Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of South Africa
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use South African English Шаблон:Use dmy dates
Шаблон:Politics of South Africa The foreign relations of South Africa have spanned from the country's time as a Dominion of the British Empire to its isolationist policies under apartheid to its position as a responsible international actor taking a key role in Africa, particularly Southern Africa. South Africa is a member of the United Nations, the African Union and the Commonwealth of Nations. Considered a possible permanent addition to the United Nations Security Council, South Africa was elected in 2006, 2010 and 2018 by the UN General Assembly to serve on the Security Council.[1][2] South African President Cyril Ramaphosa was the chair of the African Union from 2020 to 2021, the second time South Africa has chaired the organisation since its formation in 2003.[3]
History
Pre-apartheid
South Africa, as a key member of the British Empire and Commonwealth as a Dominion, fought alongside the United Kingdom and the Allies in both World War I and World War II, and it participated in the postwar UN force in the Korean War. South Africa was a founding member of the League of Nations and in 1927 established a Department of External Affairs with diplomatic missions in the main Western European countries and in the United States.
Apartheid
South Africa introduced apartheid in 1948, as a systematic extension of pre-existing racial discrimination in the country. As a result, the country became increasingly isolated internationally until apartheid was abolished in 1991 and racial equality introduced between 1990 and 1993. This transition produced a change in South Africa's foreign policy. The country stopped trying to regain regional hegemony and started to behave as a central hub for co-operation as a regional unipole.
Post-apartheid
Having emerged from the international isolation of the apartheid era, South Africa has become a leading international actor. Its principal foreign policy objective is to develop good relations with all countries, especially its neighbours in the Southern African Development Community (*-see note below) and the other members of the African Union. South Africa has played a key role in seeking an end to various conflicts and political crises on the African continent, including in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Comoros, and Zimbabwe. In August 1998, South Africa assumed the chair of the Non-Aligned Movement, which it relinquished in July 2002.
Eswatini has asked South Africa to open negotiations on reincorporating some nearby South African territories that are populated by ethnic Swazis or that were long ago part of the Swazi kingdom.
Commonwealth of Nations
South Africa was a Dominion of the British Empire and the Commonwealth from 1910 until 1961.
South Africa was a republic outside the Commonwealth from 1961 to 1994, then it became a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations on 1 June 1994.
United Nations Security Council
South Africa was a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council from October 2006 until 2008.
South African votes in the UNSC have not been without controversy. In particular, a 'no' vote on a resolution criticising the Burmese government attracted widespread criticism.[4]
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which South Africa maintains diplomatic relations with:
Bilateral relations
Africa
| State | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 May 1994 | See Algeria–South Africa relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 27 May 1994 | See Angola–South Africa relations
South Africa relations are quite strong, as the ruling parties in both nations – the African National Congress in South Africa and the MPLA in Angola – fought together during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War. They fought against UNITA rebels, based in Angola, and the apartheid-era government in South Africa who supported them. Nelson Mandela mediated between the MPLA and UNITA factions during the last years of Angola's civil war.
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| Шаблон:Flag | 22 June 1994 | See Botswana–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | See Egypt–South Africa relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 October 1993 | See Eswatini–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 6 May 1994 | See Ghana–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 12 April 1994 | See Kenya–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 21 May 1992 | See Lesotho–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 10 May 1994 | See Libya–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 27 January 1994 | See Madagascar–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 10 September 1967 | See Malawi–South Africa relations
Since South Africa and Malawi had their first democratic elections in 1994, Malawi and South Africa have enhanced relations. In 2008, the two governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding designed to enhance the relationship between the two countries through enhanced security cooperation.[88]
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| Шаблон:Flag | 26 September 1993 | See Mozambique–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 10 May 1994 | See Namibia–South Africa relations
Upon independence in 1990, Namibia's economy was still tied to South Africa's.[89] To this day, the economy of Namibia is still closely contacted to South Africa through both institutional relationships (Southern African Customs Union, for example) and privately owned mining concessions.[90] The South African rand is still legal currency within Namibia (while the Namibian dollar is not so in South Africa), and the currencies are traded on par locally.
