Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

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Шаблон:Politics of SADR The foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) are conducted by the Polisario Front, which maintains a network of representation offices and embassies in foreign countries.

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) is the government in exile claiming sovereignty of the former Spanish colony of Western Sahara. The Polisario Front, the national liberation movement that administers the SADR, currently controls the area that it calls the Liberated Territories, a strip of Western Sahara territory east of the Moroccan Wall. It also administers the Sahrawi refugee camps at Tindouf, Algeria, where its headquarters are. It has conducted diplomatic relations with states and international organisations since its inception in 1973. In 1966, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 22/29 affirmed for the first time the Sahrawi right on self-determination. In 1979, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37 reaffirmed again the right of the Western Sahara people to self-determination and independence, recognising also the Polisario Front as the representative of the Western Sahara people.

Since the country is not widely recognised, the government has asked Independent Diplomat to serve its interests.[1]

Recognition

Шаблон:Numrec. Of these, Шаблон:Numrec have "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition for a number of reasons. Several states that do not recognise the Sahrawi Republic nonetheless recognize the Polisario Front as the legitimate representative of the population of the Western Sahara, but not as the government-in-exile for a sovereign state. Шаблон:Citation needed The republic has been a full member of the African Union (AU), formerly the Organization of African Unity (OAU), since 1984. Morocco withdrew from the OAU in protest and remained the only African nation not within the AU between South Africa's admittance in 1994 and (re-)joining the African Union in 2017. The SADR also participates as guest on meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement[2][3] or the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership,[4][5] over Moroccan objections to SADR participation.[6] On the other hand, upholding Moroccan "territorial integrity" is favoured by the Arab League.[7][8]

Besides Algeria, Mexico, Iran, Venezuela, Vietnam, Nigeria, and South Africa, India was the major middle power to have ever recognised SADR and maintained full diplomatic relations, having allowed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to open an embassy in New Delhi in 1985. However, India "withdrew" its recognition in 2000.[9]

As with any fluid political situation, diplomatic recognitions of either party's rights are subject to frequent and sometimes unannounced change.

Bilateral relations

Файл:Firma del Memorandum de Entendimiento con la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática (7558430050).jpg
Memorandum of understanding between Ecuador and SADR, in Quito, July 2012

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has, since its proclamation established diplomatic relations with a number of states, mainly in Africa and Latin America, which have recognised its independence. In connection with the "freezing", "withdrawing" and resuming of recognition, similar changes have occurred at the level of diplomatic relations. SADR has stable and developed relationships with states such as Algeria and South Africa.

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is represented abroad by the Polisario Front, which maintains a network of missions and embassies. Some states that have recognised the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic have elevated the Polisario representation in their country to the status of SADR embassy. The Polisario Front maintains also a network of representations on countries that do not recognized the SADR as a sovereign country, mainly in Europe, with some of them having relations with the host country governments. Representation of foreign countries to the SADR is performed by embassies located abroad, mainly in Algiers, due to the Western Sahara conflict and the settlement of the Sahrawi refugee camps in south-western Algeria. Strong support of Sahrawi cause from some countries is demonstrated by foreign delegation's visits in Liberated Territories of Western Sahara.[note 1][note 2]

Current diplomatic relations

Файл:Current relations of SADR.svg
Current relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

A total of 36 states presently maintain diplomatic relations with the SADR. Of these, 28 have continuously maintained relations with SADR without any interruptions. As of 6 August 2018, Botswana is the most recent nation to have formally established diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Eight states have frozen or canceled relations with the SADR in the past, but later resumed them. As of 20 September 2022, South Sudan is the most recent nation that reestablished diplomatic relations with SADR.

# State Relations established Sahrawi mission Mission to Sahrawi Republic Notes
1 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts Embassy (Algiers)[13] — AU, Arab League, OIC; Algeria–SADR relations
2 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy (Luanda)[14] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers) AU
3 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy, non-resident (Managua)[15] — —
4 Шаблон:Flag 14 November 1982[16] Embassy, non-resident (Caracas)[17] — Relations were suspended from 20 January 2020[18] to 16 September 2021.[16]
5 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[19] Embassy (Gaborone)[20] Embassy, non-resident (Addis Ababa)[21] AU
6 Шаблон:Flag 1980s[22] — —
7 Шаблон:Flag 1985[23] — — Relations were frozen from 20 December 2000[24][25] to 10 August 2022.[23]
8 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[26] Embassy (Havana)[27] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[28] Cuba–SADR relations
9 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[29] Embassy (Dili)[30] — East Timor–SADR relations
10 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy (Quito)[31][32] Embassy, non-resident (New York City)[33] —
11 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy (Addis Ababa)[34] Embassy, non-resident (Rome)[35] AU
12 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy (Accra)[36][37] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers) AU
13 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[38][39] — — —
14 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[40] Embassy (Nairobi)[41][42] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[43] AU; Relations were frozen from 18 October 2006[40] to 6 February 2014 or shorter;[41] Kenya–SADR relations

