939
(Diplomatic relations severed 1980) |
See Egypt–Iran relations
In 1939, diplomatic relations between Egypt and Iran were upgraded to ambassadorial level, and Youssef Zulficar Pasha was appointed as Egypt's first ambassador in Tehran. In the same year, Princess Fawzia of Egypt, the sister of King Farouk I, married Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then crown prince (later shah) of Iran. However, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Egypt's relations with Iran have been mostly strained. Egypt is the only Arab country not to have an embassy in Iran.[240] Contentious issues include Egypt's signing of the Camp David Accords with Israel in 1979, its support for Iraq in Iran's eight-year conflict, the Islamic Republic's hailing of Khalid Islambouli, the late President Anwar Sadat's assassin as a religious hero, seeing as there was both a street and mural named after him (however, the honorer was changed to Muhammad al-Durrah, the 12-year-old Palestinian boy shot and killed during the outset of the Second Intifada), and close Egyptian relations with the United States, and most of the Western European countries. In 2007, relations between the two have thawed in the fields of diplomacy and economic trade, only to collapse during the Gaza War (2008–09) when the Iranian and Egyptian politicians exchanged blames over inaction towards the escalation. Despite wavering tensions between Tehran and Cairo, the two countries are members of the OIC and the Developing 8 In 2010, leaked diplomatic cables revealed that Mubarak expressed animosity toward Iran in private meetings, saying the Iranian leaders are "big, fat liars", and that Iran's backing of terrorism is "well-known".[241] According to one American report, Mubarak views Iran as the primary long-term challenge facing Egypt, and an Egyptian official said that Iran is running agents inside Egypt in an effort to subvert the Egyptian regime. he also stated that if Iran will reach a nuclear weapons, Egypt will also consider reaching such weapons.[242] |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Egypt-Iraq relations
Since 1983, Iraq has repeatedly called for restoration of Egypt's "natural role" among Arab countries. In January 1984, Iraq successfully led Arab efforts within the OIC to restore Egypt's membership. However, Iraqi-Egyptian relations were broken in 1990 after Egypt joined the UN coalition that forced Iraq out of Kuwait. Relations have steadily improved in recent years, and Egypt is now one of Iraq's main trade partners (formerly under the Oil-for-Food Programme). | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 26 January 1980 | See Egypt–Israel relations
The state of war between both countries which dated back from the 1948 Arab–Israeli War ended in 1973 with the Egypt–Israel peace treaty a year after the Camp David Accords. Since then, relations have improved. Being a pioneer of peace making in the region and driven from its belief that a peaceful Middle East is the best solution for the development of Egypt, the third Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's groundbreaking trip to Israel in 1977, the 1978 Camp David Accords, and the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty represented a fundamental shift in the politics of the region; from a strategy of confrontation to one of peace as a strategic choice. Egypt was subsequently ostracized by other Arab states and ejected from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989. However, due to circumstances of today's Israeli–Palestinian conflict, full normalization of relations between these two countries is still halted and sometimes fought against in both countries. The Egyptian ambassador to Tel Aviv is often withdrawn, and the peace has been called a cool peace due to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1922 | See Egypt-Japan relations
Egypt-Japan relations are described by the Egyptian ambassador to Japan as a "very strong friendship",[243] with embassies mutually established.[244] At present, the two nations maintain a cordial relationship with strong economic and trade relations.[245]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 28 May 1947 | See Egypt-Jordan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1947 when Mohamed Bey Yassin, Egyptian Minister in Transjordan with residence in Baghdad presented his credentials.[246] On April 6, 1972, the Egyptian government severed relations in protest for a Jordanian plan for federation with the West Bank, which didn't take PLO interests unto considerations. These relations were restored on September 11, 1973.[247] They were severed again in 1979, this time by the Jordanian government, in protest for the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty. Following the outbreak of the Lebanon War of 1982, the US government put pressure on both governments to reach accommodation for the purpose of formulating a joint peace strategy vis-a-vis the Israeli government,[248] and relations were restored on September 25, 1984.
