Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of Moldova
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Politics of Moldova
After achieving independence from the Soviet Union, the Republic of Moldova established relations with other European countries. A course for European Union integration and neutrality define the country's foreign policy guidelines.
In 1995, the country became the first post-Soviet state admitted to the Council of Europe. In addition to its participation in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Francophonie and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
In 2005, Moldova and EU established an action plan that sought to improve the collaboration between the two neighboring structures. After the Transnistria War, Moldova sought a peaceful resolution to the Transnistria conflict by working with Romania, Ukraine, and Russia, calling for international mediation, and cooperating with the OSCE and UN fact-finding and observer missions.[1]
Overview
List of countries which Moldova maintains diplomatic relations with:
Moldova has not yet established diplomatic relations with the following UN countries:
- Honduras
- Botswana, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo
- Bhutan, Iraq, Myanmar
- Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Vanuatu
Relations with the European Union
Шаблон:Main Moldova aspires to join the European Union[12] and is implementing its first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) of the EU.[13]
As regards energy policy, Moldova was an observer to the treaty establishing Energy Community from the outset (2006). Following its interest in full membership, the European Commission was mandated to carry out negotiations with Moldova in 2007. In December 2009, the Energy Community Ministerial Council decided on the accession, but made it conditional to amendment of Moldova's gas law.[14] Moldova joined the Energy Community as a full-fledged member in March 2010.[15]
Relations with NATO
NATO relations with Moldova date back to 1992, when the country joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Moldova works alongside NATO allies and partner countries in a wide range of areas through the Partnership for Peace and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.
Relations with post-Soviet states
The Moldovan Parliament approved the country's membership in the Commonwealth of Independent States and the CIS charter on economic union in April 1994. Moldova however has never participated in any military aspects of CIS, citing its neutral status.
In 1998, Moldova contributed to the founding of GUAM, a regional cooperation agreement made up of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova. Although the agreement initially included a declaration of mutual defense, Moldova has since declared its disinterest in participating in any GUAM-based mutual defense initiative.
Russia continues to maintain a military presence in the Transnistrian region of Moldova, despite previous agreements with Moldova and within OSCE and CAF to withdraw its troops and ammunition.
Moldova was granted Observer Status in the Russian-led Eurasian Union in April 2017.[16]
Relations with Transnistria
Шаблон:Main The territory of Moldova includes the separatist Transnistria region. Transnistria had a particularly large non-Moldovan population (about 60%) and broke away from Moldova less than a year after Moldova became independent at the fall of the Soviet Union. The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic controls main part of this region, and also the city of Bender and its surrounding localities on the west bank. The international diplomatic situation with respect to the question of Transnistria determines and is determined by Moldova's relations with Russia. Russia, Ukraine, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, EU, and United States are involved at different degrees in the conflict resolution.
Bilateral relations
Multilateral
| Organization | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Moldova–European Union relations | |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Moldova–NATO relations |
Africa
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 9 October 2020 |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag |
| ||
| Шаблон:Flag |
| ||
| Шаблон:Flag | 1997 |
|
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 27 September 2004 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2004[17]
|
Americas
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 March 1993 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1992 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 12 May 1993 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 6 April 1993 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 14 January 1992 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 December 1991 | See Moldova–United States relations
The United States recognized the independence of Moldova on 25 December 1991, and opened an embassy in its capital, Chișinău, in March 1992. A trade agreement providing reciprocal most-favored-nation tariff treatment became effective in July 1992. An Overseas Private Investment Corporation agreement, which encourages U.S. private investment by providing direct loans and loan guarantees, was signed in June 1992. A bilateral investment treaty was signed in April 1993. A generalized system of preferences status was granted in August 1995, and some Eximbank coverage became available in November 1995. U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry made a visit to Moldova in December 2013 to support the former Soviet republic's pro-Western moves in the face of Russian pressure. The United States remains committed to the 5+2 format as a means to resolving the Transnistria conflict. The United States supports a comprehensive settlement that affirms Moldova's sovereignty and territorial integrity, while providing a special status for Transnistria.
