Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of Indonesia
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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Politics of Indonesia
Since independence, Indonesian foreign relations have adhered to a "free and active" foreign policy, seeking to play a role in regional affairs commensurate with its size and location but avoiding involvement in conflicts among major powers. During the presidency of Sukarno, Indonesia's foreign relations were marked by engagement with other newly independent nations in Asia and Africa, as exemplified by the Bandung Conference, the subsequent foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement and a confrontational attitude towards Western powers, justified by a belief in the CONEFO and opposition to what Sukarno termed as NEKOLIM (Neocolonialism and Imperialism).[1]
After a US-backed ouster of Sukarno and left-wing elements in 1965, Indonesian foreign policy underwent a major shift under the "New Order" government, as President Suharto moved away from the stridently anti-Western, anti-American posturing that characterised the latter part of the Sukarno era. Following Suharto's ouster in 1998, Indonesia's government has preserved the broad outlines of Suharto's independent, moderate foreign policy. Preoccupation with domestic problems has not prevented successive presidents from travelling abroad.
Indonesia's relations with the international community were strained as a result of its invasion of neighbouring East Timor in December 1975, the subsequent annexation and occupation, the independence referendum in 1999, and the resulting violence afterwards. As one of the founding members of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), established in 1967, and also as the largest country in Southeast Asia, Indonesia has put ASEAN as the cornerstone of its foreign policy and outlook. After the transformation from Suharto's regime to a relatively open and democratic country in the 21st century, Indonesia today exercises its influence to promote co-operation, development, democracy, security, peace and stability in the region through its leadership in ASEAN.[2] Currently, Israel is the only UN member state that does not have formal diplomatic relations with Indonesia, although they maintain informal relations.
Indonesia managed to play a role as a peacemaker in the Cambodia–Thailand conflict over the Preah Vihear temple. Indonesia and other ASEAN member countries collectively have also played a role in encouraging the government of Myanmar to open up its political system and introduce other reforms more quickly.[2]
Given its geographic and demographic size, rising capabilities and diplomatic initiatives, scholars have classified Indonesia as one of Asia-Pacific's middle powers.[3]
Historical issues
The foreign policy of Indonesia has evolved over time and has been shaped by various factors such as its historical context, geographic location, national interests, and leadership. Here is an overview of the historical context of Indonesia's foreign policy:
- Founding Principles: Indonesia's foreign policy is rooted in the country's founding principles of Pancasila, which emphasizes peaceful coexistence, mutual respect, and non-interference in the domestic affairs of other countries.[4]
- Western New Guinea. The western part of New Guinea was under Dutch colonial rule and known as "West Irian." When Indonesia gained independence from the Netherlands in 1945, the Dutch retained control over West Irian, but Indonesia claimed it. The United Nations supervised the transfer of West Irian to Indonesia in 1963. The region officially became a part of Indonesia in 1969 through a UN-sanctioned referendum known as the Act of Free Choice.[5]
- Non-Aligned Movement: After gaining independence from Dutch colonial rule in 1945, Indonesia played a prominent role in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). The NAM was a group of countries that chose not to align with any major power bloc during the Cold War, advocating for a neutral stance and promoting cooperation among developing nations.[6]
- Regional Leadership: Indonesia has sought to establish itself as a leader in the Southeast Asian region. It was one of the founding members of the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) in 1967 and has been actively involved in regional initiatives to promote peace, stability, and economic integration in Southeast Asia.[7]
- "Free and Active" Foreign Policy: In the 1950s and 1960s, under the leadership of President Sukarno, Indonesia pursued a "free and active" foreign policy. This policy aimed at asserting Indonesia's independence and taking an active role in global affairs by participating in international organizations, supporting decolonization movements, and advocating for the rights of developing nations.[8]
- Post-Suharto Era: Following the resignation of President Suharto in 1998, Indonesia experienced political and economic reforms. This period saw a shift in foreign policy priorities, focusing more on economic development, regional cooperation, and democracy promotion. Indonesia also embraced a more pragmatic approach in its foreign relations.[9]
- East Timor: In 1975, shortly after East Timor declared independence from Portuguese colonial rule, Indonesia invaded and occupied the territory. The occupation lasted for 24 years and was marked by widespread human rights abuses, violence, and resistance from the East Timorese people. The international community largely condemned the occupation. Various human rights organizations and activists put pressure on Indonesia to leave. In 1999, Indonesia agreed to hold a UN-sponsored referendum to determine its political status. The majority of the East Timorese people voted for independence, leading to widespread violence and destruction orchestrated by pro-Indonesia militias. International peacekeeping forces, led by Australia, restored order. East Timor finally achieved independence in 2002.[10]