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| Шаблон:Flag | 6 March 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1992.[249]
In 2006, President Mubarak of Egypt visited Kazakhstan on the third leg of a three-country tour. During the visit he met with Kazakh President Nazarbayev. Mubarak stated that 30 trade and economic cooperation agreements had been concluded between the two countries.[250] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 December 1961 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1961[251]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 30 November 1944 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1944 when was opened Legation of Lebanon in Cairo.[252]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1957[253] | See Egypt–Malaysia relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 2 April 1963 | See Egypt–Mongolia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1963[254] Cairo currently hosts Mongolia's only embassy on the African continent.[255][256] |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 20 October 1947 | See Egypt–Pakistan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1947 when the Egyptian Government has agreed to the establishment of a Pakistan Embassy in Cairo and to the appointment Mr. J. A. Rahim as Chargé d'Affaires.[257] Pakistan and Egypt have diplomatic and trade relations. Both countries are members of the OIC (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation), "the Next Eleven" and the "D8". Relations between the two countries were established after Pakistan was established. Pakistan President General Muhammad Ayub Khan, visited Egypt in 1959 and Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser visited Pakistan in 1960.Шаблон:Citation needed
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| Шаблон:Flag | See Egypt–Palestine relations | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1955-01-18 | See Egypt–Philippines relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1 November 1971 | See Egypt-Qatar relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1971[258] Lately, relations have not been at its best. Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar, has described the 2013 political transition in Egypt as a "military coup".[259] It is worth mentioning that the main problem between the two governments is the Qatari support to the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.[259] The Egyptian government, along with those of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates, broke off diplomatic relations with Qatar on 5 June 2017. The Egyptian Foreign Ministry announced it was closing its air and sea ports to Qatari transportation. The Egyptian, Saudi, Bahraini, and Emirati governments cited Qatar's continuing support for "terrorism", such as the Muslim Brotherhood.[260] Islam Hassan argues "Egypt has had troubled relations with Qatar for many years, except of Mohamed Morsi's period in power. The Egyptian government has seen Qatar as a source of instability. TheEgyptian regime also sees that Qatar challenges its rule by financing the Muslim Brotherhood, and other organizations, which the regime has outlawed and consider terrorist organizations. Thus, the Egyptian regime has been trying to push back on Qatar by any means. The current issue between the Saudi bloc and Qatar seemed to be an opportunity to put pressure on Qatar to stop financing the Muslim Brotherhood, its affiliates, and supporters, and to support the Sisi regime."[261][262] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 7 May 1936 | See Egypt–Saudi Arabia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1936 when was signed a Treaty by Egypt and Saudi Arabia in Cairo which included Egypt's recognition of Saudi Arabia as an independent and sovereign state.[263] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 April 1995 | See Egypt–South Korea relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 27 September 1954 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1954[268] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 May 1925 | See also Egypt–Turkey relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1925.[269]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 10 January 1972 | See Egypt-United Arab Emirates relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1972.[274] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 September 1963 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 April 1946 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 April 1946[276] |
Europe
European Union relations with Egypt are based on a partnership relation within the Euro – Mediterranean and Middle East area, which is of vital strategic importance and a key external relations priority for the EU.
The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership launched at the 1995 Barcelona Conference between the European Union and its originally 12 Mediterranean Partners: Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, and the Palestinian Authority. Libya currently has observer status at certain meetings. Since the enlargement, in May 2004 and January 2007, the co-operation and needs covers 35 countries, the EU of 27, including Cyprus and Malta and the 10 Mediterranean Partners.
Egypt has also taken an active role regarding Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, such as its participation in the technical meeting of which it was the speaker for the Arab group. Additionally, the first meeting of the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary assembly was co-chaired by an Egyptian.
Egypt has been one of the leading recipients among the Mediterranean partners in terms of total funds received from the MEDA programme, the principal financial instrument of the European Union for the implementation of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. It is focused on policy-led, national structural reform and liberalisation programmes with a sector-wide approach.
The EU is Egypt's biggest trading partner currently accounting for 42% of Egyptian exports and 37% of imports, with the balance of trade still in the EU's favour. Trade between the EU and Egypt has risen by more than 5% in the last five years to reach around 11.6 billion euro in 2004. Egypt's main exports to the EU in 2004 were energy (39%), textiles and clothing (15%), agricultural products (9%), and chemicals (5%). Major imports from the EU were power generating machinery (21%), chemicals (16%), transport equipment (16%), and food and agricultural products (10%). Egypt has a serious but improving trade deficit that has put considerable pressure on the Egyptian pound.
Trade relations with the EU are good although there are several outstanding trade and phyto-sanitary issues. These range from specific market access issues and difficulties for businesses facing a highly regulated and complex system through to restrictions in the export of agricultural goods (potatoes) and fishery products because they do not conform with EU quality norms.
Egypt is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.
