Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of Finland
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The foreign relations of Finland are the responsibility of the president of Finland, who leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government. Implicitly the government is responsible for internal policy and decision making in the European Union. Within the government, preparative discussions are conducted in the government committee of foreign and security policy (ulko- ja turvallisuuspoliittinen ministerivaliokunta), which includes the Prime Minister and at least the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Defence, and at most four other ministers as necessary.[1] The committee meets with the President as necessary. Laws concerning foreign relations are discussed in the parliamentary committee of foreign relations (ulkoasiainvaliokunta, utrikesutskottet). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs implements the foreign policy.
During the Cold War, Finland's foreign policy was based on official neutrality between the Western powers and the Soviet Union, while simultaneously stressing Nordic cooperation in the framework of the Nordic Council and cautious economic integration with the West as promoted by the Bretton-Woods Agreement and the free trade treaty with the European Economic Community. Finland shares this history with close neighbour Sweden, which Finland was a part of until the split of the Swedish empire in 1809. Finland did not join the Soviet Union's economic sphere (Comecon) but remained a free-market economy and conducted bilateral trade with the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Finland unilaterally abrogated the last restrictions imposed on it by the Paris peace treaties of 1947 and the Finno-Soviet Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance. The government filed an application for membership in the European Union (EU) three months after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and became a member in 1995. Finland did not attempt to join NATO, even though post-Soviet countries on the Baltic Sea and elsewhere joined. Nevertheless, defence policymakers quietly converted to NATO equipment and contributed troops.
President Martti Ahtisaari and the coalition governments led Finland closer to the core EU in the late 1990s. Finland was considered a cooperative model state, and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy.[2] This was reversed in the 2000s, when Tarja Halonen and Erkki Tuomioja made Finland's official policy to resist other EU members' plans for common defense.[2] However, Halonen allowed Finland to join European Union Battlegroups in 2006 and the NATO Response Force in 2008.
Relations with Russia are cordial and common issues include bureaucracy (particularly at the Vaalimaa border crossing), airspace violations, development aid Finland gives to Russia (especially in environmental problems that affect Finland), and Finland's energy dependency on Russian gas and electricity. Behind the scenes, the administration witnessed a resurrection of Soviet-era tactics as recently as 2017. The Finnish Security Intelligence Service, the nation's security agency, says the known number of Russian agents from Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) and GRU now exceeds Cold War levels and there are unknown numbers of others.[3] Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said in March 2022 that her government would have to respond if Finland became a NATO member.[4]
As of March 2011 Finland maintains diplomatic relations with all UN member states.[5]
All NATO countries approved Finland's accession to the military alliance by April 1, 2023, and it officially joined on April 4. The move was the final process in Finland's transition from conducting a foreign policy of neutrality to clearly standing as an official part of the Western bloc.
History
After independence from Russia in 1917, the Finnish Civil War, including interventions by Imperial Germany and Soviet Russia, and failure of the Communist revolution, resulted in the official ban on Communism, and strengthening relations with Western countries. Overt alliance with Germany was not possible due to the result of the First World War, but in general the period of 1918 to 1939 was characterised by economic growth and increasing integration to the Western world economy. Relations with Soviet Russia from 1918 to 1939 were icy; voluntary expeditions to Russia called heimosodat ended only in 1922, four years after the conclusion of the Finnish Civil War. However, attempts to establish military alliances were unsuccessful.[7] Thus, when the Winter War broke out, Finland was left alone to resist the Soviet attack. Later, during the Continuation War, Finland declared "co-belligerency" with Nazi Germany, and allowed Northern Finland to be used as a German attack base. For 872 days, the German army, aided indirectly by Finnish forces, besieged Leningrad, the Soviet Union's second-largest city.[8] The peace settlement in 1944 with the Soviet Union led to the Lapland War in 1945, where Finland fought Germans in northern Finland.
