Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of Greece
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Politics of Greece
As one of the oldest Euro-Atlantic member states in the region of Southeast Europe, Greece enjoys a prominent geopolitical role as a middle power, due to its political and geographical proximity to Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Its main allies are the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Cyprus and the rest of the European Union and NATO.
Greece also maintains strong diplomatic relations with Armenia, Albania, Egypt, Lebanon, the United Arab Emirates, North Macedonia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Switzerland while at the same time focuses at improving further the good relations with the Arab World, Caucasus, China, India, South Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Vietnam, The Philippines, South Africa, and the rest of the African Union, Arab League, BRICS, CELAC and Nordic Council. As member of the European Union, the Union for the Mediterranean, and the Council of Europe, Greece is a key player in the eastern Mediterranean region and has encouraged the collaboration between neighbors, as well as promoting the Energy Triangle, for gas exports to Europe. Greece also has the second largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor.
Prominent issues in Hellenic foreign policy include the claims in the Aegean Sea and Eastern Mediterranean by Turkey and the Turkish occupation of Cyprus.
Overview
Greece has diplomatic relations with almost all the countries in the world, as shown in the map below.
Disputes
Following the resolution of the Macedonia naming dispute with North Macedonia due to the Prespa agreement in 2018, the Ministry identifies two remaining issues of particular importance to the Greek state: Turkish challenges to Greek sovereignty rights in the Aegean Sea and corresponding airspace and the Cyprus dispute involving the Turkish occupation of Northern Cyprus.
Cyprus dispute
Шаблон:Unreferenced section Шаблон:Main
As the island of Cyprus was heading towards independence from the United Kingdom the Greek (82%) and Turkish (18%) communities became embroiled in bitter inter-communal fighting, partly sponsored by the two "motherlands". EOKA-B and the Turkish Resistance Organization (TMT) were responsible for many atrocities which resulted in cementing tensions and led to total isolation of the communities with Turkish Cypriots withdrawn into enclaves.
In 1974, the US-backed Greek junta –took power during the November of 1973 by overthrowing the previous junta - partly in a move to draw attention away from internal turmoil and partly unsatisfied with Makarios' policy in Cyprus, on 15 July attempted a coup to replace him with Nikos Sampson and declare union with Greece. Seven days later, Turkey launched an invasion of Cyprus allegedly to reinstate the constitution but which resulted in blooded conflict, partition of the island and mass ethnic cleansing. The overwhelming Turkish land, naval and air superiority against island's weak defenses led to the bringing of 37% of the land under Turkish control.
170,000 Greek Cypriots were evicted from their homes in the north with 50,000 Turks following the opposite path concluding the de facto division of Cyprus. In 1983 Turkish Cypriots proclaimed independence unilaterally with only Turkey recognizing them. As of today the north is under an embargo as a measure against the illegal partition of the island.
Ever since both countries along with the two communities of the island are engages into a vicious cycle of negotiations which led to little. In 2004 the Annan Plan for Cyprus was put to vote but whilst it was accepted by the north, it was rejected by the Greek-Cypriots as it meant in their eyes, endorsing a confederal state with a weak central government and considerable local autonomy. The Republic of Cyprus is a constitutional democracy which has reached great levels of prosperity, with a booming economy and good infrastructures, part of the United Nations, European Union and several others organizations by whom it is recognized as the sole legitimate government of the whole island.
Greece calls for the removal of Turkish troops from Cyprus and the restoration of a unified state. The Republic of Cyprus is receiving strong support from Greece in international forums with the latter maintaining a military contingent on the island, and Greek officers filling key positions in the Cypriot National Guard.
Aegean claims by Turkey
Other issues dividing Greece and Turkey involve the delimitation of the continental shelf in the Aegean Sea, territorial waters and airspace. In March 1987 a dispute concerning oil drilling rights, almost led to war between the countries with Greece advocating the dispute to be decided by the International Court of Justice. In early 1988, the Turkish and Greek Prime Ministers met at Davos, Switzerland, and later in Brussels. They agreed on various measures to reduce bilateral tensions and to encourage cooperation.
Tensions over the Aegean Sea surfaced again in November 1994, when Greece claimed under the Law of the Sea Treaty, which Turkey has not signed, that it reserved the right to declare an expansion of its continental shelf from Шаблон:Convert around its Aegean islands. Turkey which has itself expanded its continental shelf in the Black Sea shore, stated that it would consider any such action a cause for war. New technical-level bilateral discussions began in 1994 but soon fizzled-out.
In January 1996, Greece and Turkey came close to an armed confrontation over the question of which country had sovereignty over an islet in the Aegean. In July 1997, on the sidelines of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) summit in Madrid, Greek and Turkish leaders reached agreement on six principles to govern their bilateral relations. Within a few months, however, the two countries were again at odds over Aegean airspace and sovereignty issues. Tensions remained high for months, although various confidence-building measures were discussed to reduce the risk of military accidents or conflict in the Aegean, under the auspices of the NATO Secretary General.