Some time after the starting of the Arab Spring, in March 2011 the European Union adopted the joint declaration ' A partnership for democracy and shared prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean', aimed at making a number of initiatives in the field of civic society support, financial assistance and further access to the EU market dependent upon advancement in the democratization process.[277]
As far as Egypt was concerned this declaration envisioned the further deepening of the previous Free Trade Agreement stipulated in 2004, geared towards the inclusion of areas such as trade in services, government procurement, competition, intellectual property rights, and investment protection. To the 2011 declaration, a preliminary phase of the negotiations followed in June 2013, when the EU and Egypt began an exploratory dialogue on how to deepen trade and investment relations, in particular through the possible negotiation of a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA).[278]
In August 2014, the European Union discussed the possibility of revising provision of aid to Egypt.[279] However, divisions over the appropriate stance to adopt among European diplomats persisted, coupled by the fear that the vacuum might be soon filled by other actors, following a Saudi Foreign Minister's declaration that the Kingdom was ready to step in[280] and those of Prime Minister Hazem al Beblawi about the possibility to appeal to Russia for foreign aid.[281] Therefore, the only measure upon which the Foreign Ministers agreed was to suspend the sale of arms and materials that could be used for repression,[280] but fell short to halt aid program which could damage civil society.
Earlier in July 2013, EU High Representative Catherine Ashton had visited Egypt in an attempt to promote reconciliation among the parties involved. She is credited for being the only foreign diplomat to get access to deposed president Mohamed Morsi.[282] In an official statement released at the end of a following visit held in April 2014, the Representative raised the issue of the death penalties and incarceration of journalists and activists.[283] At the same time, her later declarations about el-Sisi's bid for presidential candidacy as "difficult" but "brave"[284] sparked harsh criticism among supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood, who claimed the Representative, who advanced logistical reasons, did not make any efforts to get in touch with them and members of their Anti-Coup Alliance.[285]
In April 2014, the European Union agreed to conduct electoral monitoring, for the first time, in occasion of the Presidential elections scheduled for 26/27 May 2014. Other organizations declined to join, as in their opinion this would legitimize what they called an unlawful take on power.[286]
A contract for the sale of 30 Rafale fighter jets was signed between the defense ministries of Egypt and France in May 2021. The official value of the contract was not disclosed at first and was later exposed to be worth 3.75 billion euro or $4.5 billion, by an investigative website called Disclose. In December 2020, French President Emmanuel Macron received criticism for not controlling the sale of weapons to Egypt on its poor human rights record, stating counter-terrorism concerns. The Egyptian defense ministry cited that the deal would be supported via a 10-year loan without disclosing its value or any further details. Rights organizations have denounced the deal and accused the French president of overlooking the increasing violation of freedom in Egypt under the regime of President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi. France's armed forces, finance, and foreign ministries were unavailable for comment. However, French officials claim that Paris, under one of its policies, is avoiding criticism of countries on their human rights records to work with them effectively in private.[287]
On 3 February 2022, around 175 Members of European Parliament wrote a joint letter to foreign ministers and ambassadors to the UN Human Rights Council and requested them to secure the establishment of a UN human rights monitoring and reporting mechanism on Egypt. The MEPs were concerned that despite devastating human rights crisis in Egypt, the international communities persistently failed to take any meaningful action to address the situation. The Egyptian authorities, under President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi, have "brutally and systematically" repressed all forms of dissent and severely curtailed civic space.[288]
| Country | Formal relations established | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 14 March 1956 | See Albania–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 March 1956[289] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 November 1925 | See Bulgaria–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1925[292] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 October 1992 | See Croatia–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1992[294]
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| Шаблон:Flag | See Cyprus–Egypt relations
Diplomatic relations between both countries were established soon after Cyprus gained its independence in 1960.
During an April 2009 meeting at ministerial level, the countries explored ways to develop closer ties, with plans for increased collaboration both on tourism and energy related activities. There has been talk of Cyprus increasing her imports of natural gas, Egypt using Cyprus as a bridge for exports to Europe and on prospects for the training of Cypriot engineers by their Egyptian counterparts on techniques for the extraction of oil and natural gas.[295] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 June 1922 | See Denmark–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1922 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Denmark to Egypt Mr. G. H. Ryan de Treschow.[296]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 15 February 1947 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 31 May 1922 | See Egypt–France relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 May 1922 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of France to Egypt Henri Gaillard and open Legation (Embassy) of France in Egypt.[299][300]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1957-12[303] | See Egypt–Germany relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | August 1833[304] | See Egypt-Greece relations
Both countries share relations since the years BC Since the creation of Alexandria by Alexander the Great, Egypt has had a sizable Greek community, mostly centered around Alexandria, which is today Egypt's second largest city and also the seat of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. In the modern era, both countries enjoy very good and warm diplomatic relations since 1833 and especially after the Greek War Independence, and both countries have signed several defense cooperation agreements, with the heads of states visiting each other in a regular basis.