- Territorial Integrity: Indonesia places great importance on its territorial integrity and has been firm in its stance against any threats to its sovereignty. It has been involved in various territorial disputes, including those in the South China Sea, and has sought to resolve them through peaceful means, including diplomatic negotiations.[11]
- Counterterrorism and Maritime Security: Indonesia has actively cooperated with regional and international partners in combating terrorism and ensuring maritime security. It has been affected by terrorist attacks in the past and has taken steps to enhance intelligence-sharing, border control, and counterterrorism efforts.[12]
- Economic Diplomacy: With the world's fourth-largest population and a growing economy, Indonesia has focused on economic diplomacy to attract foreign investment, promote trade relations, and strengthen economic ties with other countries. It has pursued partnerships with both developed and developing nations to foster economic growth and development.[13]
- Climate Change and Environmental Issues: As a country highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, Indonesia has been actively engaged in international efforts to address environmental issues. It has been a vocal advocate for sustainable development, forest conservation, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.[14]
- Global and Regional Multilateralism: Indonesia actively participates in various multilateral organizations, including the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). It has sought to contribute to global peace, security, and development by engaging in multilateral dialogues and fostering regional cooperation.[15]
Significant international memberships
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
A cornerstone of Indonesia's contemporary foreign policy is its participation in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),[16] of which it was a founding member in 1967 with Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. Since then, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia also have joined ASEAN. While organised to promote shared economic, social, and cultural goals, ASEAN acquired a security dimension after Vietnam's liberation of Cambodia in 1979; this aspect of ASEAN expanded with the establishment of the ASEAN Regional Forum in 1994, which comprises 22 countries, including the US.
Indonesian national capital Jakarta is also the seat of ASEAN Secretariat, located at Jalan Sisingamangaraja No. 70A, Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta. Other than serving their diplomatic missions for Indonesia, numbers of foreign embassies and diplomatic mission in Jakarta are also accredited to ASEAN. ASEAN Headquarter has led to the prominence of Jakarta as a diplomatic hub in Southeast Asia.
In the late 1990s to early 2000s, Indonesia's continued domestic troubles have distracted it from ASEAN matters and consequently lessened its influence within the organisation. However, after the political and economic transformation, from the turmoil of 1998 Reformasi to the relatively open and democratic civil society with rapid economic growth in the 2010s, Indonesia returned to the region's diplomatic stage by assuming its leadership role in ASEAN in 2011. Indonesia is viewed to have weight, international legitimacy and global appeal to draw support and attention from around the world to ASEAN. Indonesia believes that ASEAN can contribute positively to the international community, by promoting economic development and co-operation, improving security, peace, the stability of ASEAN, and making the Southeast Asia region far from conflicts.[2]
Indonesia's bilateral relations with three neighbouring ASEAN members—Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam—are not without challenges. If not appropriately managed, it would result in mutual mistrust and suspicion, thus hindering bilateral and regional co-operation. In the era of rising Indonesia, which might assert its leadership role within ASEAN, the problem could become more significant. Nevertheless, the rise of Indonesia should be regarded in the sense of optimism. First, although Indonesia is likely to become assertive, the general tone of its foreign policy is mainly liberal and accommodating. The consolidation of the Indonesian democratic government played a key role and influence in ASEAN. The second, institutional web of ASEAN will sustain engagements and regular meetings between regional elites, thus deepening their mutual understanding and personal connections.[17]
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
Indonesia also was one of the founders of NAM and has taken moderate positions in its councils. As NAM Chairman in 1992–95, it led NAM positions away from the rhetoric of North-South confrontation, advocating the broadening of North-South co-operation instead in the area of development. Indonesia continues to be a prominent, and generally helpful, leader of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population and is a member of OIC. It carefully considers the interests of Islamic solidarity in its foreign policy decisions but generally has been an influence for moderation in the OIC.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Indonesia has been a strong supporter of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. Mainly through the efforts of President Suharto at the 1994 meeting in Indonesia, APEC members agreed to implement free trade in the region by 2010 for industrialised economies and 2020 for developing economies. As the largest economy in Southeast Asia, Indonesia also belongs to other economic groupings such as G20 and Developing 8 Countries (D-8).