From the end of the Continuation War with the Soviet Union in 1944 until 1991, the policy was to avoid superpower conflicts and to build mutual confidence with the Western powers and the Soviet Union. Although the country was culturally, socially, and politically Western, Finns realised they had to live in peace with the Soviets and so could take no action that might be interpreted as a security threat. The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 opened up dramatic new possibilities for Finland and has resulted in the Finns actively seeking greater participation in Western political and economic structures. The popular support for the strictly self-defensive doctrine remains.[9]
2000 constitution
In the 2000 constitution, where diverse constitutional laws were unified into one statute, the leading role of the President was slightly moderated. However, because the constitution still stipulates only that the President leads foreign policy and the government internal policy, the responsibility over European Union affairs is not explicitly resolved. Implicitly this belongs to the powers of the government. In a cohabitation situation as with Matti Vanhanen's recent second government right-wing government and left-wing President Tarja Halonen, there can be friction between government ministers and the president.
The arrangement has been criticised by Risto E. J. Penttilä for not providing a simple answer of who's in charge.[2]
Multilateral relations
Finnish foreign policy emphasises its participation in multilateral organisations. Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and the European Union in 1995. As noted, the country also is a member of NATO's Partnership for Peace as well as an observer in the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The military has been prepared to be more compatible with NATO, as co-operation with NATO in peacekeeping is needed, but military alliance does not have popular support. Political scientist Teija Tiilikainen has attributed tensions like this one to the importance that Finland's political identity places on sovereignty and the (sometimes competing) stress it places on international cooperation.[10]
In the European Union, Finland is a member of the Eurozone, and in addition, the Schengen treaty abolishing passport controls. 60% of foreign trade is to the EU. Other large trade partners are Russia and the United States.
Finland is well represented in the UN civil service in proportion to its population and belongs to several of its specialised and related agencies. Finnish troops have participated in United Nations peacekeeping activities since 1956, and the Finns continue to be one of the largest per capita contributors of peacekeepers in the world. Finland is an active participant in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and in early 1995 assumed the co-chairmanship of the OSCE's Minsk Group on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
Cooperation with the other Scandinavian countries also is important to Finland, and it has been a member of the Nordic Council since 1955. Under the council's auspices, the Nordic countries have created a common labor market and have abolished immigration controls among themselves. The council also serves to coordinate social and cultural policies of the participating countries and has promoted increased cooperation in many fields.
In addition to the organisations already mentioned, Finland is a member of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization, the International Finance Corporation, the International Development Association, the Bank for International Settlements, the Asian Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Council of Europe, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Finland has moved steadily towards integration into Western institutions and abandoned its formal policy of neutrality, which has been recast as a policy of military nonalliance coupled with the maintenance of a credible, independent defence. Finland's 1994 decision to buy 64 F-18 Hornet fighter planes from the United States signalled the abandonment of the country's policy of balanced arms purchases from Communist countries and Western countries.
In 1994, Finland joined NATO's Partnership for Peace; the country is also an observer in the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Finland became a full member of the EU in January 1995, at the same time acquiring observer status in the EU's defence arm, the Western European Union.
In 2003, Anneli Jäätteenmäki of the Centre Party won the elections after she had accused her rival Paavo Lipponen, who was prime minister at the time, of allying neutral Finland with the United States in the war in Iraq during a meeting with President George W. Bush, and thus associated Finland with what many Finns considered an illegal war of aggression. Lipponen denied the claims and declared that "We support the UN and the UN Secretary-General." Jäätteenmäki resigned as prime minister after 63 days in office amid accusations that she had lied about the leak of the documents about the meeting between Bush and Lipponen. This series of events was considered scandalous and it is named Iraq leak or Iraq-gate.[11]
Generally, Finland has abided by the principle of neutrality and has good relations with nearly all countries, as evidenced by the freedom of travel that a Finnish passport gives; though relations with Russia remain strained and are often tense due to past historical grievances, including Russian threats and past invasion.[12]
