Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of Sweden
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Politics of Sweden The foreign policy of Sweden was formerly based on the premise that national security is best served by staying free of alliances in peacetime in order to remain a neutral country in the event of war, with this policy lasting from 1814 in the context of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars until the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine. In 2002, Sweden revised its security doctrine. The security doctrine at that point still stated that "Sweden pursues a policy of non-participation in military alliances," but permitted cooperation in response to threats against peace and security. The government also seeks to maintain Sweden's high standard of living. These two objectives required heavy expenditures for social welfare, defence spending at rates considered low by Western European standards (around 1.2% of GNP prior to 2022),[1] and close attention to foreign trade opportunities and world economic cooperation.
Foreign policy
The foreign policy of Sweden encompasses a range of themes over the centuries. Some of the main issues include:[2][3][4][5]
- Sweden has historically pursued a policy of neutrality, aiming to avoid involvement in conflicts between major powers. This neutrality allowed Sweden to navigate the tumultuous European political landscape and maintain its sovereignty. It dropped the neutrality policy in 2022–2024 in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and is trying to join NATO.
- Sweden has sought to maintain a balance of power in Northern Europe, acting as a counterweight to dominant regional powers. This approach aimed to prevent any single power from gaining excessive influence and threatening Swedish interests.
- Sweden's historical dominance in the Baltic Sea region played a crucial role in shaping its diplomatic history. Through territorial expansion, Sweden established control over strategic territories, such as present-day Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and parts of Russia, impacting its relations with neighboring states.
- During the 17th and 18th centuries, Sweden emerged as a major European power, participating in conflicts such as the Thirty Years' War and the Great Northern War. Its diplomatic efforts were often influenced by power struggles with other European great powers, such as Russia and Poland.
- Sweden has actively engaged in peace mediation efforts, seeking to resolve conflicts and broker peace agreements. Notable examples include the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, and various mediation efforts during the 20th century.
- Sweden has a longstanding tradition of promoting international cooperation, human rights, and humanitarian initiatives. It has been involved in the establishment of international organizations such as the League of Nations and the United Nations, and has championed causes such as humanitarian aid and disarmament.
- Sweden has pursued close ties and cooperation with its neighboring Nordic countries, particularly Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway. This commitment to Scandinavian unity has been reflected in diplomatic initiatives, trade agreements, and cultural exchanges.
- Sweden's relationship with the European Union (EU) has been a significant theme in its recent diplomatic history. While Sweden joined the EU in 1995, it has maintained a somewhat reserved approach, often balancing its national interests with EU membership.
- Sweden has been an advocate for global development and has provided substantial aid to developing countries. It has sought to address global inequalities and promote sustainable development through its aid programs, often challenging neocolonial practices.
- In the 21st century, Sweden has gained attention for its feminist foreign policy approach, which aims to integrate gender equality into its diplomatic efforts. Sweden has been a leading advocate for women's rights globally, emphasizing the inclusion and empowerment of women in peacebuilding, conflict resolution, and development processes.
United Nations
Шаблон:Main Sweden has been a member of the United Nations since November 19, 1946, and participates actively in the activities of the organization, including as an elected member of the Security Council (1957–1958, 1975–1976, 1997–1998 and 2017–2018), providing Dag Hammarskjöld as the second elected Secretary-General of the UN, etc. The strong interest of the Swedish Government and people in international cooperation and peacemaking has been supplemented in the early 1980s by renewed attention to Nordic and European security questions.
Sweden decided not to sign the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[6]
European Union
After the then Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson had submitted Sweden's application in July 1991 the negotiations began in February 1993. Finally, on January 1, 1995, Sweden became a member of the European Union. While some argued that it went against Sweden's historic policy of neutrality, where Sweden had not joined during the Cold War because it was seen as incompatible with neutrality, others viewed the move as a natural extension of the economic cooperation that had been going on since 1972 with the EU.Шаблон:Citation needed Sweden addressed this controversy by reserving the right not to participate in any future EU defence alliance. In membership negotiations in 1993–1994, Sweden also had reserved the right to make the final decision on whether to join the third stage of the EMU "in light of continued developments." In a nationwide referendum in November 1994, 52.3 percent of participants voted in favour of EU membership. Voter turnout was high, 83.3 percent of the eligible voters voted. The main Swedish concerns included winning popular support for EU cooperation, EU enlargement, and strengthening the EU in areas such as economic growth, job promotion, and environmental issues.