G20 major economies
In 2008, Indonesia was admitted as a member of the G20, as the only ASEAN member state in the group.[18] Through its membership in the global economic powerhouse that accounted of 85% of the global economy,[18] Indonesia is keen to position itself as a mouthpiece for ASEAN countries, and as a representative of the developing world within the G20.[19] Bali, Indonesia had played host to the 2022 G20 Summit.
IGGI and CGI
After 1966, Indonesia welcomed and maintained close relations with the international donor community, particularly the United States, western Europe, Australia, and Japan, through the meetings of the Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI) and its successor, the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI), which coordinated substantial foreign economic assistance. Problems in Timor and Indonesia's reluctance to implement economic reform at times complicated Indonesia's relationship with donors. In 1992 the IGGI aid coordination group ceased to meet and the coordination activities were transferred to meetings arranged by the World Bank through the CGI. The CGI, in turn, ceased activities in 2007 when the Indonesian government suggested that an internationally organised aid coordination program was no longer needed.
International disputes
Indonesia has numerous outlying and remote islands, some of which are inhabited by numerous pirate groups that regularly attack ships in the Strait of Malacca in the north,[20] and illegal fishing crews known for penetrating Australian and Filipino waters.[21] While Indonesian waters itself is the target of many illegal fishing activities by numerous foreign vessels.[22]
Indonesia has some present and historic territorial disputes with neighboring nations, such as:
- Ambalat Block in dispute with Malaysia (ongoing, overlapping EEZ line drawn by both countries)
- Ashmore and Cartier Islands in dispute with Australia (ongoing, the islands known by Indonesians as Pulau Pasir)
- Fatu Sinai Island (Pulau Batek) formerly disputed with East Timor (settled, East Timor ceded the island to Indonesia in August 2004)
- Miangas (Las Palmas) formerly disputed with Philippine Islands (settled, part of Indonesia's territory as of Island of Palmas Case)
- Northern waters off Natuna Islands in dispute with China and Taiwan (ongoing; overlapping with Chinese nine-dash line claim)
- Sipadan and Ligitan Islands formerly disputed with Malaysia (settled, part of Malaysia's territory per International Court of Justice's decision in 2002)
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Indonesia maintains diplomatic relations with:
Bilateral relations
ASEAN
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 January 1984 | See Brunei–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 February 1959 | See Cambodia–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 August 1957 | See Indonesia–Laos relations
Since established diplomatic relations in 1957, both countries enjoy cordial relations. Indonesia has an embassy in Vientiane, while Laos has an embassy in Jakarta. Indonesia supported and welcomed Laotian membership to ASEAN in 1997. Laos and Indonesia agreed to enhance relations to focus on exploring the potential of both countries to co-operate on trade and investment. The two countries expressed a desire to reach further agreements relating to security, tourism, sport, air transport and education.[154] Indonesia through bilateral co-operation assist Laos on capacity building and development in various sectors, through scholarships and trainings for Laotian students.[155] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 31 August 1957, severed diplomatic relations 15 September 1963, restored 31 August 1967 | See Indonesia–Malaysia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 27 December 1949 | See Indonesia–Myanmar relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 November 1949 | See Indonesia–Philippines relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 7 September 1967 | See Indonesia–Singapore relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 7 March 1950 | See Indonesia–Thailand relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 December 1955 | See Indonesia–Vietnam relations
|
Africa
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1963 | See Algeria–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 7 August 2001 | See Angola–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 March 2012 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 2012[143] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 June 1992 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1947 | See Egypt–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1961 | See Ethiopia–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1979 | See Indonesia–Kenya relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1965 | See Indonesia–Liberia relations
The diplomatic relations was officially established in 1965, however it was not until 2013 that both leaders of each countries visited each other's to further the co-operations. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 17 October 1991 | See Indonesia–Libya relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 December 1974[180] | See Indonesia–Madagascar relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 27 September 2011 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1960 | See Indonesia–Morocco relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 4 October 1991 | See Indonesia–Mozambique relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1991 | See Indonesia–Namibia relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 March 1965 | See Indonesia–Nigeria relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 March 1965[77]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 January 1984 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 October 1980 | See Indonesia–Senegal relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 12 August 1994 | See Indonesia–South Africa relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1960 | See Indonesia-Sudan relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 20 September 2022 | See Indonesia-South Sudan relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 January 1964 | See Indonesia–Tanzania relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1960[198] | See Indonesia–Tunisia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 14 August 1986 | See Indonesia–Zimbabwe relations |