After almost 30 years of close partnership with NATO, Finland joined the Alliance on 4 April 2023. Finland’s partnership with NATO was historically based on its policy of military non-alignment, which changed following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.[13] On 1 March 2024, Alexander Stubb, a staunch supporter of NATO, was sworn in as Finland’s new president.[14] On 7 March 2024, Stubb made his first foreign trip as Finland's new president to Nato's Nordic Response military exercise in northern Norway.[15]
Diplomatic relations list
List of countries which Finland maintains diplomatic relations with:
Multilateral
Africa
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Comoros is represented in Finland by its embassy in Paris, France.[27] | |
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| Шаблон:Flag | July 17, 1959 | See Ethiopia–Finland relations
Ethiopia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Addis Ababa. Ethiopia is one of Finland's long-term development partners and in the water and education sectors.[30] On April 29, 2009, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development announced that the Finnish government had made a grant of 11.4 million euros to enable the Benishangul-Gumuz Region to upgrade its capacity to plan and manage its rural water supply and sanitation program to achieve universal access for all Ethiopians.[31] |
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Namibia relations
Finland recognised Namibia on March 21, 1990. Both countries established diplomatic relations on the same day. Namibia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Windhoek and an honorary consulate in Walvis Bay. |
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland – South Africa relations
A South African legation was established in 1967 and relations were then upgraded to ambassadorial level in March 1991.[33] Finland has an embassy in Pretoria, a general consulate in Johannesburg, and a consulate in Cape Town. South Africa is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. During World War II South Africa declared war on Finland.[34] Finland was a strong supporter of the dismantling of Apartheid in South Africa.[34][35][36] South African exports to Finland include fresh and dried fruits, wine, pulp, paper, iron, steel, and coal. South Africa imports telecommunication equipment, paper, board products, and machinery from Finland.[33] |
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Americas
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Argentina–Finland relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Brazil–Finland relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Canada–Finland relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Chile–Finland relations
Chile recognised Finland's independence on June 17, 1919. Diplomatic relations between them were established in 1931 and have been continuously maintained, despite pressures at times to discontinue them.[40] The two countries maintain resident ambassadors in both capitals.[40]
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The relations between Colombia and Finland are harmonious as both countries share a similar ideology based on democracy, human rights and a lasting peace. It's because of this that Colombia has decided to open an embassy in Helsinki. Colombia also defines Finland as a key player on Colombia's accession into the OECD and the ratification of the Colombia-European Union Trade Agreement.[41] |
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Mexico relations
Mexico recognized the independence of Finland in July 1920.
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Nicaragua relations |
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts[50] | See Finland–United States relations 5-25-1988 President Reagan meeting with President Mauno Henrik Koivisto during a trip to Finland at the Helsinki airport in Vantaa Relations between the United States and Finland are warm. Some 200,000 US citizens visit Finland annually, and about 3,000 US citizens are resident there. The US has an educational exchange program in Finland that is comparatively large for a Western European country of Finland's size. It is financed in part from a trust fund established in 1976 from Finland's final repayment of a US loan made in the aftermath of World War I. Finland is bordered on the east by Russia and, as one of the former Soviet Union's neighbours, has been of particular interest and importance to the US both during the Cold War and in its aftermath. Before the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, longstanding US policy was to support Finnish neutrality and to maintain and reinforce Finland's historic, cultural, and economic ties with the West. The US has welcomed Finland's increased participation since 1991 in Western economic and political structures. Economic and trade relations between Finland and the United States are active and were bolstered by the F-18 purchase. US-Finland trade totals almost $5 billion annually. The US receives about 7% of Finland's exports – mainly wood pulp and paper, ships, machinery, electronics and instruments and refined petroleum products[51] – and provides about 7% of its imports – principally computers, semiconductors, aircraft, and machinery.
