Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of Haiti
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Politics of Haiti
Haiti was one of the original members of the League of Nations, and was one of the original members of the United Nations and several of its specialized and related agencies. It is also a founding member of the Organization of American States. Haiti also has diplomatic relations with the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, instead of the People's Republic of China. Taiwan is one of Haiti's major trading partners and the two countries maintain very friendly relations. Haiti has also re-established very warm relations with Cuba in which a major act of bilateral cooperation has resulted in Cuba's large contribution of doctors to the country. The Haitian government has publicly shown admiration to Fidel Castro and his administration.Шаблон:Citation needed
The international community rallied to Haiti's defense during the 1991 to 1994 period of illegal military rule. Thirty-one countries participated in the U.S.-led Multinational Force (MNF) which, acting under UN auspices, intervened in September 1994 to help restore the legitimate government and create a secure and stable environment in Haiti. At its peak, the MNF included roughly 21,000 troops, mostly Americans, and more than 1,000 international police monitors. Within six months, the troop level was gradually reduced as the MNF transitioned to a 6,000 strong peacekeeping force, the UN Mission in Haiti (UNMIH). UNMIH was charged with maintaining the secure environment, which the MNF had helped establish, as well as nurturing Haiti's new police force through the presence of 900 police advisors. A total of 38 countries participated in UNMIH.
In order to spur Haiti's social and economic recovery from three years of de facto military rule and decades of misrule before that, international development banks and donor agencies pledged in 1994 to provide over US$2 billion in assistance by 1999. Disbursements were largely conditioned on progress in economic reform. Parliamentary inaction, principally as a result of the political struggles and gridlock that plagued Haiti since 1996, resulted in the blockage of much of this assistance as disbursement conditions were not met. The electoral crisis that has brewed in the aftermath of the 21 May 21, 2000 local and parliamentary elections has resulted in the blockage of most multilateral and bilateral assistance. Major donors are led by the United States, with the largest bilateral assistance program, and also include Canada, People's Republic of China, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Peru, the Philippines, Russia, South Korea, Republic of China (Taiwan) and the United Kingdom. Multilateral aid is coordinated through an informal grouping of major donors under the auspices of the World Bank which, in addition to the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the European Union, is also a major source of Haitian development assistance.
Visas are required for citizens of Colombia and Panama due to the actions of nationals of those two countries in using Haiti as a drop-off point for narcotic drugs bound for the United States. Panama's proximity to Colombia and their thriving off-shore banking industry has lured many traffickers to use that nation and Haiti as bases for their activities. Citizens of the Dominican Republic also require visas to visit Haiti, not only due to the hostile, sometimes volatile relations between both nations, but also because since the late 1990s, the Dominican Republic has become another base for illicit drugs bound for the United States, which usually enter illegally via Puerto Rico. Once in Puerto Rico, drugs can easily reach the United States due to the absence of both immigration and customs between that island and the mainland.[1]
Disputes – international: claims US-administered Navassa Island
Illicit drugs: major Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route to the US and Europe (see Illegal drug trade in Haiti)
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Haiti maintains diplomatic relations with:
Bilateral relations
Africa
| Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | December 1960 | See Benin–Haiti relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in December 1960 with opened Embassy of Haiti in Dahomey. It was closed in 1963 and reopened in Cotonou in February 2004. Embassy Haiti in Benin was finally closed on 11 December 2018.[42] Haiti and Benin maintain diplomatic relations with a Haitian office in Cotonou, although Benin does not currently maintain an official diplomatic presence in the country due to the 2010 earthquake. Benin contributed a contingency of 32 police/civilian personnel to MINUSTAH. The two countries share an extensive cultural history by a way of the Atlantic slave trade and the resulting importing of Haitian Vodou as a religious force in Haitian society. The devastating earthquake was followed, among many reactions, by an outburst of solidarity prayers in Benin with the victims.[84] Traditional ceremonies were organized to appease the spirits and seek the blessing of ancestors for the Haitians.[85] In December 2018, Haiti closed its embassy in Cotonou.[86]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 25 January 2007 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 2007 when first Ambassador of Burkina Faso to Haiti Salif Nebié, has presented his credentials to President René Préval.[73] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 January 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1981 when Ambassador of Haiti (with residence in Nigeria) M. Antoine Victor Pierre-Louis has presented his credentials to President of Cameroon M. Ahmadou Ahidjo.[58] |
| Шаблон:Flag | ||
