Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of Zambia
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates
Шаблон:Politics of Zambia After independence in 1964 the foreign relations of Zambia were mostly focused on supporting liberation movements in other countries in Southern Africa, such as the African National Congress and SWAPO. During the Cold War Zambia was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Zambia is a member of 44 international organizations, with the United Nations, World Trade Organization, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations and Southern African Development Community being among the most notable.
Zambia is involved in a border dispute concerning the convergence of the boundaries of Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. An additional dispute with the Democratic Republic of Congo concerns the Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave.
History
After independence in 1964, Zambia was one of the most vocal opponents to white minority rule and colonialism. President Kenneth Kaunda, who held office 1964–1991, was a very visible advocate of change in Southern Africa. He actively supported UNITA during the Angolan liberation and civil war, SWAPO during their fight for Namibian independence from apartheid South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and the African National Congress in their fight against apartheid in South Africa.[1]
Many of these organizations were based in Zambia during the 1970s and 1980s. For this reason South Africa as well as Rhodesia carried out military raids on targets inside Zambia. Zambia's support for the various liberation movements also caused problems for the Zambian economy, since it was heavily dependent on electricity supply and transportation through South Africa and Rhodesia. However these problems was partly solved by the Kariba Dam and the construction of the Chinese supported Tan-Zam railway.Шаблон:Citation needed
For their part in the liberations struggles, Zambia enjoys wide popularity among the countries they supported as well as all over Africa. For instance, former South African president Nelson Mandela often referred to the debt South Africa owes Zambia.[2]
Before Zambian independence, Kaunda met with John F Kennedy while visiting the United States in 1961, and he would meet with Lyndon Johnson, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and George H.W. Bush at the White House during his long presidency.[1] He also clashed with British prime minister Margaret Thatcher on several occasions, disliking her policy towards South Africa.[3]
As with most African states, Zambia was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement during the Cold War, and is still today. The country hosted the 3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1970. In practice Zambia was more to the left than to the right during the Cold War. The country had good relations with China and with Yugoslavia. Kaunda is famous in Yugoslavia for crying openly at president Josip Broz Tito's funeral.
Kaunda's successor, president Frederick Chiluba (1991–2002), also played an important role in African politics. His government played a constructive regional role sponsoring Angola peace talks that led to the 1994 Lusaka Protocols. Zambia has provided troops to UN peacekeeping initiatives in Mozambique, Rwanda, Angola, and Sierra Leone. Zambia was the first African state to cooperate with the International Tribunal investigation of the 1994 Rwanda genocide.
In 1998, Zambia took the lead in efforts to establish a cease-fire in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Zambia was active in the Congolese peace effort after the signing of a cease-fire agreement in Lusaka in July and August 1999, although activity diminished considerably after the Joint Military Commission tasked with implementing the ceasefire relocated to Kinshasa in September 2001.
International organizations
Zambia is a member of 45 international organisations. These are:[4]
Concerning Zambia's membership in the ICC, Zambia has a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the United States military from prosecution.
United Nations
Zambia joined the United Nations on 1 December 1964,[5] only a month after the nation had become independent. Zambia has a permanent mission to the UN, with headquarters on 237 East 52nd Street, New York City. The head of the mission is Tens Chisola Kapoma.
Regional diplomacy
Following the independence of Zambia on 24 October 1964, the country has lent military aid and support to numerous movements and governments on the international stage. Most notably, Zambia has a history of providing military aid to combatants and political parties fighting for independence throughout Africa.[6] The aid that Zambia has provided for African nationalistic movements during the colonial era revolves around both military and diplomatic arrangement for liberation and peace.[7] The Zambian Defense Force (ZDF), which consists of the Zambian Army, Zambian Air force and Zambian National Service, has played a key part in a multitude of key regional and international conflicts throughout the 1970s and 1980s.[8] Most notably, the Zambian military has provided counter insurgent efforts during major African confrontations such as the Rhodesian Bush War despite not being the main belligerent.[9]
Zambia has a history of supporting regional liberation movements and Former President Kenneth Kaunda had previously decreed that "Zambia will not be independent and free until the rest of Africa is Free".[10] CriticsШаблон:Weasel inline have pointed to Zambia's historical stance of non-engagement and détente as a self-preservation act for a historically authoritarian government.[11] As a large central nation, the governability of Zambia relies on the stability and diplomacy of nearby states that surround Zambia.[7] Regional stability has allowed Former President Kenneth Kaunda to maintain power in the relatively poor nation for several decades.[12]
Liberation and political support
Zambia received its own liberation from colonialism relatively early from Britain. The newly formed Zambian government under President Kenneth Kaunda of the UNIP party was active in the liberation and disputes of its neighbors for decades following its independence.[13] The Zambian government offered shelter for revolutionaries, mediated treaty signings and offered aid and weapons. The continuation of colonial rule in Southern Africa was seen as a slight to Zambia and inherent feelings of African unity drove the new nation to aid its neighbors resist colonial rule.[14]
Most notably, Zambia was a haven for revolutionaries from the Namibia liberation party,[15] South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) and the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa. Zambia provided a rear base for revolutionaries as well as administrative and political aid.