Turkey and the EU
Шаблон:Main Greece has come out in support of Turkey's bid for European Union membership,[1] and supports its full integration to the union when conditions for its acceptance are met. On 6 May 2004, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan became the first Turkish leader to visit Greece in fifty years.[2] On 24 January 2008, Greece's premier Costas Karamanlis visited Turkey a full 48 years after the last Greek premier and uncle of his Constantine Karamanlis had visited the neighboring country.
Turkish government arson admission
On Monday 23 December 2011, in an interview on Turkish newspaper BirGün discussing secret budgets, former Turkish Prime Minister Mesut Yılmaz admitted that Turkish secret agents intentionally started forest fires in Greece between 1995 and 1997 during the Prime Ministership of Tansu Çiller as part of state-sponsored sabotage, resulting in huge damage caused by major forest fires on the islands of the eastern Aegean and in Macedonia. Mesut Yılmaz's admission sparked political outrage in Greece on Monday, causing Greece's Foreign Ministry spokesman Grigoris Delavekouras to say that the claims were "serious and must be investigated," adding that Athens was awaiting a briefing from Ankara. Conservative New Democracy's shadow foreign minister Panos Panayiotopoulos said the revelations "cast heavy shadows over Greek-Turkish relations" and called on Turkey recompense Greece for losses incurred.[3][4]
Following an official complaint from Greece on 24 December seeking clarification over comments by former Prime Minister Mesut Yılmaz relating to forest fires in Greece in the mid-1990s, the Greek and Turkish foreign ministers, Stavros Dimas and Ahmet Davutoğlu, spoke on Wednesday 28 December. Dimas stressed how important it was that Ankara investigate the claims that in the past Turkey's intelligence services paid arsonists to set fire to forests in Greece. In addition to Greek Foreign Ministry meetings with Turkish officials, Greece's Supreme Court prosecutor Yiannis Tentes launched an emergency inquiry on 27 December, ordering the investigations into the mid-1990s wildfires blamed on arson to be reopened with regard to the initial claims reportedly made by Yılmaz.[5]
Former head of Greek intelligence service Leonidas Vasilikopoulos said they had received information from their agents in Turkey that Turkish agents or others were involved in the forest fires on Greek islands.[6] After making the comments in Turkish daily newspaper BirGün, Yilmaz said that his words had been distorted and that he was referring to Greek agents causing fires in Turkey.[7] However, on Thursday 29, Turkish daily Milliyet published an article referring to a secret report that seemed to support claims made in the interview by Mesut Yılmaz that secret agents had caused forest fires in Greece in the 1990s. According to Milliyet, an associate of Yılmaz's, Kutlu Savas, compiled a 12-page report that detailed the actions of Turkish agents in Greece. It described how the National Intelligence Organization of Turkey (MIT) had formed two teams: one which carried out bombings at tourist sites on Crete and other parts of Greece and another which was responsible for starting the wildfires. An attack on an army camp in Lamia, central Greece, is also mentioned.[8]
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Greece maintains diplomatic relations with:
Bilateral relations
Africa
Greece enjoys close historic relations with many members of the African Union, such as South Africa, Sudan, and Ethiopia.
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1962 | See Algeria–Greece relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 April 1978 |
Greece is represented in Botswana through its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa, and Botswana is represented in Greece through its Permanent Representation to the United Nation Office in Geneva, Switzerland.[171] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 June 1966 | See Democratic Republic of the Congo – Greece relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1966 when Ambassador of Democratic Republic of Congo to Greece M. Joseph Kahamba , presented his credentials to King Constantin.[172]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 April 1922 | See Egypt–Greece relations
Both countries share relations since the years BC with the creation of Alexandria by Alexander the Great. Egypt has had a sizable Greek community which is mostly centered around Alexandria, Egypt's second largest city and the seat of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. In the modern era, both countries enjoy very good and warm diplomatic relations since 1833 and especially after the Greek War of Independence, and both countries have signed several defense cooperation agreements, with the heads of states visiting each other in a regular basis.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | ||
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 November 1917 | See Ethiopia–Greece relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 December 1966 | See Greece–Kenya relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 December 1966 when accredited first ambassador of Greece to Kenya with residence in Nairobi Mr. George C. Papadopoulos.[174]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 31 January 1977 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1977[175] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1952 | See Greece–Libya relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 July 1967 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 April 1970 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1970.[180] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 February 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 February 1981[182] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1960 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 9 August 1990 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1990[184] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1970 | See Greece–Nigeria relations
