Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of Qatar
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Politics of Qatar
Foreign relations of Qatar is conducted through its Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Arab states were among the first to recognize Qatar, and the country gained admittance to the United Nations and the Arab League after achieving independence in 1971. The country was an early member of OPEC and a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Diplomatic missions to Qatar are based in its capital, Doha.
Qatar's regional relations and foreign policies are characterized by strategy of balancing and alliance building among regional and great powers. It maintains independent foreign policy and engages in regional balancing to secure its strategic priorities and to have recognition on the regional and international level.[1][2] As a small state in the gulf, Qatar has an "open-door" foreign policy where Qatar maintain ties to all parties and regional players in the region, including with organizations such as Taliban and Hamas.[3] However, Washington Institute published a report in August 2021 stating Qatar's connections with the Taliban have made the country a potential contact for regions seeking negotiations with Afghanistan.[4] Qatar has also been key to negotiating cease-fires between Israel and Hamas that have restored calm after four wars, last seen in 2021.[5]
Multilateral relations
Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, the emir of Qatar from 1995 to 2013, helped establish Qatar's reputation as an influential player in Middle East politics. The first major move in this regard was the founding of Al Jazeera,[6] a state-owned news media company.
Qatar has also cultivated close relationships with Western powers, particularly the United States and the United Kingdom. Al Udeid Air Base hosts American and British air forces. Qatar has invested extensively in London real estate, and the country has also made donations to prominent research centers in the United States.[7][8] At the same time, Qatar maintains ties to Western adversaries, including Iran, Hamas, the Muslim Brotherhood, and extremist elements in Syria.[9][10][11] Although according to a report by The Economist in December 2021, Qatar has modified its anti-Islamist policies and demanded Brotherhood activists leave.[12]
Qatar has a population of around 1.8 million people, however only 280,000 of these are citizens.[13] The vast majority of the population are migrant labourers who suffer severe human rights abuses including unfit living conditions, abuse by employers, and seizure of passports and other immigration documents.[14] These human rights abuses have caused tensions between Qatar and liberal western democracies.[15]
In an attempt to quell the mounting criticism, Qatar announced sweeping labour reforms in 2019. This included ending kafala, the system that made it illegal for migrant workers to change jobs or leave the country without their employer's permission, effectively trapping workers who were being exploited and abused. Other reforms included the first minimum wage for migrant workers in the region and harsher penalties for companies that did not comply with the new labour laws. When they came into force in September 2020, the reforms were met with wide acclaim. Fifa called them groundbreaking. The UN said they marked a new era. An international trade union referred to them as a game changer.[16][17][18]
It is also one of the few countries in which citizens do not have to pay any taxes.[19][20]
On October 16, 2019, the Council of Ministers of the State of Qatar unanimously endorsed end to such practice in the country by abolishment of the Kafala system.[21]
On 20 March 2021, Qatar's new non-discriminatory minimum wage law that guaranteed the same minimum wage for all workers, all nationalities, all sectors including the domestic workers, came into force. The law also ensured a minimum monthly wage of QAR1,000 ($275) and minimum allowances for food (QAR300) and housing (QAR500) to the workers.[22]
Qatar is a strategic ally of China, with relationship between the two countries growing stronger.[23][24] Qatar is a member of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Gulf Cooperation Council, OPEC and the Council of Arab Economic Unity.
Regional relations
In September, 2014. QFFD contributed in enhancing stability for Syrian refugees. Qatar Charity facilitated access to quality education through the rehabilitation of 6 Formal schools in Turkey, Gaziantep, Urfa, Kilis, targeting a total number of 13,540 beneficiaries and 12,860 girls and boys.[25]
On July 10, 2017, according to documents obtained by Al Arabiya, Qatar agreed to quit supporting the Muslim Brotherhood. In order to avoid undermining relations with the Gulf, it also removed non-citizens from Qatar and refused to provide shelter to anyone from a GCC nation.[26]
On March 27, 2022, The United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT) and Qatar on their fourth high-level strategic discussion, discussed strategic priorities and worked together to ensure that the UN effectively supports member states in their efforts to combat terrorism. Out of a total of 35 other contributors, the state of Qatar is the second greatest contributor to the UN trust fund for counter-terrorism.[27]
Some financial economists have interpreted the 2014 Saudi-Qatari rift as the tangible political sign of a growing economic rivalry between oil and natural gas producers, which could "have deep and long-lasting consequences" beyond the Middle East.[28]
In March 2014 Qatar made overtures to Oman in order to counteract the influence of Saudi Arabia on politics in the region.[29]
In May 2017, an alleged hack of state media led to stories quoting the Emir as enquiring US resentment towards Iran and remarking on Hamas. Doha reported it as false and gave no indication on where it originated. However, news organizations in the region reported the emir's comments as fact. This led to Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt and Bahrain cutting diplomatic ties with Qatar on 5 June 2017.[30][31]
Qatar voiced support for the Turkish invasion of northern Syria aimed at ousting U.S.-backed Syrian Kurds from the enclave of Afrin. Spokeswoman of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Lulwah Rashif Al-Khater said that: "The launching of the Turkish military operation last Saturday was motivated by legitimate concerns related to its national security and the security of its borders, in addition to protecting Syria's territorial integrity from the danger of secession. Turkey, a NATO member, has always been a stabilizing factor in the region."[32]
Peace brokering and peacekeeping activities
The onset of the Arab Spring in January 2011 complicated Qatar's ability to mediate having forced Gulf leaders to side with revolutionaries or the longstanding autocratic regimes. Sheikh Hamad stated in that Qatar would support the uprisings, a position that clashed with neighboring Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Qatar provided extensive support, in funding and weapons, to Libyan revolutionaries and aided in the removal of Muammar Gaddafi by mobilising Arab support behind NATO airstrikes. In Egypt, Qatar supported President Mohamed Morsi and has suffered from strained relations with President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi following Morsi's removal.