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| Шаблон:Flag | 10 May 1994 | See Nigeria–South Africa relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 May 1994 | See South Africa–Zambia relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 29 April 1994 | See South Africa–Zimbabwe relations
The Government of Zimbabwe took a particular interest in the search for independence for Namibia (South-West Africa) from South Africa. In addition, as chairman of the front-line states in southern Africa, Zimbabwe spoke out vigorously against the policies of apartheid in South Africa and frequently called for the imposition of economic sanctions against the government. However, whilst supporting democratic change in South Africa, Mugabe did not support the idea of Zimbabwe being used as a base for anti-South African guerillas.[91] In recent years, following the political crisis in the country, the ex-president Thabo Mbeki mediated with the MDC and Zanu PF to form a unity government, and often remained silent on the issues in Zimbabwe, which drew criticism.[92] Following a cholera outbreak in Zimbabwe, the ruling ANC in South Africa became impatient and has urged the parties to form a unity government.[93]
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Americas
| State | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 26 June 2004 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 10 September 1947 (broke off 22 May 1986, Restored 8 August 1991) | See Argentina–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 14 May 1997 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1967 | See Bolivia–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 28 October 1947 | See Brazil–South Africa relations
Brazil has provided military assistance to South Africa in the form of warfare training and logistics. Bilateral relations between the countries have recently increased, as a result of Brazil's new South-South foreign policy aimed to strengthen integration between the major powers of the developing world. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 September 1939 | See Canada–South Africa relations
Canada established its diplomatic relations with South Africa in 1939, along with other nations, due to the outbreak of World War II. Canada actively encouraged the end of Apartheid in South Africa and the countries have had normal relations since then. The Constitution of South Africa was, in part, inspired by the Constitution of Canada, particularly the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Former South African President Nelson Mandela made an official state visit to Canada in September 1998. Mandela was made an honorary Canadian citizen, during his second visit to Canada. A 2003 visit by President Thabo Mbeki in November 2003, the Joint Declaration of Intent was signed to strengthen relations between the two countries. Canada has assisted South Africa in the areas of development (over $200 million) and the fight against AIDS in South Africa and to strengthen services provided by the Government of South Africa. Trade between the two countries totalled $1.8 billion in 2008.[102] Canada and South Africa are both member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 May 1994 | See Cuba–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 29 April 1998 |
Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Diplomatic relations were established on 29 April 1998.[103] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 4 November 1994 |
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| Шаблон:Flag | 27 October 1993 | See Mexico–South Africa relations
There were no official relations between Mexico and South Africa before 1993. After the birth of democracy in South Africa, the countries established relations.
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| Шаблон:Flag | 10 January 1995 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 January 1995 | See South Africa-Trinidad and Tobago relations
Relations between Trinidad and Tobago and South Africa started after the apartheid ended.
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| Шаблон:Flag | 5 November 1929 | See South Africa–United States relations
The United States has maintained an official presence in South Africa since 1799, when a US consulate was opened in Cape Town. The US Embassy is located in Pretoria, and consulates general are in Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town. South Africans and the US also have many non-governmental ties: US missionaries, for example, have a long history of activity in South Africa. South Africans (particularly the ANC leadership) also acknowledge support from and ties to the anti-apartheid movement in the US.[109] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 22 April 1968 | See South Africa–Uruguay relations
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Asia
| State | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 June 1992 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 29 April 1992[112] | See Azerbaijan–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1 January 1998 | See China–South Africa relations
Despite Pretoria's long relationship with the government in Taiwan and late recognition of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1998 the two countries currently enjoy an increasingly close relationship. Increasingly numerous official visits to each other's countries by their respective officials and rapidly increasing trade between the two countries has drawn them ever increasingly together. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 22 November 1993 (before from 1 January 1941 to 1 July 1954, when diplomatic relations were broke off) | See India–South Africa relations
There is a major resident Indian community in South Africa that made a significant contribution to the struggle for civil rights; Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi pioneered the non-violent civil disobedience in the struggle of Indian people for civil rights in the 1890s and 1900s.[113] Indians also contributed to the African National Congress's struggle against the apartheid regime. The Indian government was an outspoken critic of the apartheid-era South African government, refusing to maintain diplomatic relations.[114] India's support evoked goodwill in South Africa and other African countries.[114] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 12 August 1994 | See Indonesia–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 10 May 1994 (before from 13 November 1970 to 4 March 1979 were relations at Consulate General level) | See Iran–South Africa relations