Nigeria has an embassy in Athens.[186] Greece established a diplomatic mission in Nigeria in 1970, and today has an embassy in Abuja and a consulate in Lagos. Trade between the two countries is imbalanced, with imports from Greece to Nigeria exceeding exports. Greek-owned tankers have an important role in shipping Nigerian oil and natural gas, its main exports. Recently a Greek tanker was involved a dispute over crude oil smuggling.[187] Greek-controlled companies have invested US$5 billion in the Nigerian economy. There is a small Greek business community in Lagos.[188] |
| Шаблон:Flag | January 1972 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in January 1972[189]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 July 1980 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1980[190] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 September 1941 | See Greece–South Africa relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 September 1941 when has been appointed first Greek Minister to South Africa Mr. Theologus Nicoloudis.[192]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 January 1956 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1956 when has been accredited Charge d'Affaires of Legation of the Greece to Sudan Mr. P. Calogeras.[195] Greece and Sudan have long enjoyed a very cordial and friendly relationship spanning decades. The two countries enjoy strong and productive relations in the areas of diplomacy, economic reciprocity, and also there are large concentrations of Sudanese (both students and immigrants) in Greece, and numerous Greek nationals who have resided in Sudan since the early 20th century. The two countries are on very good terms with each other, notwithstanding Sudan's close ties with Greece's historical rival, Turkey. Greece has an embassy in Khartoum, whilst Sudan is represented in Greece through the parallel accreditation of its embassy in Athens. The Hellenic country also deeply supports peaceful stability in Sudan's western region, Darfur. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1956 | See Greece–Tunisia relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1977 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 August 1980 | See Greece–Zimbabwe relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 August 1980[198] Greece has an embassy in Harare. Due to the economic situation, Zimbabwe has neither an embassy nor an honorary consulate in Greece.[199] |
The Americas
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 14 October 1920 | see Argentina–Greece relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1920 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Greece to Argentina (resident in Brazil) Mr. Stamati Ghiouzes Pezas.[200] Both countries are represented by an embassy in the other one's capital. At least 30,000 persons of Greek descent live in Argentina with about 5,000 with Greek passports. The majority of Greeks live in Buenos Aires.[201]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 4 September 1986 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1912 | See Greece–Brazil relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 November 1942 | See Canada–Greece relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 July 1941 | see Chile–Greece relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 January 1942 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 17 July 1946 | See Cuba–Greece relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 November 2005 |
Greece is represented in Dominica via parallel accreditation of its embassy in Caracas. Dominica has appointed an ambassador accredited to Greece, based in Roseau, Dominica.[206] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 14 May 1979 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Greece–Mexico relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 May 1938.[208]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 July 1965 | see Greece–Nicaragua relations
Greece–Nicaragua relations are foreign relations between Greece and Nicaragua. Greece is represented in Nicaragua through its embassy in Mexico City. Nicaragua is represented in Greece through its embassy in Rome.[211] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 December 1965 | See Greece–Peru relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 June 1868 | see Greece–United States relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 June 1868[213] The United States and Greece have long-standing historical, political, and cultural ties based on the shared democratic values, history of Greek immigration to the States and participation as Allies during World War II, the Korean War, and the Cold War. Previously, the US helped the reconstruction of post-war Greece through the Marshall plan and various other aids culminating at about $11.1 billion in economic and security assistance since 1946. The current mutual defense cooperation agreement (MDCA) provides for continued U.S. military assistance to Greece and the operation by the U.S. of a military facility at Souda Bay, Crete. About three million Americans are of Greek ancestry.[214] Greek-Americans are an established, well-organized community in the U.S. (several notable politicians, including former Vice-president Spiro Agnew, and Senators Olympia Snowe and Paul Sarbanes are of Greek ancestry), and they help cultivate close political and cultural ties with Greece. Greece has the seventh-largest population of U.S. Social Security beneficiaries in the world. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1928 | See Greece–Uruguay relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1928.[215]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 February 1966 | See Greece–Venezuela relations
|
Asia
Greece has a special interest in Middle East and North Africa because of its geographic position and its economic and historic ties to the area. The country cooperated with allied forces during the 1990–1991 Gulf War. Since 1994, Greece has signed defense cooperation agreements with Israel and Egypt and in recent years, Greek leaders have made numerous trips to the region to strengthen bilateral ties and encourage the Middle East Peace Process. In July 1997, December 1997, and July 1998 Greece hosted meetings of Israeli and Palestinian politicians to contribute to the peace process. Greece also maintains diplomatic relations with the General Palestinian Delegation while enjoying cordial relations with Syria.