In Syria, Qatar has provided arms and funding to various opposition groups.[33] Other discoveries from the research claimed that Qatar supported the US against the Assad government. Additionally, the nation supported efforts to mediate a conflict-ending political transition in Syria. In March 2021, Qatar, Russia, and Turkey also started a different track of talks on the Syrian peace process.[34]
According to the Royal United Services Institute, Qatar plays an important role in Syria and Iraq as an interlocutor between Western powers and resistant groups that cannot be engaged directly. This role is consistent with Qatar's efforts as an interlocutor with the Taliban in Afghanistan, hosting a small Embassy in Doha where US officials are able to meet with the Taliban behind closed doors.[35]
Prior to the abdication of Emir Sheikh Hamad, Qatar's mediation was fronted by the Qatari Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Ahmad Abdullah Al Mahmud. On 4 May 2009, the Qatari Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Ahmad Abdullah Al Mahmud announced that Chad and Sudan had agreed to end hostilities against each other and to normalize relations during Qatari-mediated talks in Doha; however the agreement quickly broke down.[36] Qatar also brokered an agreement between the Sudanese government and the strongest Darfur rebel group, the Justice and Equality Movement, in Doha in February 2010.[37] The agreement fell apart in May 2010 and the conflict is ongoing.
Qatar hosted a donors conference to help rebuild war-ravaged Darfur in April 2013.[38]
In June 2010, Qatari peacekeeping forces deployed in the disputed Ras Doumeira area on the border between Djibouti and Eritrea after the latter withdrew from the area. The intention was to help start bilateral negotiations and solve the territorial dispute which had turned violent.[39] Qatar withdrew its 450 troops from the Djibouti-Eritrea border in June 2017 after the two countries severed ties with Qatar.[40]
On February 1, 2023, in an interview, Qatar's foreign minister, Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al-Thani, stated that his country is actively utilizing its established communication channels with both Washington and Tehran in order to foster a greater alignment of their respective perspectives.
In September 2023, it was reported that Iran expressed its readiness to execute a Qatar-mediated agreement with the United States. The Iranian foreign minister made this announcement on September 14, 2023. According to the terms of the agreement, both Washington and Tehran would release five prisoners, while $6 billion worth of Iranian assets held in South Korea would be released.[41][42]
The broad outlines of the U.S.-Iran deal, which pertain to the potential release of U.S. citizens detained by Iran, were publicly disclosed on August 10. As part of this agreement, it has been proposed that the funds be transferred to banks in Qatar while simultaneously releasing five Iranians who are currently held in the United States.
In June, it was reported that secret talks took place between Venezuela and the United States, with Qatar serving as the host for these discussions. Qatar has been known for its significant involvement in supporting the United States during delicate negotiations, which notably encompassed a recent prisoner exchange with Iran and facilitated backchannel communications between the U.S. and the Taliban.[43][44]
On October 7, 2023, Israel and Palestine started an extensive armed conflict. Due to its escalation, On October 9, 2023, Qatari mediators made urgent talks to attempt to arrange the release of 36 Palestinian women and children from Israeli prisons in exchange for the release of Israeli women and children held by the militant group that were being detained in Gaza. Positive progress is being made in the ongoing negotiations, which Qatar has been undertaking in collaboration with the United States.[45] Qatar has played a crucial role in facilitating the release of American and Australian hostages who were stranded in Israel and Hamas.[46][47]
Cultural and religious activities
Qatar is an Islamic state with multi-religious minorities like most of the Persian Gulf countries with waves of migration over the last 30 years. The official state religion is Wahhabi Sunni Islam. The community is made up of Sunni and Shi'a Muslims, Christians, Hindus, and small groups of Buddhists and Baha'is. Muslims form 65.5% of the Qatari population, followed by Hindus at 15.4%, Christians at 14.2%, Buddhists at 3.3% and the rest 1.9% of the population follow other religions or are unaffiliated. Qatar is also home to numerous other religions mostly from the Middle East and Asia.[48]
The country has also hosted numerous interfaith dialogue conferences.