SWAPO
The South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) is a political party that was formerly an independence movement based in Namibia.[16] Due to pressures from within Namibia, SWAPO moved its headquarters and much of its forces into neighboring Zambia in the 1970s. Zambia became a safe haven for the group and SWAPO set up guerrilla training camps and sent exiled members into Zambia.[15] The Shipanga Crisis, so named for senior SWAPO leader Andreas Shipanga, saw the Zambian government help round up thousands of dissidents and critics of the movement.[17] SWAPO leaders in Namibia saw growing dissent in the SWAPO installations and guerrilla camps in Zambia, and appealed to then President Kaunda for help. After rounding up thousands of perceived rebels, including Shipanga with the aid of Zambia, SWAPO leadership in Namibia became markedly more authoritarian.[18]
African National Congress
The African National Congress was an anti-apartheid political party based in South Africa, with close ideological ties to the Zambian African National Congress of President Kenneth Kaunda.[19] When the political party was banned in South Africa by the colonial government, many of its leaders went underground or fled to Zambia.[20] Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, became the new headquarters for many ANC leaders in exile from their native South Africa. Zambia thus developed a legacy of being the center of activity for South African liberation and allowed exiled leaders to convene and organize. Former South African President Nelson Mandela had expressed the important role that Zambia played in the liberation of their country during the years of exile.[21] Zambia's policy of liberation through diplomacy and discreet support for African nationalist movements within the region is most poignant in the South African case.[22]
Zimbabwe
Zambia has also provided key support to the liberation struggles of nearby Zimbabwe from their colonial rulers in the 1960s to 1970s.[23] Specifically, Zambia provided armed and diplomatic support to Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) during their struggles against the unrecognized rogue state Rhodesian government in the Rhodesian Bush War.[24] Zambia provided limited arms and training towards Zimbabwe's African nationalist movements, but largely applied diplomatic approaches to induce liberation in Zimbabwe.[25] This included multiple visits and discussion between the Rhodesian government and Zambia leaders to negotiate a resolution to the civil strife within the country. Eventually, in 1979, the Rhodesian government submitted to international pressures and conducted elections that lead to majority rule and the eventual renaming of the country as Zimbabwe.[26]
UNITA
The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) was a party in Angola that served as one of the main belligerents in the Angolan Civil War of 1975 against People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).[27] Zambia, under Kenneth Kaunda trained and funded UNITA against the MPLA during the civil war. Lusaka remained one of the most ardent supporters of the UNITA African nationalists and UNITA troops trained in Zambia.[28] Since then, Zambia has rescinded its historical support of UNITA and has apologized to the current Angolan government over the historical support of UNITA.[29]
Roles in regional disputes
Angolan Civil War
Zambia was key in facilitating talks between People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) of the Angolan Civil War.[30] The Angolan Civil War waged on from 1975 onward and involved massive foreign intervention in the face of the Cold War.[31] Initiated by Zambia, the Lusaka Protocol was a treaty that attempted to end the Civil War by disarmament and national reconciliation. The treaty was signed in Lusaka on 20 November 1994 and garnered international support, as well as support from Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe and South African President Nelson Mandela.[32] Ultimately the fighting resumed, and by 1998, the peace process ceased.[33]
The Second Congo War
The Second Congo war was a major African continental war that began in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1998, and involved nine different African countries.[34] Zambia was not a belligerent in this military engagement, but sought to facilitate peace and an end to the fighting. Representatives from various international organizations such as the United Nations, met on 21–27 June 1999 in Lusaka in order to draft a resolution to the conflict.[35] The ceasefire agreement set to end the fighting, deploy peacekeeping forces and release prisoners of war on both sides of the fighting. Heads of state from Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe convened in Lusaka, Zambia on 10 July 1999 to sign the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement.[36] Ultimately hostilities continued despite the passage of the Peace Agreement, and the official fighting did not resolve itself until 2003.[37]
African cooperation
Zambia is a member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), now known as the African Union, and was its chairman until July 2002. Zambia also takes part in the unions economical cooperation, the African Economic Community (AEC). Among th AEC's different pillars, Zambia takes part in two; Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the preferential trade area Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). The country is also a member of the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA).