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes
Greece-Afghanistan relations |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Afghanistan–Greece relations | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 20 January 1992 | see Armenia–Greece relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 January 1992[142] Greece was one of the first countries to recognize Armenia's independence on 21 September 1991 and one of those that have officially recognized the Armenian genocide. Since the independence of Armenia the two countries have been partners within the framework of international organizations (United Nations, OSCE, Council of Europe, BSEC), whilst Greece firmly supports the community programs aimed at further developing relations between the EU and Armenia. Continuous visits of the highest level have shown that both countries want to continue to improve the levels of friendship and cooperation (Visit by the President of Armenia Levon Ter-Petrossian to Greece in 1996, visit by the President of the Hellenic Republic Costis Stephanopoulos in 1999, visit by the President of Armenia Robert Kocharyan to Greece in 2000 and 2005 and visit by Greek president Karolos Papoulias to Armenia in June 2007). Greece is, after Russia, the major military partner of Armenia. Armenian officers are trained in Greek military academies, and various technical assistance is supplied by Greece. Since 2003, an Armenian platoon has been deployed in Kosovo as part of KFOR, where they operate as a part of the Greek battalion of KFOR.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 April 1992 | see Azerbaijan–Greece relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1992[216] Azerbaijan-Greece relations today are friendly. Each state maintains a full embassy, Azerbaijan in Athens and Greece in Baku. Recently in February 2009, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev visited Greece to boost bilateral relations.[217] The leader met with Greek President Karolos Papoulias, as well as the Greek Prime Minister Costas Karamanlis.[217] At the meeting between the officials, the two nations agreed that they must work more closely to get Azeri gas into Greece to help ease recent security issues.[218][219] In the past the two nations have made many deals related to the oil industry. In 2007 Greek Development Minister Dimitris Sioufas signed a "memorandum of cooperation" in the sectors of natural gas and oil while in Baku.[220][221] Sioufas referred to this memorandum as a "new page in economic and energy relations of the two countries."[221] Greece supports Azerbaijan's bid to join to European Union and is the first EU member that wanted directly gas important from Azerbaijan.[222] Both countries are also full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). |
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 1973[223]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 April 1996 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 June 1972 | see China–Greece relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 June 1972[226]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Georgia–Greece relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 1992[227]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 14 May 1956 | see Greece-India relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 May 1956[228]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 February 1958 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 February 1958[229]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 19 November 1902 | See Greece–Iran relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 November 1902 when has been appointed first Persian Ambassador to Greece.[230][231]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 27 November 1947 | see Greece-Iraq relations, Greece–Kurdistan Region relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 November 1947 when has been accredited Charge d'Affaires of Greece to Iraq (resident in Beirut) Mr. Nadji Vassiliou.[234] Relations of the Greek and Iraqi peoples are deeply rooted in history, both have developed cultures that have influenced the course of humanity. They date as far back as when Alexander the Great ruled Mesopotamia (which name is of Greek origin, meaning "land between rivers") and eventually died in Babylon, Iraq. Greece firmly and consistently supports the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iraq. Greece traditionally maintained good and friendly relations with Iraq due to strong historical and cultural bonds, dating back to ancient times.[235] Greece has an embassy in Baghdad, and Iraq is represented by her embassy in Athens. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 21 May 1990 | see Greece–Israel relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 May 1990.[236]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 June 1899 | see Greece–Japan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1899.[237]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Greece–Kazakhstan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1992.[239]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 12 June 1992 | see Greece-Kyrgyzstan relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 17 June 1947 | see Greece–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 1947, when first Minister of Greece to Lebanon with residence in Cairo M. Georges Triantaphyllidis presented his credentials[247] The relation between both people dates back to early antiquity, with the early trading activities between the ancient Greeks and the Phoenicians. In modern times, Greek-Lebanese bilateral relations are very good at all levels. Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean and the Francophonie.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 November 1959 | see Greece–Malaysia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1959.[248]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 March 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 March 1967.[252]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 20 March 1958 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 March 1958.[253]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts[254] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 October 1973 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1973[255] |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Greece–Pakistan relations
In modern times, Pakistan's first embassy in Athens was opened in 1975. Greece established an embassy in Islamabad in 1987. There are around 32,500 Pakistani people living and working in Greece. However, Islamabad has stated it will not accept Greek sovereignty over Cyprus and it should withdraw its bulk of armed forces from the southern part of the island to restore the independence of the Cypriots, which it continues to have diplomatic relations with Nicosia. | |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Greece–Palestine relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 August 1950 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1973 | see Greece–Qatar relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1961 | See Greece–Saudi Arabia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 21 October 1966 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 1966.[258]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 April 1961 | See Greece–South Korea relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on Шаблон:Dts[259]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 June 1947 | See Greece–Syria relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1947 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and minister Plenipotentiary of Greece to Syria with residence in Cairo Mr. Georges Triandafyllides.[264]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 May 1958[266] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 August 1833 | see above, and see Greece–Turkey relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1833 when has been appointed first Ambassador of Greece to Turkey Konstantinos Zografos.He presented his credentials on 30 July 1834.