The culture of Qatar is strongly influenced by traditional Bedouin culture, with less acute influence deriving from India, East Africa and elsewhere in the Persian Gulf. The peninsula's harsh climatic conditions compelled its inhabitants to turn to the sea for sustenance. Thus, there is a distinct emphasis placed on the sea in local culture. Literature and folklore themes are often related to sea-based activities. Oral arts such as poetry and singing were historically more prevalent than figurative art because of the restrictions placed by Islam on depictions of sentient beings; however, certain visual art disciplines such as calligraphy, architecture and textile arts were widely practiced. Figurative arts were gradually assimilated into the country's culture during the oil era.
Foreign aid
Шаблон:Main Qatar's international aid program has expanded dramatically since the beginning of 2010, and focuses heavily on the Arab world, most notably in the humanitarian crises in Syria and Gaza.[49]
According to the UN OCHA's Financial Tracking Service, Qatar's international aid increased from less than $10 million annually in the pre-Arab Spring period to the hundreds of millions following the event.[50]
For example, in 2012, according to the Qatari Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the country donated more than QAR3 billion (or c. £524 million) through governmental and non-governmental aid to nearly 100 countries across the globe.[51]
Qatari leadership has since pledged publicly to reduce suffering of victims and to achieve and support global partnerships for the achievement of foreign countries' Millennium Development Goals. The state is engaged in investments in a wide range of humanitarian and developmental sectors.[51] Qatar pledged $50 million in support to United Nations humanitarian response plan as well as the regional refugee plan for Sudan, during a donor conference in Geneva on 19 June 2023.[52] "Based on our fraternal responsibility and our moral and human duty towards our brothers in Sudan, and as a continuation of our continuous humanitarian and development efforts in brotherly Sudan, we announce the State of Qatar's pledge of $50 million to support the efforts of the Humanitarian Response Plan and the Regional Refugee Plan," Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani announced.[53]
On September 24, 2023, Qatar dispatched a significant quantity of humanitarian and relief aid, amounting to 58 tonnes, to assist the city of Derna in Libya, which had been severely impacted by flooding. This recent contribution elevates the total amount of aid provided by Qatar to support those affected by the floods to an impressive 267 tonnes. Aid typically encompasses a range of essential provisions, including but not limited to shelter essentials, electricity generators, food, and medical commodities.
Recently, Qatar Charity (QC) launched the 'Libya Appeal' campaign, aimed at providing aid to the Libyan population grappling with the consequences of severe floods. These floods have resulted in the loss of numerous lives and the displacement of a significant number of individuals.
Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani also conveyed his heartfelt condolences to the victims affected by the catastrophic floods in Libya through a message posted on the social media platform Twitter. "I extend to our brothers in Libya my sincere condolences and sympathy for the victims of the catastrophic floods, and we in Qatar declare our complete solidarity with the Libyan people to overcome this painful ordeal, and we ask God to have mercy on the dead, bring back the missing, and heal the wounded,". He wrote.[54][55]
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Qatar maintains diplomatic relations with:
Bilateral relations
Africa
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Algeria-Qatar relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | ||
| Шаблон:Flag | 1988 |
Relations between the two countries were inaugurated in 1988. Qatar agreed to donate $13.8 million towards the construction of a cancer hospital in Burkina Faso in December 2017.[249] The same month, the Qatar Development Fund allocated $814,000 towards the commencement of humanitarian projects in Burkina Faso.[250] |
| Шаблон:Flag |
Qatar shuttered the Chadian embassy in Doha in August 2017, two months after Chad broke off diplomatic ties with Qatar over the Qatar diplomatic crisis, with Chad claiming that Qatar was attempting to destabilize it via Libya.[251] Bilateral relations were returned to normal in February 2018 after a memorandum of understanding was signed.[252] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | (diplomatic relations severed 7 June 2017) | See Comoros–Qatar relations
On 7 June 2017, Comoros cut ties with Qatar, following the lead of several other countries led by a quartet composed of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.Шаблон:Citation needed After Comoros severed ties, local media reported that two local Qatari charities suspended their activities in the country and that the $37 million under-construction hospital in Anjouan was put on hold. It was speculated that the cessation of philanthropic activities by Qatar was a retaliatory measure against Comoros' alignment with the Saudi-led quartet.[253] Qatar also expelled Comoran representatives in the country on 19 June, giving them 48 hours to leave the country.[254] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1994 |
Both nations developed bilateral ties in 1994.[249] In December 2017, during a visit to Abidjan by Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Qatar pledged a $6 million donation for Côte d'Ivoire's development.[250] |
| Шаблон:Flag |
The Qatari embassy in Djibouti City was inaugurated in December 2005, shortly after the establishment of Djibouti's embassy in Doha.[255] Qatari peacekeepers were deployed to help mediate a border dispute between Djibouti and Eritrea in June 2010. After it was reported that Djibouti had sided with the Saudi-led bloc in the 2017–18 Qatar diplomatic crisis, Qatar pulled its peacekeepers from the area.[256] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Egypt–Qatar relations