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Uruguay relations
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Asia
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Armenia–Finland relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Azerbaijan–Finland relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 20 January 1970[54] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | October 28, 1950[57] | See China–Finland relations
The two international trade organisations are the Finland-China Trade Association and the China Council for Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT). One of the fastest growing areas of trade between the two countries is in environmental protection.[1][2] and information technology. Nokia is the largest Finnish investor in China. |
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Georgia relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–India relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | See Finland–Iran relations Photograph of the Shah and the Shahbanu during their visit to Tapiola residencial area in Espoo, Finland. To their right, the Finnish president Urho Kekkonen. | |
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Israel relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Japan relations
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See Finland–Kazakhstan relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts[67] | See Finland–Malaysia relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts[70] | See Finland–North Korea relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Northern Cyprus has a Representative Office in Helsinki.[74] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | January 12, 1951 | See Finland–Pakistan relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Turkey relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–United Arab Emirates relations
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Europe
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Austria–Finland relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Bulgaria–Finland relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Croatia–Finland relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Cyprus–Finland relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Denmark–Finland relations
Denmark and Finland share a long history, where Danish Vikings settled in Finland and made crusades. Both countries were also part of the Kalmar Union.[91] Denmark was the first country along with Sweden to recognize Finland's Independence. There are 3,000 Finns living in Denmark, and 1,235 Danes living in Finland. During Winter War, over 1,000 Danish volunteers came to help Finland.[92] During the Winter war and the Continuation war, Denmark took 4,200 Finnish war children.[93] Exports to Denmark value at 1.380 billion euros, and imports from Denmark value at 1.453 billion, making Denmark Finland's 10th largest import-trading partner. The Nordic Culture Fund and the Finnish-Danish Cultural Fund support projects of artists in both countries. Many tourists from Finland visit Denmark, 206,000 in 2017, and vice versa: 113,000 Danish tourists visited Finland in 2017. In 1918 Mannerheim visited Copenhagen, asking if Prince Aage would have wanted to become the King of Finland. |
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Estonia–Finland relations
Finland's main language, Finnish, is related to Estonian, and there is and has been a certain feeling of kinship. 76% of Finns have visited Estonia and in 2004, 1.8 million Finns reported visiting Estonia. Finnish and Swedish investors are the largest foreign investors in Estonia.[94] Finland and Estonia are members of the European Union and the Schengen agreement, freeing international travel and trade between the countries. Finland's government recognised Estonia's independence in 1920. In response to the Soviet invasion, diplomatic missions were de facto removed. However, when Estonia declared independence, this "temporary obstruction" was resolved. Both countries restored diplomatic relations on August 29, 1991.
Finland contributed and continues to contribute military aid to Estonia, e.g., training of officers, provision of equipment.
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–France relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Germany relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Greece relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Hungary relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Iceland relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Italy relations
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Finland recognised Kosovo March 7, 2008.[105][106] Finland maintains an embassy in Pristina.[107] |
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Latvia relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Lithuania relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Netherlands relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Norway relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Poland relations
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Relations with Russia are peaceful and friendly. Finland imports a lot of goods and basic necessities, such as fuel, and the two nations are agreeing on issues more than disagreeing on them. Finland was a part of the Russian Empire for 108 years, after being annexed from the Swedish empire. Discontent with Russian rule, Finnish national identity, and World War I eventually caused Finland to break away from Russia, taking advantage of the fact that Russia was withdrawing from World War I and a revolution was starting in earnest. Following the Finnish Civil War and October Revolution, Russians were virtually equated with Communists and due to official hostility to Communism, Finno-Soviet relations in the period between the world wars remained tense. Voluntary activists arranged expeditions to Karelia (heimosodat), which ended when Finland and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty of Tartu in 1920. However, the Soviet Union did not abide by the treaty when they blockaded Finnish naval ships. Finland was attacked by the Soviet Union in 1939. Finland fought the Winter War and the Continuation War against the Soviets in World War II. During the wars, the Finns suffered 90,000 casualties and inflicted severe casualties on the Russians (120,000 dead in the Winter War and 200,000 in the Continuation War). Contemporary issues include problems with border controls causing persistent truck queues at the border, airspace violations, pollution of the Baltic Sea, and Russian duties on exported wood to Finland's pulp and paper industry. Russia also considered large swathes of land near the Finnish border as special security area where foreign land ownership is forbidden. A similarly extensive restriction does not apply to Russian citizens. The Finnish Defence Forces and Finnish Security Intelligence Service have suspected that Russians have made targeted land purchases near military and other sensitive installations for intelligence or special operations purposes.[116][117] Right-wing commentators accuse the government of continuing the policy of Finlandisation. Recently, Finland-Russia relations have been under pressure with annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, which Finland considers illegal. Together with the rest of the European Union, Finland enforces sanctions against Russia that followed. Still, economic relations have not entirely deteriorated: 11.2% of imports to Finland are from Russia, and 5.7% of exports from Finland are to Russia, and cooperation between Finnish and Russian authorities continues.[118]
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Tensions between the countries rose in late 2008 when a news program on Finland's national broadcasting company station YLE accused Finnish weapons manufacturer Patria of bribing Slovenian officials to secure an arms deal. Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Janša formally complained to the Finnish ambassador in Ljubljana.[122] This controversy became known as the Patria case. |
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Spain relations
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Finland and Sweden have always had very close relations, resulting from shared history, numerous commonalities in society and politics, and close trade relations. A newly appointed Foreign Minister makes his or her first state visit to Sweden. Finnish politicians often consider Sweden's reaction to international affairs first as a base for further actions, and thus finally both countries often agree on such issues. If there has ever been any dissonance between the two countries those were the Åland question in the early 1920s and the Swedish declaration of non-belligerent status during the Winter War. Finland and Sweden are members of the European Union and the Schengen agreement, freeing international travel and trade between the countries. Furthermore, both participate in the Nordic Council, which grants Swedish nationals slightly more extensive rights than the EU/Schengen treaties alone.