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 June 2008 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 2008 when Ambassador of Equatorial Guinea Teresa Efua Asangono presented his credentials to President of Haiti, René Préval.[75] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 14 October 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1981 when first ambassador of Haiti to Gabon with residence in Dakar Mr Victor Pierre Louis presented his credentials to President Bongo[60]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 10 January 1983 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1983 when first Ambassador of Guinea to Haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Alpha Ibrahima Diallo presented his credentials to President Jean Claude Duvalier.[63] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1864 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 October 2014 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 October 2014 when first Ambassador of Namibia to Haiti Mr. Jerobeam Shaanika presented his credentials to President Michel Martelly[89] |
| Шаблон:Flag | ||
| Шаблон:Flag | 6 March 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1975 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Rupiah Bwezani Banda presented his credentials to Président Duvalier.[90] |
Americas
| Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 February 1939 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1939 when first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Argentina to Haiti (Resident in Havana) Mr. Victor Lascado presented his credentials.[91]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 26 August 1977 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1977[92] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1928 | See Brazil–Haiti relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1928.[93]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 12 May 1954 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1954[94]
During the unsettled period from 1957 to 1990, Canada received many Haitian refugees, who now form a significant minority in Quebec. Canada participated in various international interventions in Haiti between 1994 and 2004, and continues to provide substantial aid to Haiti,[95] the second poorest country in the western hemisphere.[96] |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Chile–Haiti relations
Chile sent 650 peacekeeping troops to the island as part of the United Nations peace keeping mission.[99] Praising the work of the Chilean policemen in Haiti, National Police official Javiera Blanco said, "Even though today there is a need for the key presence of this mission, which is in mid term, the exit should be prepared for, considering that the country (Haiti) must take those responsibilities and build their capacities to do what is done by our mission." The police are planned to withdraw from Haiti in 2011.[100]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 7 August 1936 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 August 1936 when Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Colombia Ricardo Gutiérrez Lee has presented his credentials to Haiti.[101]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 3 February 1904 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1904, which were interrupted on September 28, 1959, and later resumed on February 6, 1996.[102]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 9 November 1874 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 November 1874[103]
See Dominican Republic–Haiti relations Relations between Haiti and the Dominican Republic vacillated between barely tolerable and potentially combustible throughout the history of both countries' existences, reaching their lowest points in the Haitian invasion of the Dominican Republic, the aftermath of the Parsley Massacre, related Haitian-targeted ethnic cleansing campaigns by the Rafael Trujillo dictatorship and the 2010 earthquake in Port-au-Prince. The periodic influxes of Haitian economic (and, in times past, political) migrants across the border have also strained relations between the two countries at various recent times.
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| Шаблон:Flag | 14 November 1949 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1949 when has been appointed Mr. Jorge Concha Enriquez as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Ecuador to Haiti with residence in Costa Rica.[26]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 6 October 1970 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 26 August 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1981[105] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 July 1929 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1929[12]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 11 October 1945 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 1945[108]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 2 October 1956 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1956 when has been appointed first non-resident Minister Plenipotentiary of Paraguay to Haiti Manuel Montanaro.[109] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 31 January 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1974 when first Ambassador of Trinidad and Tobago to Haiti Mr. Charles H. Archibald presented his credentials[110] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 October 1862 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1862[111]
See Haiti–United States relations
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| Шаблон:Flag |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 10 June 1864 | See Haiti–Venezuela relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1864.[114]
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Asia
| Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Bangladesh–Haiti relations
The relations between the two countries have been largely influenced by the role of Bangladeshi peace keepers in Haiti. | |
| Шаблон:Flag |
Haiti does not recognize China.