See also: Embassy of the United States to Moldova and Embassy of Moldova, Washington, D.C. |
Asia
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | May 18, 1992 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | May 18, 1992 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | December 27, 1991 | See China–Moldova relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | March 1993 | See India–Moldova relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1992 | See Israel–Moldova relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 March 1992 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 September 1992 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 4 June 1992 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 January 1992 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 31 January 1992 | See Moldova-South Korea relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Moldova–Turkey relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | October 5, 1992 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | August 23, 1994 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 June 1992 |
|
Europe
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Albania–Moldova relations | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 March 1992 | See Austria–Moldova relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Belarus–Moldova relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 February 1992 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Cyprus–Moldova relations | |
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Denmark–Moldova relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Finland–Moldova relations | |
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 June 1992 | See Georgia–Moldova relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Germany–Moldova relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts | See Greece–Moldova relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1995 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 May 1995.[35] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1992 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Italy–Moldova relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 September 1992 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 July 1992 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 6 September 2013 | See Moldova–Netherlands relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Moldova–North Macedonia relations | |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Moldova–Poland relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Moldova–Portugal relations | |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Moldova–Romania relations
Moldova's relations with its western neighbour, Romania, have been stressed since 1994. Today's Moldova (without Transnistria) and parts of the old Bassarabia Governorate currently in Ukraine, were part of Romania during the interwar period (1918–40). Linguists generally agree that the Moldovan language is in fact identical with Romanian.Шаблон:Citation needed However, Moldovans have been ambivalent about whether they consider themselves Romanians or Moldovans. Early signs that Romania and Moldova might unite after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule quickly faded. Romania remains interested in Moldovan affairs, especially that country's civil conflict with the breakaway republic of Transnistria. However, the two countries have been unable to reach agreement on a basic bilateral treaty; Romania is insistent (against determined Moldovan resistance) that such a treaty would have to refer to Romania and Moldova's 'special relationship'. Beginning in 1994, the two countries enjoyed a visa-free arrangement that ended on 1 January 2007, with Romania's entry into the European Union. This prompted many Moldovan citizens to apply for Romanian citizenship.[36] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Moldova–Russia relations
Relations between Moldova and Russia deteriorated in November 2003 over a Russian proposal for the solution of the Transnistria conflict, which Moldovan authorities refused to accept. In the following election, held in 2005, the Communist party made a formal 180-degree turn and was re-elected on a pro-Western platform,Шаблон:Citation needed with Voronin being re-elected to a second term as president.
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1995 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 27 October 1993 | See Moldova–Slovenia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Moldova–Spain relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Moldova–Sweden relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1992 | See Moldova–Switzerland relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Moldova–Ukraine relations | |
| Шаблон:Flag |
|
Oceania
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag |
|
See also
- List of diplomatic missions in Moldova
- List of diplomatic missions of Moldova
- List of Ambassadors to Moldova
Gallery
-
Moldovan stamp commemorating membership in the United Nations
-
Moldovan stamp commemorating membership in the OSCE
References
External links
Further reading
- Baltag, Dorina. "EU external representation post-Lisbon: the performance of EU diplomacy in Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine." The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 13.1 (2018): 75-96. online
- Baltag, Dorina. "Practice and performance: EU diplomacy in Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus after the inauguration of the European External Action Service, 2010–2015" (Diss. Loughborough University, 2018.) online
- Cozma, Artur. "The Diplomacy of the Republic of Moldova during 1944-2001." (2007). online Шаблон:Webarchive
- Del Medico, Nicola. "A Black Knight in the Eastern Neighbourhood? Russia and EU Democracy Promotion in Armenia and Moldova." (EU Diplomacy Paper No. 7) (2014). online
- Ejova, Cristina, and Anastasia Eșanu. "Public diplomacy of the European Union and its reflection in the Republic of Moldova." Moldoscopie 92.1 (2021): 43-53. online
- Löwenhardt, John. "The OSCE, Moldova and Russian diplomacy in 2003." Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 20.4 (2004): 103-112.
Шаблон:Foreign relations of Moldova Шаблон:Moldova topics Шаблон:Foreign relations of Europe
- ↑ Ejova, Cristina, and Anastasia Eșanu. "Public diplomacy of the European Union and its reflection in the Republic of Moldova." Moldoscopie 92.1 (2021): 43-53.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,00 4,01 4,02 4,03 4,04 4,05 4,06 4,07 4,08 4,09 4,10 4,11 4,12 4,13 4,14 4,15 4,16 4,17 4,18 4,19 4,20 4,21 4,22 4,23 4,24 4,25 4,26 4,27 4,28 4,29 4,30 4,31 4,32 4,33 4,34 4,35 4,36 4,37 4,38 4,39 4,40 4,41 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Moldova will prove that it can and has chances to become EU member, Moldpress News Agency, 19 June 2007
- ↑ Moldova-EU Action Plan Approved by European Commission Шаблон:Webarchive, 14 December 2004. Retrieved 2 July 2007
- ↑ Energy Community Ministerial Council Conclusions, Dec 2009Шаблон:Dead link.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Informativo de Visas Diplomáticas y Oficiales
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Bilateral relations between Mexico and Moldova (in Spanish)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Dodon Denounces Romania Reunification Idea In Rare Visit To Gagauzia rferl.org 20 August 2017
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Cine ne sunt ambasadorii? (FOTO)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Cetatenia romana, portita spre Europa Шаблон:Webarchive 27 December 2006
- ↑ Moldova will not recognise Kosovo's independence, Associated Press, 18 February 2008 Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