[270] After more than a century of strained relations and intermittent fighting, Greece and Turkey agreed under the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) to a population exchange as an attempt to reduce tensions between the two countries in the future. A significant 300,000 strong Greek community in Istanbul and a 100,000 Turk one in Western Thrace were excluded from the transfer, with each one supposed to be working as counter-weights to any anti-minority policy that either Turkey or Greece may sought to apply in the future, however that counter-weight came to an end before the Cyprus dispute because of the Varlik Vergisi and Istanbul pogrom. In 1942 a wealth tax called the Varlık Vergisi was imposed on non-Muslims including Greeks, this resulted in financial ruin for many Greeks and another exodus of Greeks from Anatolia once World War II had come to an end. Again in 1955 an anti-Greek Istanbul pogrom was initiated by Turkish mobs against the Greek community of Istanbul, which led to the final gradual extinction of the Greek community in Anatolia. These two events were a major factor when the Cyprus problem surfaced as Greece and Turkey nearly came to a full-out war after Turkey's invasion of Cyprus. Similar disputes occurred for the islands of Imbros and Tenedos. Up to late 1990s strained relations almost led to an open war in 1974, 1987 and 1996. Since the earthquake diplomacy in 1999 relations have once again begun improving.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1971 | See Greece–United Arab Emirates relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Greece–Vietnam relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 April 1975.[271]
|
Europe
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1912, 1971 | see Albania–Greece relations
Greece and Albania – even though diplomatic relations were restored in 1971[272][273] – normalized relations only in 1987 as until then both countries were officially – in a cease-fire – but nevertheless under the state of war since Albania and Italy had declared war on Greece on 28 October 1940. During rule of dictator Enver Hoxha relations were strained because of the part that Albania played during World War II against Greece and also because of the material help that they provided to Greek communists during the Greek civil war. In addition there was controversy about the treatment of the Greek minority in southern Albania, the historic region of Northern Epirus and the Cham issue. Following the collapse of communism in Albania, relations between the two countries improved with periods of destabilisation due to accusations of mistreatments of minorities in each country. Illegal immigration from Albania and complaints of the Greek minority in Albania regarding treatment by state authorities led to issues at the socio-political level. Greece, which didn't experience high levels of immigration at the time, faced increased criminality by illegal immigrants and ethnic Albanians faced police brutality. According to official Greek data, 450,000 Albanians, including Greeks from Albania, migrated to Greece. The number almost doubles if illegal migrants are included.[274] Despite shared cultural relations as two neighbours, the influx of immigrants to Greece, and Albanian immigration for the first time since the end of the isolationist communist regime led to some tensions. Today, relations between the two countries are very close and are regarded as excellent, and, at the Albanian Government's request, about 250 Greek military personnel are stationed in Albania to assist with the training and restructuring the Albanian Armed Forces. Albania's economy is overdependent to the money immigrants from Greece sent back home, while Greece is the second larger trading partner, with more than US$400 million worth of investments. Moreover, Greek products account for 21% of Albania's imports, with Greece absorbing 12% of its neighboring country's exports.[275] At the same time, low cost labor from Albania propelled the growth of the Greek economy, especially in the construction and agriculture sectors. Albania is home to an approximate 200,000 Greek community. [276] while between 400,000 and 600,000 Albanians live and work in Greece, the vast majority of them post-1991 economic migrants. There are also 189,000 Albanian nations in Greece recognised as part of the Greek minority of Albania. Albanians in Greece form the largest ethnic and foreign community, and many are now naturalised Greek citizens. Albanians have also generally integrated well and some have assimilated completely in Greek society.[277] As a result of interaction, integration and subsequent mass migration to Greece by other ethnic groups, the position of Albanians in the country has improved.[278]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 August 1834 | See Austria–Greece relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 August 1834 when Anton Prokesch von Osten had been appointed as the first Ambassador of Austria to Greece.[13] Both countries have had diplomatic relations since the 19th century, after Greece's independence. Greece has an embassy in Vienna and an honorary consulate in Salzburg. Austria has an embassy in Athens and six honorary consulates (in Heraklion, Hermoupolis, Korfu, Patras, Rhodes and Thessaloniki). Both countries are full members of the European Union. There is also a Greek community living in Austria. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 March 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 March 1992.[292]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 November 1838 | See Belgium–Greece relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1838 when has been accredited Charge d'Affaires of Belgium to Greece M. Benjamin Mary.[293]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1995[296]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1908 | See Bulgaria–Greece relations
Since the Second World War, relations between Greece and Bulgaria have been flourishing, and as the Greek President Konstantinos Tsatsos said during the Bulgarian leader Todor Zhivkov's visit to Athens in April 1976, "the old controversies have been forgotten and the hatchet buried forever".[297] Greece became a firm supporter of Bulgaria's European Union membership and was the fifth EU member state and the first old member state to ratify the Accession Treaty.[298] Since Bulgaria joined NATO in May 2004, Greek-Bulgarian relations have been developing on all fronts, and the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs describes relations between Greece and Bulgaria as "excellent".[298]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 20 July 1992 | see Croatia–Greece relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 1992.[299]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 November 1960 | see Cyprus–Greece relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 May 1920 | see Czech Republic–Greece relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 1920.[301]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 November 1918 | see Denmark–Greece relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 November 1918 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Greece to Denmark Mr. S. A. Argyropoulo.[304]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 October 1991 | See Estonia–Greece relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Finland–Greece relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 7 February 1833 | see France–Greece relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 February 1833 when Michael Soutzos has been appointed as the first Ambassador of Greece in France.[305]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 12 July 1951 | See Germany–Greece relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 17 July 1979 | see Greece–Holy See relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Greece–Hungary relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 6 June 1958[311] | see Greece–Iceland relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 22 January 1975 | see Greece–Ireland relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 June 1861 | see Greece–Italy relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 June 1861 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Greece Terenzio Mamiani della Rovere.