SADC was founded in Zambia's capital Lusaka on 1 April 1980, and COMESA has its headquarters there as well.
International disputes
A dormant dispute remains where Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe's boundaries converge; and with the DRC in the Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave in the North of Chienge following concerns on the Zambia-Congo Delimitation Treaty raised with the late President Laurent Kabila. The lack of demarcation beacons, and the citizenship rights of people in that enclave remain thorny issues, especially in Luapula Province.
Zambia and the Commonwealth of Nations
Zambia has been a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations since 24 October 1964, when Northern Rhodesia became independent.
List
List of countries which Zambia maintains diplomatic relations with:
| Файл:Diplomatic relations of Zambia.svg | ||
|---|---|---|
| # | Country | Date |
| 1 | Шаблон:Flag | 24 October 1964[38] |
| 2 | Шаблон:Flag | 24 October 1964[39] |
| 3 | Шаблон:Flag | 24 October 1964[40] |
| 4 | Шаблон:Flag | 24 October 1964[41] |
| 5 | Шаблон:Flag | 24 October 1964[42] |
| 6 | Шаблон:Flag | 24 October 1964[43] |
| 7 | Шаблон:Flag | 29 October 1964[44] |
| 8 | Шаблон:Flag | 30 October 1964[45] |
| 9 | Шаблон:Flag | October 1964[46] |
| 10 | Шаблон:Flag | 30 November 1964[47] |
| 11 | Шаблон:Flag | 15 December 1964[48] |
| 12 | Шаблон:Flag | 1964[49] |
| 13 | Шаблон:Flag | 7 January 1965[50] |
| 14 | Шаблон:Flag | 2 February 1965[51] |
| 15 | Шаблон:Flag | 2 February 1965[52] |
| 16 | Шаблон:Flag | 10 February 1965[53] |
| 17 | Шаблон:Flag | 12 February 1965[54] |
| 18 | Шаблон:Flag | 26 February 1965[55] |
| 19 | Шаблон:Flag | 17 March 1965[56] |
| 20 | Шаблон:Flag | 18 March 1965[57] |
| 21 | Шаблон:Flag | April 1965[58] |
| — | Шаблон:Flag | 15 May 1965[59] |
| 22 | Шаблон:Flag | 8 July 1965[60] |
| 23 | Шаблон:Flag | 29 July 1965[61] |
| 24 | Шаблон:Flag | 2 November 1965[62] |
| 25 | Шаблон:Flag | 1965[63] |
| 26 | Шаблон:Flag | 13 April 1966[64] |
| 27 | Шаблон:Flag | 10 May 1966[65] |
| 28 | Шаблон:Flag | 10 June 1966[66] |
| 29 | Шаблон:Flag | 1 July 1966[67] |
| 30 | Шаблон:Flag | 13 August 1966[68] |
| 31 | Шаблон:Flag | 28 November 1966[69] |
| 32 | Шаблон:Flag | 1966[70] |
| 33 | Шаблон:Flag | 1966[71] |
| 34 | Шаблон:Flag | 3 February 1967[72] |
| 35 | Шаблон:Flag | 10 November 1967[73] |
| 36 | Шаблон:Flag | 8 March 1968[74] |
| 37 | Шаблон:Flag | 10 April 1968[75] |
| 38 | Шаблон:Flag | 28 May 1968[76] |
| 39 | Шаблон:Flag | 7 July 1968[77] |
| 40 | Шаблон:Flag | 20 October 1968[78] |
| 41 | Шаблон:Flag | 12 April 1969[79] |
| 42 | Шаблон:Flag | 25 April 1969[80] |
| 43 | Шаблон:Flag | 15 May 1969[81] |
| 44 | Шаблон:Flag | 9 July 1969[82] |
| 45 | Шаблон:Flag | 26 September 1969[83] |
| 46 | Шаблон:Flag | 28 December 1969[84] |
| 47 | Шаблон:Flag | 15 September 1970[85] |
| 48 | Шаблон:Flag | 5 October 1970[86] |
| 49 | Шаблон:Flag | 11 February 1971[87] |
| 50 | Шаблон:Flag | 17 February 1971[88] |
| 51 | Шаблон:Flag | 19 February 1971[89] |
| 52 | Шаблон:Flag | 25 February 1971[90] |
| 53 | Шаблон:Flag | 25 February 1971[91] |
| 5 | Шаблон:Flag | 1 March 1971[92] |
| 545 | Шаблон:Flag | 31 March 1971[93] |
| 56 | Шаблон:Flag | 30 April 1971[94] |
| 57 | Шаблон:Flag | 3 April 1972[95] |
| 58 | Шаблон:Flag | April 1972[96] |
| 59 | Шаблон:Flag | 18 May 1972[97] |
| 60 | Шаблон:Flag | 19 July 1972[98] |
| 61 | Шаблон:Flag | 15 September 1972[99] |
| 62 | Шаблон:Flag | 17 October 1972[100] |
| 63 | Шаблон:Flag | 1972[101] |
| 64 | Шаблон:Flag | 1972[102] |
| 65 | Шаблон:Flag | 1972[103] |
| 66 | Шаблон:Flag | 5 January 1973[104] |
| 67 | Шаблон:Flag | 12 January 1973[105] |
| 68 | Шаблон:Flag | 15 January 1973[106] |
| 69 | Шаблон:Flag | January 1973[107] |
| 70 | Шаблон:Flag | 13 March 1973[108] |
| 71 | Шаблон:Flag | 16 April 1973[109] |
| 72 | Шаблон:Flag | 7 July 1973[110] |
| 73 | Шаблон:Flag | 13 September 1973[111] |
| 74 | Шаблон:Flag | 19 September 1973[112] |
| 75 | Шаблон:Flag | 8 February 1974[113] |
| 76 | Шаблон:Flag | 27 September 1974[114] |
| 77 | Шаблон:Flag | 29 November 1974[115] |
| 78 | Шаблон:Flag | 30 December 1974[116] |
| 79 | Шаблон:Flag | 1974[117] |
| 80 | Шаблон:Flag | 1974[118] |
| 81 | Шаблон:Flag | 6 March 1975[119] |
| 82 | Шаблон:Flag | 3 April 1975[120] |
| 83 | Шаблон:Flag | 25 June 1975[121] |
| 84 | Шаблон:Flag | 18 July 1975[122] |
| 85 | Шаблон:Flag | 15 October 1975[123] |
| 86 | Шаблон:Flag | 1975[124] |
| 87 | Шаблон:Flag | 12 November 1975[125] |
| 88 | Шаблон:Flag | 18 November 1975[126] |
| 89 | Шаблон:Flag | 10 December 1976[127] |