In recent years, relations have been tense.[257] The main issue between the two governments is the Qatari support to the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.[257] The Egyptian government, along with those of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates, broke off diplomatic relations with Qatar on 5 June 2017. The Egyptian Foreign Ministry announced it was closing its air and sea ports to Qatari transportation. One of the driving forces behind this decision was, according to the Egyptian's government, Qatar's continuing support for "terrorism", such as the Muslim Brotherhood.[258] Egypt and Qatar resumed diplomatic relations on 20 January 2021.[259] | |
| Шаблон:Flag |
Qatari peacekeepers were deployed to help mediate a border dispute between Djibouti and Eritrea in June 2010.[256] During the Qatar diplomatic crisis, Eritrea was asked to sever ties with Qatar by the Saudi-led camp, but on 10 June 2017 it refused, claiming it had strong bonds with Qatar.[260] Despite this, some news outlets later reported that Eritrea did in fact cut ties, though this was denied by the Eritrean government.[261] In March 2018, Eritrea accused Qatar and Sudan of jointly funding rebel groups in its country.[262] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 2002 |
Both countries agreed to form diplomatic relations in 2002.[263]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Ethiopia–Qatar relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1982 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 2003 | See Kenya–Qatar relations
Diplomatic relations started in 2003.[265]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1988 |
The existence of diplomatic relations between Guinea and Qatar date back to 1988.[249] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 2009 | |
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1977 |
Relations between Mali and Qatar started off in 1977.[249] In December 2017, Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani visited Mali and agreed to finance a program for the education of nearly 600,000 Malian children to the tune of $40 million.[250] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1974 |
On 6 June 2017, Mauritania followed the lead of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Egypt in severing ties with Qatar. Mauritania's Foreign Ministry justified the decision by citing Qatar's alleged "support of terrorism" which has "resulted in heavy losses of human lives" throughout the region and beyond.[267] Later in the month, Mauritania announced that it would be freezing all Qatari-financed projects in Mauritania, several of which were under the auspices of Qatar Charity, as Mauritania regarded these projects as "suspicious" and believed they were linked to the aiding and abetting of regional terrorist groups.[268]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1972 | See Morocco–Qatar relations
Qatar and Morocco formed diplomatic relations in 1972.[270]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | (relations severed 10 June 2017) |
Niger has maintained an embassy in Doha since 2015. On 10 June 2017, five days after the start Qatar diplomatic crisis, Niger sided with the Saudi-led camp and recalled its ambassador from Doha.[271] |
| Шаблон:Flag |
There are over 7,000 Nigerian citizens in Qatar.[272]
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 4 May 2017 |
Qatar and Rwanda officially formed relations on 4 May 2017.[274] In December 2019, Rwanda hosted the annual Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani International Anti-Corruption Excellence Award.[275] The Emir of Qatar visited Rwanda for the same.[276] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 February 1975 |
Qatar and Senegal formed diplomatic relations 10 February 1975.[277] Senegal sided with the Saudi-led bloc and withdrew its ambassador from Doha after the onset of the Qatar diplomatic crisis in June 2017 but recalled its ambassador in August 2017, expressing its desire for a resolution to the crisis.[278]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1970 | See Somalia–Qatar relations
The two countries formally established diplomatic ties in 1970. Somalia allegedly refused Saudi Arabia's offer to join it in severing ties with Qatar in June 2017 and instead opted to stay neutral.[250] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 May 1994 | See Qatar–South Africa relations
Diplomatic relations between Qatar and South Africa were initiated on 10 May 1994, the same day that Nelson Mandela was sworn in as President of South Africa.[279] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1972 | See Qatar–Sudan relations
Relations between Qatar and Sudan were first established in 1972, when Qatar inaugurated its embassy in Sudan's capital city, Khartoum.[281] Qatar remains one of the largest foreign investors in Sudan,[282] and has helped broker peace agreements between the Sudanese government and rebel factions in Darfur.[283] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 December 1982 |
Bilateral relations between the two countries date back to 13 December 1982.[284]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Qatar–Tunisia relations
Qatar is among the largest Arab investors in Tunisia.[285] Relations between Qatar and Tunisia improved immensely between 2011 and 2013, when Ennahda Movement-affiliated candidate Hamadi Jebali was declared Prime Minister of Tunisia in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly elections. Cooperation in all fields gradually started picking up traction; for instance, the two governments signed ten bilateral agreements in 2012.[286] |
Americas
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 June 1974 |
Argentina and Qatar's relations date back to 15 June 1974 when they signed joint agreement in New York.[287]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 December 2007 |
Barbados and Qatar agreed to formalize relations on 5 December 2007 during a meeting in New York.[290] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 17 May 2002 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 17, 2002.[291] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 November 1974 | See Brazil–Qatar relations
Both countries formally established bilateral relations on 5 November 1974 – three years after Qatar gained its sovereignty.[292] |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Canada–Qatar relations | |
| Шаблон:Flag | January 2010 |
Bilateral relations began after then-Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani visited Costa Rica from January 24 to January 25, 2010.[297]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1989 |