[312]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Greece–Latvia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Greece–Lithuania relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1933 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 April 1966 | See Greece–Malta relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1966.[315]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Greece–Montenegro relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 2006[317]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | see Greece–Moldova relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1874 | see Greece–Netherlands relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 September 1995[320] | See Greece–North Macedonia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 May 1918 | see Greece–Norway relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 March 1919 | see Greece–Poland relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 June 1837 | See Greece–Portugal relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 June 1837 when Greek Ambassador in Madrid Andreas Metaxas is also appointed Ambassador in Portugal.[327]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 9 January 1880 | see Greece–Romania relations
Diplomatic relations were established on 9 January 1880 at the legation level[328] and were raised to embassy-level on 1 January 1939. There has been a Greek presence in Romania for at least 27 centuries.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 September 1838 | see Greece–Russia relations
Diplomatic relations were established in 1828. Greece has an embassy in Moscow, and two general consulates (Saint Petersburg and Novorossiysk). Russia has an embassy in Athens, a general consulate in Thessaloniki and in 2012 announced to open honorary consulate in Alexandroupolis. Greece also opened another consulate general in Yekaterinburg. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.[241] Despite historical sentiments of cultural and religious affinity between the two peoples, the countries′ official relationship has largely been adverse. Russia and Greece share stance on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence. Relations deteriorated drastically in the summer of 2018.[329] In July 2023, The face of devastating wildfires, a former Greek defense minister urged the government to seek help from Russia, specifically requesting assistance from the Russian Be-200 amphibious aircraft, which has proven effective in extinguishing flames during previous Greek fire seasons. Thousands of tourists, including 10,000 Britons, were evacuated from Greece and its islands, while Rhodes and Corfu experienced large-scale evacuations due to the fires.[330] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 January 1879 | see Greece–Serbia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 1879.[331] The two nations are traditionally, historically, religiously and culturally close and their friendly relations are confirmed by a regular political dialogue. Greece is supporting quick implementation of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) between the EU and Serbia and easing visa regime EU towards Serbia. Greece is among the states that have not recognized the Kosovo Unilateral Declaration of Independence. Greece recognizes Kosovo as a part of Serbia. Greece is one of the most important economic investors in Serbia, mainly in financial, telecommunication, energy and construction sector. Greece will participate in financing construction of the Corridor 10 highway in Serbia with 100 mil. EUR in total which is a part of its Hellenic Plan for the Economic Reconstruction of the Balkans. |
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993.[332]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 21 Шаблон:Dts | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1992.[334]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 August 1834 | See Greece–Spain relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1834.[335]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 January 1833 | See Greece–Sweden relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1833 when Carl Peter von Heidenstam (until then Consul General) has been appointed as Chargé d’Affaires of the Kingdom of Sweden and Norway in Greece.[336]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 October 1917 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 October 1917 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Greece to Switzerland Mr. Ap. Alexandris.[339] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 January 1992 | See Greece–Ukraine relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1992[340]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 January 1833 | see Greece–United Kingdom relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1833 when has been appointed first Minister Plenipotentiary of United Kingdom to Greece Edward-James Dawkins.[343]
The UK and Greece were also allies during both World Wars and the Korean War, and they continue to maintain a warm relationship to the present day, having never been adversaries of each other. |
Australia and Oceania
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 March 1953[347] | See Australia–Greece relations
Relations between the two states are close: both country were allies during both World Wars, there are a large Greek community in Australia (dating back from the 1950s and 1960s). Both countries have an embassy in the each other's capital. Greece also has consulates general in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide, as well as a consulate in Perth, honorary consulates general in Brisbane and Darwin, and honorary consulates in Newcastle and Hobart. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 February 1978 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 22 September 1955[351] | see Greece–New Zealand relations
In 1999, Greece opened an embassy in Wellington; however, it has since closed and Greece is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia. There is a Greek Honorary Consulate in Auckland. As part of an effort to redeploy resources in Europe, New Zealand closed its embassy in Athens in 1991, since when it has been represented in Greece through its embassy in Rome, Italy which is accredited accordingly. It does still retain an honorary consulate general in Athens. On the level of political cooperation, the two countries have a like-minded approach to international crises and current issues of international interest. There is particularly close cooperation in offering mutual support within international organizations, such as the Human Rights Commission, the Universal Postal Union, etc. New Zealand also supported Greece's candidacy for a seat on the UN Security Council. The prevailing climate in political relations between Greece and New Zealand was demonstrated in 2002 by the visit of the President of the Hellenic Republic to Wellington, which confirmed the excellent state of relations between the two countries. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 August 1987 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 July 1985 |
|
Terms
North Macedonia
Greece rejected the use of the term Macedonia or "Republic of Macedonia" to refer to its northern neighbour after its independence from the former Yugoslavia in 1991.[356] The Greek government opposed the use of the name without any qualification such as 'Republic of Northern Macedonia' to the post-1991 constitutional name of its northern neighbour,[356] citing historical and territorial concerns resulting from the ambiguity between the terms Republic of Macedonia, the Greek region of Macedonia and the ancient kingdom of Macedon,[356] which falls within Greek Macedonia.