Americas
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 July 1956 | See Argentina–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | March 1950 | See Brazil–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 March 1953 | See Canada–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 29 September 1965 | See Chile–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 September 1980 | See Colombia–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1960 | See Cuba–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 29 April 1980 | See Ecuador-Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1953 | See Indonesia–Mexico relations
Diplomatic relations between both nations were officially established in 1953.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 27 March 1979 | See Indonesia-Panama relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 12 August 1975[216] | See Indonesia–Peru relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 January 1976 | See Indonesia–Suriname relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1949[221] | See Indonesia–United States relations
The United States has important economic, commercial, and security interests in Indonesia. It remains a lynchpin of regional security due to its strategic location astride a number of key international maritime straits, particularly the Malacca Strait. Relations between Indonesia and the US are positive and have advanced since the election of President Yudhoyono in October 2004. The US played a role in Indonesian independence in the late 1940s and appreciated Indonesia's role as an anti-communist bulwark during the Cold War. Cooperative relations are maintained today, although no formal security treaties bind the two countries. The United States and Indonesia share the common goal of maintaining peace, security, and stability in the region and engaging in a dialogue on threats to regional security. Cooperation between the US and Indonesia on counter-terrorism has increased steadily since 2002, as terrorist attacks in Bali (October 2002 and October 2005), Jakarta (August 2003 and September 2004) and other regional locations demonstrated the presence of terrorist organisations, principally Jemaah Islamiyah, in Indonesia. The United States has welcomed Indonesia's contributions to regional security, especially its leading role in helping restore democracy in Cambodia and in mediating territorial disputes in the South China Sea. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 9 October 1959 | See Indonesia–Venezuela relations
|
Asia
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 20 May 1950 | See Afghanistan–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 June 1984 | See Bahrain–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 May 1972 | See Bangladesh–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 April 1950 | See China–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag (Special Administrative Region of China) | See Hong Kong–Indonesia relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 July 2002 | See East Timor–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 February 1949 | See India–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1950 | See Indonesia–Iran relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1950 | See Indonesia–Iraq relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Informal relations | See Indonesia–Israel relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 20 January 1958 | See Indonesia–Japan relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1950 | See Indonesia–Jordan relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 June 1993 | See Indonesia–Kazakhstan relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 April 1964 | See Indonesia–North Korea relations
Indonesia is one of the very few countries that still maintain cordial relations with North Korea, despite international sanctions and isolation applied upon North Korea concerning its human rights abuses and nuclear missile program. Indonesia has adopted what it calls a "free-and-active" foreign policy, which allows it to be consistent in counting on both Koreas as friends. Both countries share a relationship that dates back to the Sukarno and Kim Il Sung era in the 60s. Indonesia has an embassy in Pyongyang, while North Korea has an embassy in Jakarta. both countries are members of the Non-Aligned Movement. According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 28% of Indonesians view North Korea's influence positively, with 44% expressing a negative view. This shows a deterioration from previous year's poll where 42% of Indonesians view North Korea's influence positively, with 29% expressing a negative view.[248][249] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 17 September 1973 | See Indonesia–South Korea relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 February 1968 | See Indonesia–Kuwait relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1950 | See Indonesia–Lebanon relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 22 December 1956 | See Indonesia–Mongolia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 December 1960 | See Indonesia–Nepal relations