In polls taken a few years after the referendum, many Swedes indicated that they were unhappy with Sweden's membership in the EU. However, after Sweden successfully hosted its first presidency of the EU in the first half of 2001, most Swedes today have a more positive attitude towards the EU. The government, with the support of the Center Party, decided in spring 1997 to remain outside of the EMU, at least until 2002. A referendum was held on September 14, 2003. The results were 55.9% for no, 42.0% yes and 2.1% giving no answer ("blank vote").
Nordic Council
Swedish foreign policy has been the result of a wide consensus. Sweden cooperates closely with its Nordic neighbors, formally in economic and social matters through the Nordic Council of Ministers and informally in political matters through direct consultation.
Nonalignment
Swedish neutrality and nonalignment policy in peacetime may partly explain how the country could stay out of wars since 1814. Swedish governments have not defined nonalignment as precluding outspoken positions in international affairs. Government leaders have favored national liberation movements that enjoy broad support among developing world countries, with notable attention to Africa. During the Cold War, Sweden was suspicious of the superpowers, which it saw as making decisions affecting small countries without always consulting those countries. With the end of the Cold War, that suspicion has lessened somewhat, although Sweden still chooses to remain nonaligned. Sweden has devoted particular attention to issues of disarmament, arms control, and nuclear nonproliferation and has contributed importantly to UN and other international peacekeeping efforts, including the NATO-led peacekeeping forces in the Balkans. It sat as an observer in the Western European Union from 1995 to 2011, but it is not an active member of NATO's Partnership for Peace and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.
Sweden's engagement with NATO was especially strengthened during the term of Anders Fogh Rasmussen.[7]
Sweden's nonalignment policy has led it to serve as the protecting power for a number of nations who don't have formal diplomatic relations with each other for various reasons. It currently represents the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations in North Korea for consular matters. On several occasions when the United Kingdom broke off relations with Iran (including the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the Salman Rushdie affair, and the 2011 storming of the British embassy in Tehran), Sweden served as the protecting power for the UK.
In May 2022, Sweden formally applied to join the NATO alliance. The public opinion in the Nordic region had changed in favour of joining NATO since Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24 of the same year.[8]
Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said in March 2022 that her government would have to respond if Sweden became a NATO member.[9] However, in June 2022 President Vladimir Putin contradicted the statement, claiming that Sweden and Finland can "join whatever they want" on the condition that there will be no NATO military deployment in either country.[10]
Military
Sweden has employed its military on numerous occasions since the end of the Cold War, from Bosnia and Congo to Afghanistan and Libya. According to one study, "this military activism is driven both by the Swedish internationalist tradition of "doing good" in the world, but also for instrumental purposes. These include a desire for political influence in international institutions, an interest in collective milieu shaping, and a concern to improve the interoperability and effectiveness of the Swedish military."[11]
Participation in international organizations
- AfDB
- Amnesty International
- AsDB
- Australia Group
- BIS
- CBSS
- Council of Europe
- CERN
- EAPC
- EBRD
- ECE
- EIB
- ESA
- EU
- FAO
- G-9
- G-10
- IADB
- IAEA
- IBRD
- ICAO
- ICC
- ICCt
- ICRM
- IDA
- IEA
- IFAD
- IFC
- IFRCS
- IHO
- ILO
- IMF
- IMO
- Inmarsat
- Intelsat
- Interpol
- IOC
- IOM
- ISO
- ITU
- ITUC
- MINURSO
- NAC
- Nordic Council
- NEA
- NIB
- NSG
- OECD
- OPCW
- OSCE
- PCA
- PFP
- Transport Community
- UN
- UNCTAD
- UNESCO
- UNHCR
- UNHRC
- UNIDO
- UNIKOM
- UNITAR
- UNMEE
- UNMIBH
- UNMIK
- UNMOGIP
- UNMOP
- UNOMIG
- UNTAET
- UNTSO
- UNEP
- UPU
- WCO
- WEU (observer)
- EFTU
- WFP
- WHO
- WIPO
- WMO
- WTrO
- Zangger Committee
Multilateral
| Organization | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | See 1995 enlargement of the European Union | |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Sweden–NATO relations |
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Sweden maintains diplomatic relations with:
Africa
| Region | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 November 1922 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1922 when Harald Bildt take up the post of first Swedish Minister to Egypt.[197]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 June 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[130]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 October 1961 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1961[198]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See South Africa-Sweden relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 27 October 1957 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1957 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sweden to Sudan (Resident in Addis Ababa) Dr. Bjorn Axel Eyvind Bratt.[78]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 29 May 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 May 1964 when Mr. Otto Gustaf Rathsman presented his credentials as Sweden's Ambassador to the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar to President Nyerere.[99]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 April 1980 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1980 when first Ambassador of Mozambique to Zimbabwe presented his credentials.[199] |
Americas
| Region | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Argentina–Sweden relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 17 November 1982 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1982[200]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 February 1932 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 February 1932[52][53]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Brazil–Sweden relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Canada–Sweden relations
Relations with Canada are close, positive and constructive. Both countries have strong commitments to peacekeeping, UN reform, development assistance, environmental protection, sustainable development, and the promotion and protection of human rights.[201] In addition, there are more than 300,000 Canadians of Swedish descent.[202]
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1827 | See Chile–Sweden relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 December 1874 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 June 1975 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 June 1975[203]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1850[204] | See Mexico–Sweden relations.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 February 1938 | See Peru–Sweden relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1938.[205]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 29 April 1818 | See Sweden–United States relations.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1818[207] Шаблон:See also Sweden and the United States have had strong ties since the 18th century.