Formal ties between Cuba and Qatar were established in 1989.[298] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 2000 |
In 2000, an agreement was signed between the Dominican Republic and Qatar to commence diplomatic relations.[300]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | ||
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 September 2003 |
Relations began on 24 September 2003.[303]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 August 1996 |
Diplomatic relations commenced on 23 August 1996.[304] They are both members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[305]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 June 1975 | See Mexico–Qatar relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | ||
| Шаблон:Flag | 1989 | Шаблон:Main
At an official level, both countries began diplomatic relations in 1989.[309]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 August 2017 |
Both countries forged diplomatic relations on 16 August 2017 in a ceremony held in New York.[310] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 19 March 1972 | See Qatar–United States relations
The United States formed diplomatic relations with Qatar on 19 March 1972, when diplomat William Stoltzfus met with Qatari government officials and submitted his credentials.[311]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 March 1987 |
On 16 March 1987, the two countries officially inaugurated diplomatic relations.[314]
|
Asia
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag |
During the waning years of Operation Enduring Freedom in 2010 the United States and the Taliban initiated exploratory talks in regards to ending the conflict in Afghanistan after the latter announced its intention to open an office in Doha. Though they were halted later amid Taliban accusations of malfeasance by the United States.[315] In December 2011, Afghanistan recalled their envoy from Qatar in protest of the newly opened Taliban office. An Afghan government official later claimed that Qatar had not consulted with them prior to the inauguration of the office.[316] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 November 1997 |
Шаблон:See also Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1997. Approximately 5,500 Armenians live in Qatar, mostly in the capital Doha. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 14 September 1994 |
Azerbaijan and Qatar signed an agreement to start diplomatic relations on 14 September 1994.[317]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Bahrain-Qatar relations
Both had a dispute over ownership of the Hawar Islands and the maritime boundary which was solved by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague in 2001.[318] On 5 March 2014, Bahrain withdrew its ambassadors from Qatar to protest Qatar's non-compliance with a November 2013 agreement not to "interfere" in countries' internal affairs.[319] The widely accepted cause for this move was Qatar's alleged support for the organization, the Muslim Brotherhood.[320] On 5 June 2017, Bahrain, along with Saudi Arabia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates, announced that it would cut ties with Qatar.[321] As of September 2023, all four countries had restored diplomatic ties with Qatar.[322][323][324][325] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 January 1978 | See Bangladesh–Qatar relations
On 25 January 1978, an agreement on the commencement of diplomatic relations was signed.[326] Approximately 123,000 Bangladeshi expatriates were working in Qatar in 2015, mainly in the construction sector.[327] In June 2017, Bangladesh signed an agreement with Qatari company Qatargas, today QatarEnergy LNG, to receive 2.5 million tonnes of LNG annually for the following 15 years.[328] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 October 1991 | See Brunei–Qatar relations
Relations between the two countries were established on 2 October 1991.[329]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | July 1988 | See China–Qatar relations
China and Qatar formed relations in July 1988.[330] Emir Tamim bin Hamad made his first visit to China in November 2014. While there, he signed a number of accords with the Chinese leader Xi Jinping, one of which entailed the formation of a China-Qatar Strategic Partnership.[331] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 March 1993 |
Both countries formed diplomatic relations on 16 March 1993.[332]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1973 | See India–Qatar relations
India and Qatar began bilateral relations in 1973.[333] Both countries signed a maritime defence agreement and an information-sharing agreement in November 2008.[334] As part of these agreements, the inaugural India-Qatar Joint Committee on Defence Co-operation meeting was hosted in the Qatari capital Doha in 2008.[335] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1976 | See Indonesia–Qatar relations
Indonesia and Qatar established bilateral relations in 1976.[339] The two countries have signed a number of memorandums of understanding in the fields of air transport, tourism, and agriculture.[340]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | October 1971 | See Iran–Qatar relations
Qatar and Iran signed an agreement on setting up diplomatic relations in October 1971, only one month after Qatar gained its independence.[341] The two countries have close ties. Both are members of OPEC, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Organization of the Islamic Conference. Unlike fellow GCC member states Saudi Arabia and the UAE, Qatar generally refrains from criticizing Iran's domestic and foreign activities. Qatar has also held several high-level meetings with Iranian officials to discuss security and economic agreements.[342] They jointly control the world's largest gas field.[343] In addition to ties in the oil and natural gas arena, Iran and Qatar also cooperate in the shipping sector.[342] In January 2016, as a result of the attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran by Iranian protesters, Qatar recalled its ambassador to Tehran and denounced the attack.[344] On 23 August 2017, Qatar announced it would return its ambassador to Iran.[345] |
| Шаблон:Flag |