Since diplomatic relations were established in 1960, both countries enjoy friendly and cordial relations, although both parties have not established embassies in each counterparts' capitals. Indonesia only established an honorary consulate in Kathmandu, while its embassy in Dhaka, Bangladesh, is also accredited to Nepal. Nepal on the other hand accredited its embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, also to Indonesia. Both the countries have many cultural proximities and similar view on international issues. Both countries are also partners and founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1978 | See Indonesia–Oman relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 17 August 1949 | See Indonesia–Pakistan relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 19 October 1989 | See Indonesia–Palestine relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1976 | See Indonesia–Qatar relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1950 | See Indonesia–Saudi Arabia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 6 August 1952 | See Indonesia–Sri Lanka relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1949 | See Indonesia–Syria relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Informal relations | See Indonesia–Taiwan relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1950[265] | See Indonesia–Turkey relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1976 | See Indonesia–United Arab Emirates relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 June 1992 | See Indonesia–Uzbekistan relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 21 April 1962 | See Indonesia–Yemen relations
|
Europe
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 22 September 1992 | See Armenia–Indonesia relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1954 | See Austria–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 September 1992[275] | See Azerbaijan–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1949 | See Belgium-Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 April 1994 | See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 21 September 1956 | See Bulgaria–Indonesia relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 September 1992 | See Croatia-Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 4 December 1987 | See Cyprus–Indonesia relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1950 | See Czechia–Indonesia relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 February 1950[284][285] | See Denmark–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 6 September 1954 | See Finland-Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 August 1950 | See France–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 January 1993 | See Georgia–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 June 1952[288] | See Germany–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 February 1958 | See Greece–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag (Vatican City) | 13 March 1950 | See Holy See–Indonesia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1955 | See Hungary–Indonesia relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 June 1983 | See Iceland–Indonesia relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 4 September 1984[302] | See Indonesia–Ireland relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 29 December 1949[35] | See Indonesia–Italy relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | No formal diplomatic relations | See Indonesia's reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence
Indonesia's reaction to Kosovo's independence has been mixed. Indonesia does not recognize Kosovo's membership in some international organizations, including the World Bank.[306] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 17 December 2010 | See Indonesia–Monaco relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | October 1949 | See Indonesia–Netherlands relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 January 1950 | See Indonesia-Norway relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 19 September 1955 | See Indonesia-Poland relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 4 January 1965[45] | See Indonesia–Portugal relations
In 1999, Indonesia and Portugal restored diplomatic relations, which were broken off following the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 20 February 1950 | See Indonesia-Romania relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | February 1950 | See Indonesia–Russia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1954 | See Indonesia–Serbia relations
Serbia has very close relations with Indonesia, especially within the fields of trade, culture and tourism. Indonesia has also voiced support for Serbia's territorial integrity over the Kosovo issue.[317] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 January 1993 | see Indonesia-Slovakia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | February 1958[318] | See Indonesia–Spain relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1960 | See Indonesia–Sweden relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 November 1951[46][47] | See Indonesia–Switzerland relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 June 1992[324] | See Indonesia-Ukraine relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1949 | See Indonesia–United Kingdom relations
The United Kingdom and Indonesia have maintained strong links since formal relations were established in 1949.[331] Indonesia has an embassy in London,[332] the UK has an embassy in Jakarta and a consulate in Denpasar.[333] The Culture and Tourism Ministry of Indonesia launched a campaign to boost the number of tourists from the UK entering Indonesia.[332] In 2009, 160,000 British tourists visited Indonesia, the aim of the campaign was to boost this number to 200,000.[332] In 2006 former British prime-minister Tony Blair met with Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono where they agreed upon "the establishment of a regular Indonesia-UK Partnership Forum to be chaired by the Foreign Ministers, to promote strategic dialogue on bilateral, multilateral and global issues".[331] The first Indonesia-UK forum was held in 2007 and was chaired by British foreign minister Margaret Beckett and Indonesian foreign minister Hassan Wirajuda.[331] In March 2010 members of the House of Lords praised Indonesia for its progress in democratising society, media freedom and environmental protection.[334] In a meeting with Indonesian MP Hayono Isman, the Lords stated that they wanted to improve the relationship between the two countries.[334] |
Oceania