| 90 | Шаблон:Flag | 3 May 1977[128] |
| 91 | Шаблон:Flag | 1977[129] |
| — | Шаблон:Flag | 1977[130] |
| 92 | Шаблон:Flag | 1 May 1978[131] |
| 93 | Шаблон:Flag | 2 October 1978[132] |
| 94 | Шаблон:Flag | 2 November 1978[133] |
| 95 | Шаблон:Flag | 26 July 1979[134] |
| 96 | Шаблон:Flag | 7 September 1979[135] |
| 97 | Шаблон:Flag | 29 February 1980[136] |
| 98 | Шаблон:Flag | 21 April 1980[137] |
| 99 | Шаблон:Flag | 30 April 1980[138] |
| 100 | Шаблон:Flag | 2 June 1982[139] |
| 101 | Шаблон:Flag | 25 June 1982[140] |
| 102 | Шаблон:Flag | 10 July 1982[141] |
| 103 | Шаблон:Flag | 24 January 1983[142] |
| 104 | Шаблон:Flag | 2 April 1985[143] |
| 105 | Шаблон:Flag | 10 September 1986[144] |
| 106 | Шаблон:Flag | 1986[145] |
| 107 | Шаблон:Flag | 5 January 1987[146] |
| 108 | Шаблон:Flag | 31 August 1987[147] |
| 109 | Шаблон:Flag | 2 October 1987[148] |
| 110 | Шаблон:Flag | 9 November 1987[149] |
| 111 | Шаблон:Flag | 21 April 1988[150] |
| 112 | Шаблон:Flag | December 1988[151] |
| 113 | Шаблон:Flag | 26 February 1990[152] |
| 114 | Шаблон:Flag | 5 August 1990[153] |
| 115 | Шаблон:Flag | 4 September 1990[154] |
| 116 | Шаблон:Flag | 22 April 1993[155] |
| 117 | Шаблон:Flag | 5 May 1993[156] |
| 118 | Шаблон:Flag | 17 September 1993[157] |
| 119 | Шаблон:Flag | 7 October 1993[158] |
| 120 | Шаблон:Flag | 13 October 1993[159] |
| 121 | Шаблон:Flag | 14 October 1993[160] |
| 122 | Шаблон:Flag | 26 October 1993[161] |
| 123 | Шаблон:Flag | 18 November 1993[162] |
| 124 | Шаблон:Flag | 2 December 1993[163] |
| 125 | Шаблон:Flag | 1 February 1994[164] |
| 126 | Шаблон:Flag | 10 May 1994[165] |
| 127 | Шаблон:Flag | 15 July 1994[166] |
| 128 | Шаблон:Flag | 26 January 1995[167] |
| 129 | Шаблон:Flag | 20 March 1995[168] |
| 130 | Шаблон:Flag | 20 September 1995[169] |
| 131 | Шаблон:Flag | 31 October 1995[170] |
| 132 | Шаблон:Flag | 25 March 1996[171] |
| 133 | Шаблон:Flag | 8 May 1996[172] |
| 134 | Шаблон:Flag | 9 November 1996[173] |
| 135 | Шаблон:Flag | 17 December 1996[174] |
| 136 | Шаблон:Flag | 27 February 1997[175] |
| 137 | Шаблон:Flag | 15 May 1997[176] |
| 138 | Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts[177] |
| 139 | Шаблон:Flag | 30 March 1998[178] |
| 140 | Шаблон:Flag | 13 July 2001[179] |
| 141 | Шаблон:Flag | 3 February 2003[180] |
| 142 | Шаблон:Flag | 18 September 2003[181] |
| 143 | Шаблон:Flag | 23 July 2004[182] |
| 144 | Шаблон:Flag | 6 June 2006[183] |
| 145 | Шаблон:Flag | 22 February 2007[184] |
| 146 | Шаблон:Flag | 29 June 2010[185] |
| 147 | Шаблон:Flag | 28 September 2010[186] |
| 148 | Шаблон:Flag | 15 July 2011[187] |
| 149 | Шаблон:Flag | 8 August 2011[188] |
| 150 | Шаблон:Flag | 2 September 2011[189] |
| 151 | Шаблон:Flag | 15 November 2012[190] |
| 152 | Шаблон:Flag | 19 March 2013[191] |
| 153 | Шаблон:Flag | 16 July 2013[192] |
| 154 | Шаблон:Flag | 28 May 2014[193] |
| 155 | Шаблон:Flag | 28 August 2017[194] |
| 156 | Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts[195] |
| 157 | Шаблон:Flag | 1 April 2018[196] |
| 158 | Шаблон:Flag | 19 April 2018[197] |
| 159 | Шаблон:Flag | Unknown |
| 160 | Шаблон:Flag | Unknown |
| 161 | Шаблон:Flag | Unknown |
| 162 | Шаблон:Flag | Unknown |
| 163 | Шаблон:Flag | Unknown[198] |
| 164 | Шаблон:Flag | Unknown |
Bilateral relations
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 9 July 1969 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 1969[82] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 January 1973 | Both countries established diplomatic relationson 15 January 1973[106] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 May 1977 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 1977[128] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 November 2012 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 2012 when first High Commissioner of Zambia (resident in Ottawa) Mr. Bobby Mbunji Samakai presented his credentials to Governor General of Antigua and Barbuda.