Greece also objected to the use of the terms "Macedonian" to denote ethnic Macedonians and the Macedonian language,[356] as these terms have a different meaning in Greece (inhabitants of the Greek region of Macedonia and the Macedonian dialect of Greek). The dispute has escalated to the highest level of international mediation, involving numerous attempts to achieve a resolution, notably by the United Nations.
The provisional reference the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)[320] was used in relations involving states which do not recognise the constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia. Nevertheless, all the United Nations member-states have agreed to accept any final agreement resulting from negotiations between the two countries. The dispute has not prevented the two countries from enjoying close trade links and investment levels (especially from Greece), but it has generated a great deal of political and academic debate on both sides.
On 13 September 1995 the two countries signed the Interim Accord,[320] whereby Greece recognized the Republic of Macedonia under its provisional reference.[320] As of August 2011 negotiations aimed at resolving the dispute are ongoing. Under Greek pressure, the European Union and NATO agreed that for the Republic of Macedonia to receive an invitation to join these institutions the name dispute must be resolved first.[357][358][359] This resulted in a case at the International Court of Justice against Greece for violation of the Interim Accord.[360] The Court deemed Greece was wrong to block its neighbour's bid to join NATO.[361] No penalties were imposed[362] but the result made it politically more difficult for Greece to object to any of its neighbour's future applications to either NATO or the EU.
On 12 June 2018 the Prespes agreement was signed between the two countries which changed the constitutional name of "Macedonia" to Republic of North Macedonia. Opposition arose in both countries but in the end the agreement was mutually ratified. The Prespes agreement went into force 12 February 2019. Greece officially endorsed North Macedonia's accession to NATO on 15 February 2019, being the first country in the defense alliance to do so.[363]
Northern Epirus
Northern Epirus is the name used generally by Greeks to refer to the southern part of Albania, home to a Greek minority[364] which after 1989 keeps reducing due to immigration to Greece. The Greek minority was subject to oppression and harassment during Enver Hoxha's communist rule and along with the rest of Albanians was hit hardly by the isolation that the regime imposed and from the economic hardship that followed the fall of communism as well. The treatment of the minority by the Albanian government is strongly linked with the status of Greco-Albanian relations.
The Greek minority is organized under the Unity for Human Rights Party which is the continuation of the former banned party called "Omonoia" (Unity in Greek) and has since 1997 joined the Socialist coalition. At the 1996 Albanian election the Greek minority party received 4.1% of the vote and two seats in parliament. The party leader is Vangjel Dule, while party member Vasilis Bolanos is former mayor of the town of Himara. The party is represented in the ELDR group in the Council of Europe. Strong Greek presence exists in Gjirokastër, Korçë, Sarandë, Himara and the nearby areas. The former CIA director George J. Tenet, Pyrros Dimas, Sotiris Ninis and former Greek president Kostis Stefanopoulos have ancestral links to the Greek minority.
The situation of the Greeks in Albania is closely tied to the socio-political ties of the two countries. At times differences between Athens and Tirana regarding the rights and position of the minority has led to tense relations. The community, alongside the Albanian communities in Greece are hailed as a bridge of friendship between the two countries. [365]
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, protected under the treaty of Lausanne is a point of controversy between Greece and Turkey as the latter refuses to recognize the Ecumenical character of the Patriarchate thus requiring the Patriarch himself to be a Turkish citizen. Moreover, the biggest part of the Patriarchate's property – known as Vakoufia – had been confiscated by Turkish authorities and the Theological school of Halki, the traditional school out of which the Eastern Orthodox Church draws its clergy, has been closed since 1971. To no avail numerous Greek, European Union and USA officials have criticized Turkey's attitude and even president Bill Clinton during his visit in Greece asked for the theological school to open. During Greek prime-minister's Kostas Karamanlis historic visit to Turkey in 2007, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan promised to reconsider his country's stance on the matter.