|
Asia
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 July 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1992[208]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 May 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1992[211]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See China–Sweden relations
In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Sweden, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang re-education camps.[214][215] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 19 September 1992 | See Georgia–Sweden relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 1992[216] |
| Шаблон:Flag | See India–Sweden relations. | |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Indonesia–Sweden relations. | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 September 1897 | See Iran–Sweden relations.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1897 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Persia to Sweden with residence in St. Peterbourg Mirza Reza Khan Ar Faed-Doouleh.[37] |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Iraq–Sweden relations.
Iraq has an embassy in Stockholm and Sweden has an embassy in Baghdad.[217] Sweden is one of the largest donors to the protection force for UN personnel in Iraq, that was established in 2004. Iraq has severed all ties with Sweden since July 2023, after Swedish authorities allowed a man to burn the Iraqi flag and the Quran in front of the Iraqi Embassy, Stockholm.[218][219][220] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Israel–Sweden relations.
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1949. Israel has an embassy in Stockholm.[221] Sweden has an embassy in Tel Aviv.[222] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1868 | See Japan–Sweden relations.
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1868 by signing the Swedish-Japanese Treaty in 1868,.[223]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 7 April 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1992[224]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 22 December 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 1964 when Sweden opens its Embassy in Kuwait.[103] |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Malaysia–Sweden relations.
Diplomatic relations were established in 1958.[82] Sweden has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy in Stockholm. As of 2009, 90 Swedish companies are present in Malaysia and about 450 Swedish citizens live in Malaysia. | |
| Шаблон:Flag | April 7, 1973[225] | See North Korea–Sweden relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | October 30, 2014 | See Palestine–Sweden relations. |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1957 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1957[80] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 March 1959 | See South Korea–Sweden relations
The establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea and Sweden began on March 11, 1959[84]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 June 1947 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1947 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sweden to Syria with residence in Cairo Mr. Widar Bagge.[226] |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Sweden–Turkey relations.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Union for the Mediterranean. Sweden supports Turkey's European Union membership.[227][228] Turkey did not fully support the accession of Sweden to NATO until January 2024, whereupon it was accepted. |
Europe
| Region | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 20 June 1969 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 June 1969[113] |
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 14 January 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 January 1992[229]
There are 3,000 Belarusian living in Sweden and above 1,000 Swedes living in Belarus.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 February 1837 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 February 1837 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Sweden baron T. Vander Straten Ponthoz.[24]
There is an ethnic group of Walloons living in Sweden making up the 8,000 Belgians living in Sweden and 5,000 Swedes living in Belgium.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 December 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1992[230] |
| Шаблон:Flag | July 6, 1914 | There are approximately 3,000 Swedes living in Bulgaria and
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 29 January 1992 | See Croatia–Sweden relations.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Cyprus–Sweden relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 January 1993 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993[232]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Denmark–Sweden relations.
Today, both countries are separated by the Øresund, which links the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States, of the Council of Europe, and of the European Union. There are around 21,000 Swedes living in Denmark and there are around 42,000 Danes living in Sweden.
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 August 1991 | See Estonia–Sweden relations.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 1991[233] Estonia was under Swedish occupation between 1561 and 1721. Sweden re-recognized Estonia on August 27, 1991.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Finland–Sweden relations.
Finnish–Swedish relations have a long history (Sweden and Finland were the same country for several hundred years), due to the close relationship between Finland and Sweden. Particularly in Finland, the issue emerges in frequent exposés of Finnish history, and in motives for governmental proposals and actions as reported in Finnish news broadcasts in English or other foreign languages. In Sweden, this relationship is a recurrent important theme of 20th-century history, although maybe by most Swedes considered to be an issue of purely historical relevance now that both countries have been members of the European Union since 1995.
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See France–Sweden relations.