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 27 December 1949 | See Australia–Indonesia relations
Since Indonesian independence, the two countries have maintained mutual diplomatic relations, formalised co-operation (especially in the fields of fisheries conservation, law enforcement, and justice co-operation), a measure of security co-operation, broadening treaty relationships, co-membership of regional forums, and co-participation in several multilateral Treaties of significance. Trade between the two countries has grown over the years. Recent years have seen a deepening of Australia's aid commitment to Indonesia, and Australia has become a popular venue for Indonesian students.[335] In 2008–09, Indonesia is the largest recipient of Australian aid at a value of AUD462 million.[336] Indonesia has an embassy in Canberra and consulates general in Melbourne, Perth and Sydney, While Australia has an embassy in Jakarta and consulates in Medan, Makassar, Surabaya and Denpasar. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1974 | See Indonesia–Fiji relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 June 1958 | See Indonesia–New Zealand relations
Having common interests as democracies and neighbours in the Asia-Pacific region, New Zealand and Indonesia are viewed as natural partners.[337] Both countries are members of APEC. Indonesia and New Zealand officially established diplomatic relations in 1958, the diplomatic and economic ties have grown stronger ever since. New Zealand has an embassy in Jakarta and Indonesia has an embassy in Wellington. Indonesia's commodity exports to New Zealand consist mainly of energy products and minerals as well as lumber and agriculture, while New Zealand's commodity exports to Indonesia mainly consist of dairy products and meats, such as beef, milk, and cheese. |
| Шаблон:Flag and Шаблон:Flag (States in free association within New Zealand) | 13 July 2019 | See Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue
Indonesia established diplomatic relations with both the Cook Islands and Niue on 13 July 2019 as a move to strengthen its ties with the Pacific Islands region.[338][339] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 6 July 2007 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 September 1975 | See Indonesia–Papua New Guinea relations
Indonesia shares a Шаблон:Convert border with Papua New Guinea through its Papua, Highland Papua and South Papua provinces. The common border has raised tensions and ongoing diplomatic issuesШаблон:Which over many decades.[341]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 July 1983 | See Indonesia–Solomon Islands relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 July 1995 |
|
International organisation participation
See also
- Indonesia–United States relations
- Australia–Indonesia relations
- Indonesia–Russia relations
- China–Indonesia relations
- Indonesia–Serbia relations
- Indonesia–Turkey relations
- India-Indonesia relations
- indonesia-Pakistan relations
- Indonesia–Saudi Arabia relations
- Indonesia–Iran relations
- Indonesia-Israel relations
- European Union-Indonesia relations
- List of diplomatic missions in Indonesia
- List of diplomatic missions of Indonesia
- List of diplomatic missions in Jakarta
- List of Indonesian Ambassadors to Australia
- List of Indonesian Ambassadors to the United Kingdom
Notes
Further reading
- Anwar, Dewi Fortuna. Indonesia in ASEAN : foreign policy and regionalism (1994) online
- Anwar, Dewi Fortuna. "Reinvention in Indonesia's foreign policy strategy." East Asia Forum Quarterly 5#4 (2013) online.
- Aslan, Hugh R. Me. "Contemporary United States Foreign Policy towards Indonesia" (U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 2004)online
- Cotton, James. East Timor, Australia and regional order: intervention and its aftermath in Southeast Asia (2004) online.
- Galamas, Francisco. "Terrorism in Indonesia: an overview." Research Papers 4.10 (2015) onlineШаблон:Dead link.
- Gardner, Paul F., Shared Hopes, Separate Fears: Fifty Years of U.S.-Indonesia Relations, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press (1997).
- Glasius, Marlies. Foreign policy on human rights : its influence on Indonesia under Soeharto (1999) online
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- He, Kai. "Indonesia's foreign policy after Soeharto: international pressure, democratization, and policy change." International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 8.1 (2007): 47–72. online
- Huijgh, Ellen. "The Public Diplomacy of Emerging Powers Part 2: The Case of Indonesia." in CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy (2016). online
- Lee, Terence. "The armed forces and transitions from authoritarian rule: Explaining the role of the military in 1986 Philippines and 1998 Indonesia." Comparative Political Studies 42.5 (2009): 640–669. onlineШаблон:Dead link
- Leifer, Michael. Indonesia's Foreign Policy (1983)
- McRae, Fave. "Indonesia's South China Sea diplomacy: A foreign policy illiberal turn?" Journal of Contemporary Asia 49.5 (2019): 759–779 online.
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Ricklefs, M. C. A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200 (2001) online
- Saltford, John. "United Nations involvement with the act of self-determination in West Irian (Indonesian West New Guinea) 1968 to 1969." Indonesia 69 (2000): 71–92. online
- Scott, David. "Indonesia grapples with the Indo-Pacific: Outreach, strategic discourse, and diplomacy." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 38.2 (2019): 194–217. online
- Shekhar, Vibhanshu. Indonesia's Foreign Policy and Grand Strategy in the 21st Century: Rise of an Indo-Pacific Power (2018)
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- Weinstein, Franklin B. Indonesia Abandons Confrontation: An Inquiry Into the Functions of Indonesian Foreign Policy (2009)
External links
- Politics, Public Opinion, and the U.S.-Indonesian Comprehensive Partnership (NBR Special Report, December 2010)
Шаблон:Indonesia topics Шаблон:Foreign relations of Indonesia Шаблон:Asia topicШаблон:Southeast Asia topic
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