[190] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 27 September 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1974[114] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 7 October 1993 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1993[158] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 May 1972 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1972 when first Australian High Commissioner to Zambia Mr. W. G. A. Landale presented credentials (resident in Dar es Salaam)[97]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 March 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 March 1965 when accredited first Ambassador of Austria to Zambia (resident in Nairobi) Dr. Friedrich Kudernatsch[57] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 November 1993 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1993[162] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 26 July 1979 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 July 1979[134] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 March 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1971[92] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 October 1993 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1993[159] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 12 February 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 1965 when first Ambassador of Belgium to Zambia Mr. Jean Bourgaux presented his credentials[54] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 September 2003 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 September 2003 when accredited first High Commissioner of Zambia to Belize (resident in Washington D.C.) Dr. Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika.[181] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 February 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 February 1974 when Zambian ambassador Andreya S. Masiye presented credentials to President Kerekou[113] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 January 1987 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1987[146] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 November 1966 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1966 when first Botswana's High Commissioner to Zambia , Richard Mannathoko presents his credentials[69] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 December 1969 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 December 1969[84]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 July 2011 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 2011 when Ambassador of Zambia with residence in Abuja M. Alexis Cadman Luhila, has presented his credentials to President of Burkina Faso Blaise Compaore.[187] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 March 1973 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 March 1973[108] |
| Шаблон:Flag | April 1972 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in April 1972[96] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 13 April 1966 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1966[64]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 July 1982 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1982[141] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 August 2017 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 2017 when first Ambassador of CAR to Zambia with residence in Pretoria M. Andre Nzapayeke, presented his credentials to President Edgar Lungu.[194] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 29 July 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1965 , but Zambia severed diplomatic relations with Chile on 1 October 1973 , diplomatic relations were restored on 18 July 1991[61] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 29 October 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 October 1964[44]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 21 April 1988 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1988[150] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 22 February 2007 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 February 2007 when first Ambassador of Zambia Professor Royson M. Mukwena, has presented his credentials to President of Comoros Ahmed Abdallah Sambi.[184] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 October 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on Zambia's independence 24 October 1964, when Democratic Republic of the Congo has raised its consulate-general in Lusaka to embassy level, and consul Mabita has been promoted to charge d'affaires[40]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 12 January 1973 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1973 when the first Zambian Ambassador to the Congo People's Republic , M. Chalikulima , presented his credentials to President Ngouabi[105] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 28 May 2014 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 2014 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Costa Rica (resident in Washington) Mr. Palan Mulonda presented his credentials to President Luis Guillermo Solís.