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a region heavily colonized by Greeks throughout history. It used to have a significant presence of Greeks up until the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923. Nowadays there remains Greek presence on the shores of Black Sea mainly in Mariupol (Ukraine), Crimea, Russia and Georgia despite emigration to Greece during and after the dissolution of Soviet Union. Today Greeks in the region are estimated to be around 215,000 according to official Greek diaspora figures. Greece is a founding member of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation.
International organization participation
Greece is a major participant in most large-scale international bodies, with the geographic significance of the region proving advantageous for diplomatic, trade and political crossroads.
In 1967, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and the Netherlands brought the Greek Case against the Greek junta regime for human rights violations. As a result, Greece left the Council of Europe in 1969, returning in 1976. It was the only country to have left the Council of Europe up until 2022 when Russia also left.[366][367][368]
BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, International Maritime Organization, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, NATO, OECD, OSCE, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, WEU, WHO, WIPO, Craiova Group WMO.
Greece was elected by the United Nations General Assembly to the United Nations Security Council, on 15 October 2004, as a non-permanent member for 2005 and 2006.
See also
- List of diplomatic missions in Greece
- List of diplomatic missions of Greece
- List of ministries of Greece
- Foreign relations of the European Union
References
Further reading
External links
- Greece's foreign policy Шаблон:Webarchive, via the Greek Ministry of Foreign affairs
- Ethnic groups in Albania, via CIA – The World Factbook
- Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Шаблон:Hellenic foreign relations Шаблон:Greece topics Шаблон:Foreign relations of Europe Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Commons category
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Mesut Yilmaz told BirGün about the dark years Шаблон:Webarchive, BirGün, Monday 23 December 2011 (in Turkish)
- ↑ Former Turkish PM's arson admission fuels anger, Kathimerini, Tuesday 27 December 2011
- ↑ Greece demands official response from Ankara on forest fires Шаблон:Webarchive, Zaman, Wednesday 28 December 2011
- ↑ Turk-Greek Ties Strained by Arson Row Шаблон:Webarchive, Journal of Turkish Weekly, Friday 30 December 2011
- ↑ Greek, Turkish foreign ministers discuss fire comment, Kathimerini, Saturday 31 December 2011
- ↑ Turkish daily cites report supporting wildfire claims, Kathimerini, Saturday 31 December 2011
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 64,0 64,1 64,2 64,3 64,4 64,5 64,6 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 113,00 113,01 113,02 113,03 113,04 113,05 113,06 113,07 113,08 113,09 113,10 113,11 113,12 113,13 113,14 113,15 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 142,0 142,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 173,0 173,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 176,0 176,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 181,0 181,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 183,0 183,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 185,0 185,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 191,0 191,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 196,0 196,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 197,0 197,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 203,0 203,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 207,0 207,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ United States Department of State: Background Note: Greece
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 217,0 217,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 221,0 221,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ D. J. Mosley,Archipresbeutai, Hermes, Vol. 94, No. 3 (1966), pp. 377–381.
- ↑ Iranian embassy in Athens Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite webAuthor:George Tzogopoulos, PhD researcher on U.S. foreign policy and the media, Loughborough University.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 240,0 240,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 241,0 241,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 251,0 251,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 262,0 262,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 263,0 263,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Baldwin-Edwards, Martin. "Immigration into Greece, 1990–2003: A southern European paradigm." In European Population Forum, pp. 12–14. 2004.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Gogonas, Nikos. "Language shift in second generation Albanian immigrants in Greece." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 30, no. 2 (2009): 95–110.
- ↑ Adamczyk, Artur. "Albanian immigrants in Greece: From unwanted to tolerated?." J. Liberty & Int'l Aff. 2 (2016): 49.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Bintliff, John. "The ethnoarchaeology of a ‘passive’ethnicity: The Arvanites of Central Greece." Lexington Books (2003).
- ↑ Magliveras, S. "Naming people: A reflection of identity and resistance in a Greek Arvanite Village." Mediterranean review 6, no. 2 (2013): 151–187.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Archbishop Anastasios of Albania
- ↑ Origin of the Albanians
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Languages of Albania
- ↑ Albanian communities in Greece
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Omonoia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Bulgaria and its neighbors: a hundred years after independence Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ 298,0 298,1 Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Bilateral relations between Greece and Bulgaria Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with France Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 320,0 320,1 320,2 320,3 320,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Russia expels Greek diplomats in retaliatory move Reuters, 6 August 2018.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 349,0 349,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 356,0 356,1 356,2 356,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:CELEX
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47002865 BBC News Online. 25 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- ↑ Country Studies US: Greeks and Other Minorities
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