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| Шаблон:Flag | 27 September 1996 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1996[115] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 September 1958 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 September 1958[120]
Haiti recognized Israel's independence on 17 March 1949.
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| Шаблон:Flag | 10 January 2014 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 2014 when Ambassador of Pakistan M. Qazi M. Khalilullah has presented his credentials to President of Haiti Michel Martelly.[80] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 April 1984 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1984 when first Ambassador of Haiti to Philippines Mr. Raymond Perodin presented his credentials[121]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 25 April 1956 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1956[34]
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| Шаблон:Flag | March 23, 1943[122] | See Haiti–Turkey relations
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Europe
| Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 January 1902 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1902 when has been appointed C. Renoz as Consul General and Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Haiti.[8]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 12 February 1838 | See France–Haiti relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | See Germany–Haiti relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 24 February 1898 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1898 when has been accredited Minister Resident of Italy to Haiti Chicco Enrico.[128]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 21 November 1912 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1912 when has been accredited first Chargé d'Affaires of Haiti to the Netherlands Mr. Stenio Vincent.[10]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 20 December 1939 | See Haiti–Spain relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 December 1939 when first Chargé d'Affaires ad interim of Spain to Haiti (Resident in Ciudad Trujillo) Mr. Rafael de los Casares Moya presented his credentials.[129] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 31 March 1941 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 1941 when first Chargé d'Affaires ad interim of Sweden to Haiti (Resident in Havana) Mr. Erik Wisen presented his credentials.[131] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 29 September 1941 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1941 when accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Haiti to Switzerland Mr. Constantin Fouchard[19] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 May 1859 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 May 1859 when has been appointed first British Chargé d'Affaires and Consul General to Haiti Thomas Neville Ussher.[132]
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Oceania
| Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 4 September 2014 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 2014 when first Ambassador of New Zealand to Haiti Mrs Caroline Beresford presented his credentials to President Michel Martelly[81]
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See also
- List of diplomatic missions in Haiti
- List of diplomatic missions of Haiti
- Visa requirements for Haitian citizens
References
External links
- Шаблон:In lang Consulate General of Haiti in Chicago, USA
- Шаблон:In lang Consulate General of Haiti in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Шаблон:In lang Consulate General of Haiti in New York City, USA
- Шаблон:In lang Embassy of France in Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- Шаблон:In langEmbassy of Canada in Haiti
- Шаблон:In lang Embassy of Haiti in Havana, Cuba
- Шаблон:In lang Embassy of Haiti in Washington, D.C.
- Шаблон:In lang Permanent Mission of Haiti to the United Nations
- Шаблон:In lang United States Embassy in Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Шаблон:Haiti topics Шаблон:Foreign relations of Haiti Шаблон:Foreign relations in the Caribbean Шаблон:Americas topic
- ↑ Embassy of the Republic of Haiti in Washington: Visas
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
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- ↑ Fermeture de l’ambassade d’Haïti au Bénin (in French)
- ↑ 87,0 87,1 87,2 LISTE DES CONSULS HONORAIRES DE LA REPUBLIQUE D’HAITI
- ↑ 88,0 88,1 Шаблон:Cite book
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- ↑ Embassy of Canada in Port-au-Prince (in English and French)
- ↑ Embassy of Haiti in Ottawa (in Creole, English and French)
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- ↑ Haiti closes embassy in Kingston, Jamaica
- ↑ Embassy of Haiti in Mexico City (in Spanish)
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- ↑ Embassy of Haiti in Washington, D.C.
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- ↑ Haiti Honorary Consulate in India
- ↑ Haiti Honorary Consulate in Mumbai
- ↑ Haitian Honorary Consulate in India
- ↑ Indian Honorary Consulate in Haiti
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- ↑ Embassy of France in Port-au-Prince (in French)
- ↑ Embassy of Haiti in Paris (in French)
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