[193] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 April 1968 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 April 1968[75] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 20 September 1995 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 1995[169] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 December 1976 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1976 when the first High Commissioner of Cyprus to Zambia, Mr. Fillios Antoniou Grammenopoulos, presented his credentials to President Kaunda[127]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 February 1965 | See Denmark-Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1965 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Zambia (resident in Nairibi) Mr. Birger Abrahamson[53] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 July 2013 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 2013 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Ecuador (resident in Brasilia) Ms. Cynthia Misozi Jangulo presented his credentials[192] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 December 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1964 when the UAR (Egypt) has decided to open Embassy in Zambia.[48] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 19 April 2018 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 April 2018 when Ambassador of Zambia with residence in Kinshasa Mr. Friday Musiyalike Nyambe has presented his credentials to President of Equatorial Guinea Obiang Nguema Mbasogo.[197] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 July 1994 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 1994 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Eritrea Simataa Akapelwa presented his credentials to President Isaias Afwerki[166] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 31 March 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 1971 when has been accredited High Commissioner of Swaziland to Zambia (resident in Nairobi) Mr. Martin Buya Mdiniso.[93] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 July 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1965 when Chief Mapanza has been appointed the Zambian Ambassador to Ethiopia[60] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 March 1968 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 October 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964[41] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 July 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1975[122] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 December 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 December 1974 when the Zambian High Commissioner to Gambia, Mr. A. N. Kalyati, presented his letters of credence to the President, Sir Dawda Jawara.[116] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 October 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964[42] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 November 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1964 when first Zambian High Commissioner to Ghana , Mr. M. Ngalande , presented his letters of credence[47] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1977 | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 18 September 1979 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 September 1979[206] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 November 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1967 when the first Guinean Ambassador to Zambia , Mr. Fily Cissoko , presented his credentials to President Kaunda[73] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 11 February 1971 |
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 6 March 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1975 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Rupiah Bwezani Banda presented his credentials to Président Duvalier.[119] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 8 August 2011 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 August 2011 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Honduras (resident in Washington) Mrs Sheila Siwela presented his credentials to President Porfirio Lobo[188] |