South Africa and Iran share historical bilateral relations and the latter supported the South African liberation movements. It severed official relations with South Africa in 1979 and imposed a trade boycott in protest against the country's apartheid policies. However, in January 1994, Iran lifted all trade and economic sanctions against South Africa and diplomatic relations were reestablished on 10 May 1994.[115] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 29 November 1950 | See Israel–South Africa relations
Former ANC leader Nelson Mandela first visited Israel in 1999. Mandela said: "To the many people who have questioned why I came, I say: Israel worked very closely with the apartheid regime. I say: I've made peace with many men who slaughtered our people like animals. Israel cooperated with the apartheid regime, but it did not participate in any atrocities".[116] Then Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert visited South Africa in 2004,[117] meeting with South African President Thabo Mbeki, the first visit by an Israeli leader since the end of apartheid. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 January 1992 (before from 25 January 1937 to 8 December 1941 were diplomatic relations, restored in 1952, but only Consulate General level) |
See Japan–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 10 August 1998 | See North Korea–South Africa relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 April 1994 | See Pakistan–South Africa relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 May 1994 | See Qatar–South Africa relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1994 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 December 1992[118] | See Foreign relations of South Korea
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| Шаблон:Flag | 16 September 1994 | See Sri Lanka–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 26 April 1976 – 31 December 1997 | See South Africa–Taiwan relations
Relations were established between the two countries in 1949 and grew considerably after 1971 until South Africa announced that it would switch recognition from the government in Taipei to the People's Republic of China in December 1996. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 12 October 1992 | See South Africa–Turkey relations
|
Europe
| State | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 20 November 1992 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992.[121] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 4 March 1993 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 February 1992 | See Bulgaria–South Africa relations
Interest Offices between South Africa and Bulgaria were opened initially in November 1990 and full diplomatic relations was established on 2 February 1992. Bulgaria has an embassy in Pretoria and South Africa is represented in Bulgaria through its embassy in Sofia.
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| Шаблон:Flag | 10 December 1993 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Denmark-South Africa relations | |
| Шаблон:Flag | See South Africa–European Union relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 15 May 1949 | See Finland–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 5 November 1934 ( broken diplomatic relations from 23 April 1942 to 13 December 1944) | See France–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 14 August 1951 ( before from 1933 to 6 September 1939 were diplomatic relations) | See Germany–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 2 September 1941 | See Greece–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 5 October 1993 | See Ireland–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 31 October 1929, broken 10 June 1940, Restored 18 March 1946) | See Italy–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 11 October 2006 |
South Africa recognized Montenegro on 6 July 2006.[129] Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 2006.[129] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 August 1929 | See Netherlands–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | no diplomatic relations | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 December 1991 | See Poland–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1934 | See Portugal–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 1942 | See Russia–South Africa relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 4 February 1992 | See Serbia–South Africa relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 May 1951 | See South Africa–Spain relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 14 December 1951 | See South Africa – Switzerland relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 16 March 1992 | See South Africa–Ukraine relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 October 1929 | See South Africa–United Kingdom relations
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Oceania
| State | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 May 1946 | See Australia–South Africa relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | no diplomatic relations |
South Africa is in the process of establishing diplomatic relations on a non-residential basis.[144] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 19 January 1994 | See New Zealand–South Africa relations
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| Шаблон:Flag | 11 December 1996 |
|
See also
References
External links
- The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research Wisconsin International Law Journal, 13 May 2015
- CBC Digital Archives – Canada and the Fight Against Apartheid
- IBSA – India, Brazil, South Africa – News and Media
- South African Embassy in Moscow
- Iran lifted all trade and economic sanctions against South Africa
Videos
- US Policy on South Africa from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
- US Policy on Namibia from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Шаблон:Foreign relations of the Commonwealth of Nations Шаблон:Foreign relations of South Africa Шаблон:South Africa topics Шаблон:Africa in topic
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