Following the 1990–91 Gulf War, in which Qatar and Iraq were on opposing sides, Qatar closed their embassy in Baghdad. Relations gradually improved between the two countries in the late 1990s.[346] Qatar reopened its embassy for the first time twenty-five years in mid-2015,[347] and in September 2015, appointed its ambassador to Iraq.[348] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | (Relations severed 2009) | See Israel–Qatar relations
Qatar established trade relations with the State of Israel in 1996.[349] Despite Qatar's alleged support of Hamas, Israeli leaders have maintained direct contact with the emirate. In January 2007, in his last months as vice premier, Shimon Peres paid a high-profile visit to the capital city of Doha.[350] Peres also visited Qatar in 1996, when he launched the new Israeli trade bureau there.[351] The bureau was closed in February 2009.[352] In 2010, Qatar twice offered to restore trade relations with Israel and allow the reinstatement of the Israeli mission in Doha, on condition that Israel allow Qatar to send materials and money to Gaza for its infrastructure, and that Israel make a public statement expressing appreciation for Qatar's efforts. Israel refused on the grounds that Qatari materials could be used by Hamas against Israel, and that Israel did not want to get involved in the competition between Qatar and Egypt over mediation.[353][354] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1972 | See Japan–Qatar relations
Diplomatic relations between Qatar and Japan were established in 1972. The two countries share strong economic ties, with Japan being Qatar's foremost trading partner, and Qatar ranking as Japan's sixth most significant import partner in 2016. Japan has an embassy in Doha.[355][356][357][358] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1972 | See Jordan–Qatar relations
Qatar and Jordan had turbulent relations since the 2000s. Authorities in Qatar arrested and tried a Jordanian journalist working for Qatar TV named Firas Majali on charges of espionage in February 2002 and in August 2002, Jordan closed Al Jazeera's Amman bureau over a segment deemed insulting towards its ruling family.[359] Additionally, Jordan recalled its ambassador to Doha that month. A Qatari court sentenced Firas Majali to death in October 2002,[360] but in March 2003, the Qatari emir granted Majali a pardon after meeting with King Abdullah II of Jordan.[361] This prompted Jordan to reinstate Al Jazeera's Amman bureau that year.[362] On June 6, 2017, one day after the beginning of the 2017 Qatari diplomatic crisis, Jordan announced that it would be cutting back ties with Qatar in solidarity with the blockading countries as well as shuttering the Al Jazeera bureau based there.[363] Bilateral trade between Qatar and Jordan improved by the end of the third quarter of 2019, with the number of joint Qatari-Jordanian companies established in the Qatari market exceeding 1,700 as compared to 1,550 firms at the end of 2018.[364] |
| Шаблон:Flag | July 1993 | See Kazakhstan–Qatar relations
Kazakhstan and Qatar signed an official agreement formalizing diplomatic relations in July 1993.[365]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Kuwait–Qatar relations
In 1990, at the beginning of the Gulf War, Qatar was among the Arab countries to condemn Iraq's occupation of Kuwait. It also pledged military support to Kuwait.[346] Qatari soldiers participated in the Battle of Khafji, the first major ground engagement in the Gulf War.[366] Amir Sabah Al-Sabah was recognized as chief mediator of the 2017 Qatari diplomatic crisis. Kuwait's neutrality and good relations with both parties were the main reasons behind its status as mediator.[367] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 March 1998 |
Officially, diplomatic relations between the two countries started on 3 March 1998.[368]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 February 2005 |
Diplomatic exchange between Qatar and Laos commenced on 3 February 2005.[369] |
| Шаблон:Flag |
Qatar mediated negotiations between leading Lebanese political parties in 2008 during the backdrop of the 2006–08 Lebanese protests.[370] The Doha Agreement was signed by all parties in May after five days of negotiations, resolving the crisis.[371] In 2010, the Qatari emir became the first Arab leader to tour South Lebanon and view the various projects it funded following the 2006 Lebanon War.[372] Qatar contributed $3mn in funding to the restoration of Lebanon following the war, and financed the reconstruction of over 12,000 residential units and a number of buildings in 195 villages in southern Lebanon.[373] The emir visited a hospital in Bint Jbeil and a nearby mosque and church which he funded the reconstruction of, while being accompanied by Lebanon's President Michel Sleiman and Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri.[372] In January 2019, the Qatari government pledged to invest in Lebanon by purchasing government bonds worth $500 million in order to improve Lebanon's economic situation.[374] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1974 | See Malaysia–Qatar relations
The two countries formalized diplomatic relations in 1974.[375]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 26 May 1984 |
The two countries initiated relations on 26 May 1984.[378] On 5 June 2017, in solidarity with Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt, Maldives decided to sever ties with Qatar.[379] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 26 December 2005 |
Both countries have had diplomatic relations since 26 December 2005.[380]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 21 January 1998 |
The inception of Mongolia–Qatar relations dates back to 21 January 1998.[381] Qatar donated $10 million to Mongolia for its Millennium Road Project in 2006.[382] In February 2020, Qatar and Mongolia signed a memorandum of understanding to establish political consultations between the foreign affairs ministries of both the countries.[383] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 21 January 1977 |
Diplomatic relations were inaugurated on 21 January 1977.[384] The Nepali ambassador to Qatar, Maya Kumari Sharma, described the emirate as an "open jail" in reference to the working conditions of migrant Nepali laborers.[385] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 January 1993 |
Qatar and North Korea formed diplomatic links on 11 January 1993.[388] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1970 | See Oman–Qatar relations