| Шаблон:Flag | April 1965 | See India-Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in April 1965 when first High Commissioner of India to Zambia Mr. C. Krishnamurti began his duties.[58] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 29 February 1980 | See Ireland–Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 February 1980 when Ireland's first Ambassador to Zambia , His Excellency Mr Michael Greene , presented credentials to President Kaunda[136] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 17 March 1965 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 March 1965 when Israel's first ambassador to Zambia Col. Ben-Zion Tehan presented his credentials to the President Dr. Kenneth Kaunda.[56] Zambia severed diplomatic relations with Israel on 26 October 1973.[213] Diplomatic relations between two countries were re-established on 25 December 1991[214] Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements in force.[215] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 May 1966 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1966 with the appointment of Armando Albini as Chargé d'affaires of Italy to Zambia (before that, from 31 May, 1965, Consul General of Italy in Lusaka). First Ambassador of Italy to Zambia Girolamo Trotta was appointed 27 November 1967.[65] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 6 June 2006 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 2006 when ambassador of Zambia to Jordan Mr. Cecil Almos Holmes, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah.[183] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 1966 | See Kenya–Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966 when has been accredited High Commissioner of Zambia to Kenya Mr. A. M. Simbule.[70]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 February 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1967 when has been accredited first Ambassador of Zambia to Lebanon with residence in Cairo M.Rupiah Bwezani Banda.[72] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 3 April 1972 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1972 when first Zambian Ambassador to Liberia Mr. Siteke G. Mwale presented his credentials[95] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 October 1987 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1987 when has been accredited Ambassador of Mali to Zambia (Resident in Cairo) Mr. Elbekaye Moctar Kounta.[148] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 April 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1971 when Zambia's first Ambassador to Mauritania Mr. Seteke Mwale presented his credentials to President Moktar Ould Daddah.[94] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 15 October 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1975[123]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 June 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[121]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 5 August 1990 | See Namibia–Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 August 1990[153]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 November 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1965 when opened Embassy of the Netherlands in Zambia's capital Lusaka with Charge d'Affaires Mr. M. A. Beelaerts van Blokland[62] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 2 April 1985 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1985[143]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 1 July 1966 | See Poland–Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1966[67]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 October 1964 | See Russia–Zambia relations
|
| Шаблон:Flag | Ambassador of Rwanda to Zambia Mr. Jean Marie Sibomana presented his credentials to President Kaunda on 23 March 1976[219] | |
| Шаблон:Flag | 31 August 1987 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1987 when has been accredited Ambassador of Sao Tome and Principe to Zambia (resident in Luanda) Mr. J. Jose Da Costa.[147] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 April 1969 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1969 when first Zambia's Ambassador to Senegal, Mr. Ali Simbule presented his credentials to President Senghor[80] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 October 1964 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964.[43] Both countries have passed a number of bilateral agreements.[220] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 19 February 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1971 when first High Commissioner of Zambia Mr. Siteke G. Mwale presented his credentials to the Governor General of Sierra Leone Sir Banja Tejan-Sie[89] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 May 1994 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1994[165]
See South Africa–Zambia relations Zambia was a strong supporter of the African National Congress during their struggle against minority rule and hosted the ANC for a number of years. In 2009, nearly 52% of all goods imported to Zambia were from South Africa.