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| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Turkey in Asia Above |
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Ukraine relations
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Oceania
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Diplomatic relations were established on May 31, 1949.
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International organization participation
- AfDB
- AsDB
- Australia Group
- BIS
- CBSS
- CCC
- CE
- CERN
- EAPC
- EBRD
- ECE
- EIB
- ESA
- Шаблон:Flag
- Файл:FAO logo.svg FAO
- G-9
- IADB
- Файл:Flag of IAEA.svg IAEA
- IBRD
- Файл:Flag of IAEA.svg ICAO
- ICC
- Файл:International Criminal Court logo.svg ICC
- Файл:Emblem of the ICRC.svg ICRM
- IDA
- IEA
- IFAD
- IFC
- Файл:Emblem of the IFRC.svg IFRCS
- IHO
- Файл:Flag of ILO.svg ILO
- IMF
- Файл:Flag of the International Maritime Organization.svg IMO
- ITUC
- Interpol
- Шаблон:Flag
- IOM
- ISO
- ITU
- MINURSO
- Файл:Flag of NATO.svg NATO
- Файл:Flag of the Nordic Council.svg NC
- NEA
- Файл:Nordic Investment Bank logo.svg NIB
- NSG
- Файл:Flag of the Organization of American States.svg OAS (observer)
- OECD
- OPCW
- Файл:OSCE logo.svg OSCE
- Файл:Logo of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague.png PCA
- PFP
- Шаблон:Flag
- UNCTAD
- Файл:Flag of UNESCO.svg UNESCO
- UNHCR
- UNIDO
- UNIKOM
- UNITAR
- UNMEE
- UNMIBH
- UNMIK
- UNMOGIP
- UNMOP
- UNOMIG
- UNTAET
- UNTSO
- Файл:Flag of UPU.svg UPU
- Файл:Flag of the Western European Union.svg WEU (observer)
- WFTU
- Файл:Flag of WHO.svg WHO
- WIPO
- Файл:Flag of the World Meteorological Organization.svg WMO
- WTrO
- Zangger Committee
Sub-national government participation
Файл:Flag of Åland.svg Aland Islands
See also
- List of diplomatic missions in Finland
- Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)
- Politics of Finland
- Pulp mill conflict between Argentina and Uruguay (for the conflict over the installation of a pulp mill by the Finnish company Botnia in Uruguay, across the Uruguay River)
- Visa requirements for Finnish citizens
- Arctic policy of Finland
References
External links
- Finland in the CIA World Factbook
- A Eurosceptic big bang: Finland's EU policy in hindsight of the 2011 elections—The Finnish Institute of International Affairs
- Finland in the United Nations: Consistent and Credible Constructivism Шаблон:Webarchive—The Finnish Institute of International Affairs
- From Cold War to Common Currency: A personal perspective on Finland and the EU Шаблон:Webarchive—The Finnish Institute of International Affairs
Шаблон:Foreign relations of Finland Шаблон:Finland topics Шаблон:Foreign relations of Europe
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- ↑ Michael Jones (2013). "Leningrad: State of Siege". Basic Books. p. 38. Шаблон:ISBN
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- ↑ "Ethiopia, Finland sign 11.4 million Euro grant agreement" Шаблон:Webarchive, Ethiopian News Agency (accessed April 29, 2009)
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