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| Шаблон:Flag | 12 December 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 December 1974.[305]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 30 April 1922 | See Egypt–Italy relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1922 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Egypt Mr Lazzaro Negrotto Cambiaso.[308] Relations were established during the period of the Roman Empire. However, during World War II, relations were strained as the Italian and German Troops launched a campaign on Egypt but were defeated by Egyptian and British Forces in the battle of El Alamein. However, after the war, relations were re-established and are close.
See also Italian Egyptian |
| Шаблон:KOS | See Egypt–Kosovo relations
Egypt recognised the Republic of Kosovo as an independent state on 26 June 2013.[309]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 2 November 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1965[310] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 November 1922 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1922 when Mr. J. P. graaf van Limburg Stirum has been accredited as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Netherlands to Egypt.[313]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 14 November 1994 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1994[314] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1927 | See Egypt–Poland relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1927.[316]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 25 June 1925 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1925[317]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 3 April 1926 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1926 when the diplomatic representations from Romania and Egypt were raised to the level of Legation.[318] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 26 August 1943 | See Egypt–Russia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1943[320]
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| Шаблон:Flag | See Egypt-Serbia relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 30 April 1992 | See Egypt–Slovenia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1992[322]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 9 May 1922 | See Egypt–Spain relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 May 1922 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain to Egypt Mr. Silvio F. Vallin.[323]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 25 November 1922 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1922 when Harald Bildt take up the post of first Swedish Minister to Egypt.[324]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 11 March 1935 |
See Egypt-Switzerland relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1935 when Mr. Henri Martin, first Minister of Switzerland to Egypt, presented his letters of credentials.[325]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 25 January 1992 | See Egypt–Ukraine relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 1992[327]
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| Шаблон:Flag | See Egypt–United Kingdom relations
|
Oceania
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1950 | See Australia–Egypt relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1974 | See Egypt–New Zealand relations
|
International involvement
Egypt played a key role during the 1990-91 Persian Gulf crisis. President Mubarak helped assemble the international coalition and deployed 35,000 Egyptian troops against Iraq to liberate Kuwait. The Egyptian contingent was one of the largest in the coalition forces, along with the U.S., U.K. and Saudi Arabia.
In the aftermath of the Gulf War, Egypt signed the Damascus Declaration with Syria and the Persian Gulf states to strengthen Persian Gulf security. Egypt continues to contribute regularly to United Nations peacekeeping missions, most recently in East Timor, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.
Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, Egypt, which has itself been the target of terrorist attacks, has been a key supporter of the U.S. war against terrorists and terrorist organizations such as Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, and has supported the Iraqi Governing Council.
On December 25, 2006, the Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Abul Gheit called for end to "nuclear double standards" where sanctions are imposed on Iran for enriching uranium, but the Israeli nuclear program is not subject to any control by the International Atomic Energy Agency.[335]
Egypt is member of ABEDA, ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AU, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CTBT, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS(observer), OAU, OIC, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTAET, UPU, WCO, EFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, and WTrO. Egypt is one of only seven U.N. members which is not a member of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
See also
- List of Foreign ministers of Egypt
- Iran-Arab Relations (Egypt)
- List of Ambassadors from Egypt
- List of diplomatic missions in Egypt
- List of diplomatic missions of Egypt
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Visa requirements for Egyptian citizens
References
External links
- History of Egypt - U.S. relations
- Assessing the United States-Egyptian Military and Security RelationsШаблон:Dead link
- The Future of American-Egyptian relationsШаблон:Dead link
- Deniers of Egypt's dark past An article exploring Egypt's Africanness
- Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt in London The official website of the Egyptian Embassy in London
- EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Egypt
Шаблон:Foreign relations of Egypt Шаблон:Africa topic Шаблон:Asia topic Шаблон:Egypt topics Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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- ↑ Ahmadinejad unwelcome in Egypt: lawyer, Al Arabiya. July 2, 2009
- ↑ "WikiLeaks: Diplomatic cables show Egyptian leader's acrimony with Iran", Los Angeles Times, November 29, 2010
- ↑ "Iran, Israel and the Arab Contradiction", by Ronen Bergman, Wall Street Journal, December 11, 2010
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