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 4 September 1990 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 1990[154] High-level Exchanges: May 1991 Special Envoy Chung Won-shik; October 1994 Special Envoy Hong Soon-young; May 1995 Special Envoy Kim Hang-kyung; May 2010 Economic Mission Kim Jung-hoon (The Republic of Korea-Zambia business Forum).[221] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 26 September 1969 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1969[83]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 16 April 1973 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1973 when High Commissioner to Zambia from Sri Lanka (Ceylon) presented his credentials to President Kaunda.[109] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 10 June 1966 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1966 when appointed first Ambassador of Switzerland to Zambia (resident in Kinshasa) Mr. Theodor Curchod[66] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 7 January 1965 | See Tanzania–Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1965 when Zambia's first High Commissioner to Tanzania , Mr. A. M. Simbule presented his credentials to President Nyerere[50]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 17 February 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1971 when first Zambia's high commissioner in Trinidad and Tobago, Mr. Vernon Johnson Mwaanga presented his credentials to Governor General Sir Solomon Hochoy[88] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 25 February 1971 | See Turkey–Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1971 when accredited first Ambassador of Turkey to Zambia (resident in Nairibi) Mr. Sadum Terem[91] |
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 October 1964 | See United Kingdom–Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964[38]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 24 October 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964[39]
See United States–Zambia relations Zambia, led by president Kenneth Kaunda and other diplomats such as Vernon Mwaanga, Mark Chona, and Siteke Mwale, cooperated closely with the United States between 1975 and 1984 in order to promote peaceful solutions to the conflicts in Angola, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and Namibia.[223]
|
| Шаблон:Flag | 30 April 1980 | See Zambia–Zimbabwe relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1980[138]
|
See also
- History of Zambia
- Politics of Zambia
- Kenneth Kaunda
- African Union
- List of diplomatic missions in Zambia
- List of diplomatic missions of Zambia
References
Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Refbegin
Шаблон:Foreign relations of Zambia Шаблон:Africa in topic
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Andy DeRoche, Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).
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- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Shaw, Timothy M. "The foreign policy system of Zambia". African Studies Review 19.1 (1976): 31-66.
- ↑ Abrahams, Diane; Cawthra, Gavin; Williams, Rocklyn (2003). Ourselves To Know: Civil-military Relations and Defence Transformation in Southern Africa. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies South Africa. pp. 3–6.
- ↑ Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008, pp. 140–143
- ↑ Musonda, Emelda. "Price Zambia Paid for Africa's Liberation". Zambia Daily Mail, www.daily-mail.co.zm/price-zambia-paid-for-africas-liberation/.
- ↑ Shaw, Timothy M. "Dilemmas of Dependence and (Under) Development: conflicts and choices in Zambia's present and prospective foreign policy". Africa Today 26.4 (1979): 43-65
- ↑ Shaw, T. M., & Mugomba, A. T. (1977). The political economy of regional detente: Zambia and southern africa. Journal of African Studies, 4(4), 392
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- ↑ "Nelson Mandela's Work and Freedom Would Have Been Difficult If Not for Zambia". New African, 31 July 2018
- ↑ Landsberg, Chris. The Quiet Diplomacy of Liberation: International Politics and South Africa's Transition. Jacana Media, 2004
- ↑ Scarritt, James R., and Solomon M. Nkiwane. "Friends, neighbors, and former enemies: the evolution of Zambia-Zimbabwe relations in a changing regional context". Africa Today 43.1 (1996): 7-31.
- ↑ Chongo, Clarence. Decolonising Southern Africa: a history of Zambia's role in Zimbabwe's liberation struggle 1964-1979. Diss. University of Pretoria, 2
- ↑ Scarritt, James R., Solomon M. Nkiwane, and Henrik Sommer. "A process tracing plausibility probe of uneven democratization's effects on cooperative dyads: The case of Zambia and Zimbabwe 1980–1993". International Interactions 26.1 (2000): 55-90.
- ↑ "Insurgency in Rhodesia, 1957–1973: An Account and Assessment". International Institute for Strategic Studies. 1973.
- ↑ "Absolute Hell Over There". Time. 17 January 1977. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
- ↑ Wade. "The Angolan Civil War (1975-2002): A Brief History". South African History Online, 13 July 2017
- ↑ Simuchoba, Arthur (31 October 2011). "We Are so Sorry, Sata Tells Angola" Шаблон:Webarchive. TimesLIVE.
- ↑ Vines, Alex. Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process, 1999. Human Rights Watch.
- ↑ "AfricanCrisis". AfricanCrisis. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
- ↑ "IV. The Lusaka Peace Process". Human Rights Watch, www.hrw.org/reports/1999/angola/Angl998-04.htm.
- ↑ Vines, Alex (1999). Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process. Human Rights Watch.
- ↑ Bowers, Chris (24 July 2006). "World War Three". My Direct Democracy. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018.
- ↑ "DR Congo: Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
- ↑ Ngolet F. (2011) The Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement. In: Crisis in the Congo. Palgrave Macmillan, New York
- ↑ Soderlund, Walter C.; DonaldBriggs, E.; PierreNajem, Tom; Roberts, Blake C. (1 January 2013). Africa's Deadliest Conflict: Media Coverage of the Humanitarian Disaster in the Congo and the United Nations Response, 1997–2008. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
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