Formal diplomatic relations date back to 1970.[389] Oman helped facilitate shipping to Qatar after several Arab countries cut sea routes to Qatar during the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis. Following the onset of the crisis in June 2017, most Qatari-destined goods flowed through the Port of Salalah and Sohar Port.[390] Two direct shipping lines between the aforementioned ports and Qatar's Hamad Port were launched the same month.[391] When Qatar Airways was banned from Saudi airspace, Oman stepped in and transported Saudi-based Qataris back to Doha.[392] At the official level, Oman remained uninvolved in the dispute, but its status as an alternative transit route has helped Qatar bypass the blockade imposed by its neighbors.[392] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1972 | See Pakistan–Qatar relations
Formal diplomatic ties were formed in 1972.[393]
Qatar invested $500 million in Pakistan in June 2019 as part of a planned $3 billion investment in the country.[394][395] |
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 May 1981 | See Philippines–Qatar relations
The Philippines and Qatar established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1981.[396] As of 2014, about 200,000 Filipinos live in Qatar.[397] |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Saudi Arabia-Qatar relations and Qatar–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
In September 1992, tensions arose between Qatar and Saudi Arabia when Saudi forces allegedly attacked a Qatari border post, resulting in the death of two Qatari soldiers and the imprisonment of a third.[398] Saudi Arabia withdrew its ambassador from Doha due to some reservations over Al Jazeera content in 2002.[399] It was not until 2008 that Saudi Arabia reinstated its ambassador to Qatar.[400] On 5 March 2014, Saudi Arabia once again withdrew its ambassador from Qatar, this time to protest Qatar's non-compliance with a November 2013 agreement not to "interfere" in countries' internal affairs.[319] The widely accepted cause for this move was Qatar's alleged support for the Muslim Brotherhood.[320] On 5 June 2017, Saudi Arabia cut diplomatic relations with Qatar.[401] The move was followed by a number of other countries in the region and beyond. | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1984 |
Diplomatic ties between the two were created in 1984.[402] |
| Шаблон:Flag | April 1974 | See Qatar–South Korea relations
Qatar and South Korea established diplomatic relations in 1974.[405] On 8 March 2015, Qatari foreign minister Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah and his South Korean counterpart, Yun Byung-se signed a memorandum of understanding entailing joint diplomatic training between the Diplomatic Institute of Qatar and the Korea National Diplomatic Academy. Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani and South Korean president Park Geun-hye attended the signing ceremony held in Doha.[406]
|
| Шаблон:Flag |
Шаблон:See also During the Syrian Civil War, Qatar, along with Saudi Arabia, Turkey and western states, vocally and materially supported different rebels with arms and funds against the government. Qatar has been the biggest sponsor of Syrian opposition forces during the civil war.[407][408] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1980 | See Qatar–Thailand relations
Qatar and Thailand formed relations in 1980.[409] Their cooperation mainly revolves around tourism and energy.[410] In 2019, considering Qatar's advancements in the field of sports, Thailand signed a MoU with Qatar for sports cooperation and exchange.[411] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1973 | See Qatar–Turkey relations
The history of bilateral relations between Qatar and Turkey dates back to the 1973.[412] In the 1980s, the two nations began signing bilateral agreements with one another. Relations gained further traction in the 2000s with the signing of a further number of bilateral agreements.[413] Qatar and Turkey share similar positions on the Syrian Civil War and the Egyptian Crisis.[414] Their coordination in regional politics has been described as an alliance.[415] On 2 December 2015, during a Turkish presidential visit to Qatar, Tamim bin Hamad and Tayyip Erdoğan announced the planned creation of a Turkish military base in Qatar; a first for Turkey in the Persian Gulf.[416] As part of their foreign policy priorities, both countries overtly provide region-wide support for the Muslim Brotherhood.[417] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 2008 | Northern Cyprus has a Representative Office in Doha. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 22 November 1996 |
Both countries released a joint communiqué on 22 November 1996 formally declaring the beginning of diplomatic relations.[418] |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Qatar–United Arab Emirates relations
In 1995, after Hamad bin Khalifa deposed his father to become emir of Qatar, UAE granted asylum to the deposed Khalifa bin Hamad. Qatar accused UAE, along with Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, of plotting against the new emir, to which the accused countries denied all charges. Several hundred arrests were made in relation to the incident throughout the next two years, and in February 1996, the Qatar Amiri Guard was mobilised.[419] UAE was one of the three countries which withdrew their ambassadors from Qatar in 2014.[319] On 5 June 2017, UAE, along with Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Egypt, cut diplomatic ties with Qatar, giving the country's diplomats 48 hours to leave the country.[420] UAE was implicated in the hacking of the Qatar News Agency, which set off the diplomatic crisis.[421] In January 2021, UAE and Qatar agreed to resume diplomatic relations.[422] In June 2023, both countries reopened their embassies and appointed ambassadors in July and August.[423][424] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 27 November 1997 |
In a meeting in Ankara on 27 November 1997, Qatar and Uzbekistan released a joint statement formally declaring the commencement of diplomatic relations.[425] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 February 1993 | See Qatar–Vietnam relations
Qatar and Vietnam formed ties on 8 February 1993.[426]
|
Europe
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 August 1992 |