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Germany–Sweden relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 January 1833 | See Greece–Sweden relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1833 when Carl Peter von Heidenstam (until then Consul General) has been appointed as Chargé d'Affaires of the Kingdom of Sweden and Norway in Greece.[23]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Hungary–Sweden relations
Diplomacy relations between the two countries started on December 28, 1945.
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Iceland–Sweden relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 July 1946 | See Ireland–Sweden relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1946[234] Ireland has an embassy in Stockholm.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 December 1859 | See Italy–Sweden relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1859 when has been appointed first interim Chargé d'Affaires Giov. Antonio Migliorati.[26]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Kosovo–Sweden relations
Sweden recognized Kosovo on March 4, 2008.[235] Liaison Office of Sweden in Pristina, subordinated to the Embassy in Skopje, North Macedonia.[236] On March 8, 2008, the Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs Carl Bildt became the first foreign minister to officially visit Kosovo since it declared its independence.[237] Sweden currently has 243 troops serving in Kosovo as peacekeepers in the NATO led Kosovo Force.[238]
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 August 1991 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 1991[239]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 August 1991 | See Lithuania–Sweden relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 1991[240]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 12 June 1992 | See Moldova–Sweden relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 June 1992[241] Sweden is one of Moldova's top donors. From 1996, Sweden provided Moldova with technical assistance worth 30 million dollars, which significantly helped strengthen sectors such as: protection of human rights, democracy, good governance, public health, education, agriculture, energy, infrastructure, transport and the private sector. Much of the aid is delivered through the Swedish International Development Agency.[242][243] In 2007, the Swedish Government established the 2007–2010 strategy of cooperation with Moldova, which sees 11 million euros in financial assistance annually for three important sectors: good governance, strengthening of com petitiveness in the rural area and reduction of vulnerability in the energy sector.[242]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Netherlands–Sweden relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Norway–Sweden relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Poland–Sweden relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Portugal–Sweden relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 November 1916 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Russia–Sweden relations.
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Serbia–Sweden relations. | |
| Шаблон:Flag | See Spain–Sweden relations
| |
| Шаблон:Flag |
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 January 1992 | See Sweden–Ukraine relations.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 January 1992[244] A Ukrainian information bureau was opened 1916 in Stockholm by Volodymyr Stepankivskyi and M. Zaliznyak. In 1918 an official diplomatic mission from the Ukrainian People's Republic headed by K. Lossky was opened in Stockholm.[245] Diplomatic relations between Ukraine and Sweden were established on January 13, 1992.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Sweden–United Kingdom relations.
|
Oceania
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | See Australia–Sweden relations.
| |
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 April 1979 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1979[246] |
| Шаблон:Flag | See New Zealand–Sweden relations
|
See also
- Politics of Sweden
- List of diplomatic missions in Sweden
- List of diplomatic missions of Sweden
- List of state visits made by King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
- Scandinavian defence union
- Visa requirements for Swedish citizens
- Arctic policy of Sweden
- List of ambassadors of Sweden to Ukraine
References
Further reading
- Elgström, Ole, and Magnus Jerneck. "Activism and adaptation: Swedish security strategies, 1814–85." Diplomacy and Statecraft 8.3 (1997): 210–236.
- Grimberg, Carl. A History of Sweden (1935) online free
- Horn, David Bayne. Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century (1967) covers 1603–1702; pp 236–69.
- Lindström, Peter, and Svante Norrhem. Flattering Alliances: Scandinavia, Diplomacy and the Austrian-French Balance of Power, 1648–1740 (Nordic Academic Press, 2013).
- Makko, Aryo. Ambassadors of Realpolitik: Sweden, the CSCE and the Cold War (2016) excerpt
- Nordstrom, Byron J. The History of Sweden (2002) excerpt and text search; also full text online free to borrow
- Salmon, Patrick. Scandinavia and the great powers 1890–1940 (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
- Sevin, Efe. Public diplomacy and the implementation of foreign policy in the US, Sweden and Turkey (Springer International Publishing, 2017).
External links
- CIA World Factbook – Sweden
- United States Department of State – Sweden
- "Sweden and Africa — a policy to address common challenges and opportunities" White paper delivered by the Minister of Foreign Affairs to the Riksdag March 6, 2008
Шаблон:Foreign relations of Sweden Шаблон:Sweden ties Шаблон:Sweden topics Шаблон:Foreign relations of Europe
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- ↑ Liaison Office of Sweden in Pristina, Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
- ↑ Minister for Foreign Affairs Carl Bildt to visit Kosovo and Macedonia, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, March 6, 2008.
- ↑ "Kosovo Force (KFOR)" nato.int Link accessed 21-07-09.
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