Albania and Qatar officially commenced diplomatic relations on 28 August 1992.[427]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 May 2007 |
Diplomatic relations were established between Andorra and Qatar on 15 May 2007.[428] |
| Шаблон:Flag | ||
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 February 1996 |
On 16 February 1996, the two countries signed an agreement on forming diplomatic relations.[430]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | ||
| Шаблон:Flag | ||
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 October 1990 |
Both countries agreed to begin diplomatic relations on 16 October 1990.[435]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 12 May 1992 |
Bilateral relations were established on 12 May 1992.[436]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Cyprus–Qatar relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1990[437] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | See France–Qatar relations
France maintains an embassy in Doha,[440] while Qatar maintains an embassy in Paris.[441] The first bilateral agreement was signed in 1974.[442] Qatar is an associate member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.[443] Both countries share strong economic and military ties. France and Qatar signed a defense pact since 1994,[444] and a significant portion of Qatar's military equipment is imported from France.[445] In 2012, Qatar became France's seventh largest customer and sixth largest supplier in the Near East. Exports from France focus mainly on the supply of capital goods, deliveries of Airbus aircraft, and trade.[446] Qatar's sovereign wealth fund holds stakes in Vivendi, Lagardère Group,[447] and Vinci SA.[448] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1973 | See Germany–Qatar relations
Qatar has had an embassy in Berlin since 2005,[449] and Germany has an embassy in Doha.[450] Bilateral ties were formed in 1973.[451] In regards to economic relations, Qatar has made large-scale investments in some of Germany's most prominent companies, including Volkswagen, Siemens and Deutsche Bank.[452] On 6 June 2017, German FM Sigmar Gabriel condemned the Saudi-led boycott of Qatar.[453] In July, he called on the blockading countries to respect Qatar's rights as a sovereign nation, and applauded its prudence in responding to the blockade.[454] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1973 | See Greece–Qatar relations
Greece and Qatar officially formed relations in 1973.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1990 |
Diplomatic relations between the two countries started in 1990.[455]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Italy–Qatar relations | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 7 January 2011 |
The Qatari Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced to Kosovan government officials that it would be recognizing the country's sovereignty on 4 January 2011, being the 73rd country to do so.[456] Diplomatic relations between the two were formalized on 7 January 2011.[457] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 November 1992 |
Relations between Lithuania and Qatar started on 25 November 1992.[458] |
| Шаблон:Flag | ||
| Шаблон:Flag | 1997 |
Formal diplomatic relations date back to 1997.[460]
|
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 June 1996 |
Both countries initialized relations on 25 June 1996 in a public ceremony held in New York.[463] |
| Шаблон:Flag | September 1998 |
Poland and Qatar began diplomatic relations in September 1998.[465]
|
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 22 October 1990 |
Ties between Qatar and Romania were established on 22 October 1990.[467]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1988 | See Qatar–Russia relations
Qatar–Russia relations started in 1988 during the Soviet Union era.[468]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1989 |
In 1989, both countries penned an agreement formalizing diplomatic relations.[469]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | December 1972 | See Qatar–Spain relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Qatar–Sweden relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1973 |
Diplomatic relations between Qatar and Switzerland first got underway in 1973.[470] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 2021 | See Qatar–United Kingdom relations
|
Oceania
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Australia–Qatar relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 20 October 2010 |
Qatar and Fiji officially formed diplomatic relations on 20 October 2010 in a public ceremony held in New York.[472] In a 2014 incident where 45 Fijian peacekeepers were kidnapped and confined for two weeks in Syria by militants with connections to Al Qaeda, Qatar's government claimed responsibility for successfully negotiating the safe release of the peacekeepers.[473] It was reported in April 2017 that Fijian officials met with the Qatari government to discuss the possibility of turning the emirate into a refuge for Fijian peacekeepers in emergency situations.[474] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 29 March 2016 |
On 29 March 2016, both countries agreed to establish diplomatic relations during a ceremony in New York.[475] |
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 February 2017 |
Qatar formed ties with Papua New Guinea on 24 February 2017, at the Qatari Permanent Mission to the U.N. in New York.[476] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 9 March 2011 |
Diplomatic relations between Qatar and Samoa commenced on 9 March 2011.[477] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 September 2002 |
The two countries established bilateral relations on 16 September 2002.[478] |
See also
- List of diplomatic missions in Qatar
- List of diplomatic missions of Qatar
- Territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf
- Visa requirements for Qatari citizens
- Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament
References
External links
Шаблон:Commons category-inline
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Qatar
- Foreign embassies in Qatar
- Qatar Digital Library - an online portal providing access to British Library archive materials relating to Gulf history
Шаблон:Foreign relations of Qatar Шаблон:Foreign relations of Asia Шаблон:Qatar topics
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