Шаблон:Show

15 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[44] Embassy, non-resident (New Delhi) — —
16 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy, non-resident (Pretoria) Embassy, non-resident (Kuwait City)[45] AU
17 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[46]Шаблон:When Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)[47] — AU; Relations are cancelled from 17 January 2014[48] to 23 November 2015.[49]
18 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[50] Embassy (Mexico City)[51] Embassy, non-resident (New York City)[52] Mexico–SADR relations
19 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy (Maputo)[53] — AU, OIC
20 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy, non-resident (Luanda)[54] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[10] AU
21 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy (Managua)[55] Embassy, non-resident (New York City)[56] Relations were frozen from 21 July 2000 to 12 January 2007.[57]
22 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[58] Embassy (Abuja)[59][60] Embassy, non resident (Algiers)[61] AU, OIC; Nigeria–SADR relations
23 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[62] — — —
24 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[63] Embassy (Panama City)[64] — Relations were suspended from 20 November 2013[65] to 7 January 2016;[66] Panama–SADR relations
25 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy, non resident (Kampala)[67] — AU
26 Шаблон:Flag Yes[68]Шаблон:When — — AU, OIC
27 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[69] Embassy (Pretoria)[70] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[71] AU; SADR–South Africa relations
28 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[72] Embassy, non-resident (Addis Ababa)[73] — AU; Relations were cancelled from 30 September 2018[74] to 20 September 2022.[75]
29 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy (Dar es Salaam) — AU
30 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy (Kampala)[76] Embassy, non-resident (Tripoli)[77] AU, OIC
31 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[78] Embassy (Montevideo)[79] — —
32 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[80] Embassy, non-resident (Dili) — —
33 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[81] Embassy (Caracas) Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[82] SADR–Venezuela relations
34 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[83] — Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[84] —
35 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[85] Embassy (Harare)[86][87][88] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[11] AU

Former diplomatic relations

Файл:Former relations of SADR.svg
Former relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

A total of 16 states or more [note 3] maintained official diplomatic relations with the SADR in the past. Their relations with SADR are now suspended, frozen or cancelled. As of 12 March 2020, Liberia is the most recent nation to formally cancel diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

# State Relations established Former Sahrawi mission[note 4][note 5] Former mission to Sahrawi Republic[note 4] Notes
1 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When — — AU; Relations were frozen from 5 May 2006 to 16 June 2008,[89] they are cancelled from 25 October 2010.[90][91]
2 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[92] — — AU; Relations are frozen from 27 July 2007.[93][94]
3 Шаблон:Flag 4 July 1980[95][96] — — AU; Relations are suspended from 17 March 2006.[97]

Шаблон:Show

4 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy, non-resident (Panama City)[98] — Relations are frozen from 22 April 2000.[98][99][100]
5 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[101]Шаблон:When Embassy, non-resident (Managua)[102] Embassy, non-resident (New York City) Relations were cancelled from April 1997[24] to 6 June 2009 or shorter.[103] Relations are cancelled again from 15 June 2019.[104]
6 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[105][106] Embassy, non-resident (Caracas)[107][108][109][110] — OIC; Relations are cancelled from 14 November 2020.[111]
7 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy (Bissau)[24] — AU, OIC; Relations are cancelled from 30 March 2010.[112]
8 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[113] Embassy (Port-au-Prince) — Relations are cancelled from 2 October 2013.[114]
9 Шаблон:Flag 1985[115] Embassy (New Delhi)[116] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[117] Relations are cancelled from 26 June 2000.[9]
10 Шаблон:Flag 30 October 2012 or before[118] Embassy, non-resident[118]Шаблон:Where — AU; Relations were suspended after Liberia opened a consulate in Dakhla, which is controlled by Morocco.[119]
11 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy (Antananarivo)[116] — AU; Relations are frozen from 6 April 2005.[120][121]
12 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[122][123] Embassy, non-resident (Nairobi)[124][125][126] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[127] AU; Relations were cancelled from 27 December 2002[128] to 1 February 2008[129] and from 16 September 2008[130][131] to 6 March 2014 or shorter.[124] They are cancelled again from 5 May 2017.[132]

Шаблон:Show

13 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[133][134] Embassy, non-resident (Montevideo)[135] — Relations were frozen from 25 July 2000 to 12 August 2008,[136] they are suspended from 3 January 2014.[137][138]
14 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[139] Embassy (Lima) — Relations were frozen from 9 September 1996[140] to 8 September 2021;[141] Relations suspended in September 2023 again.[142] Peru–SADR relations
15 Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Dts[143] Embassy, non-resident (Tindouf)[144][145] — Relations are frozen from 15 February 2013.[146]
16 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy, non-resident (Antananarivo,[147] then Algiers)[148] — AU; Relations are cancelled from 17 March 2008.[149]
17 Шаблон:Flag YesШаблон:When Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)[150][151] — AU; Relations were cancelled from 29 March 2011.[152][153] to 21 November 2012.[154] Relations are cancelled again from 25 February 2017.[155]

Шаблон:Show

Relations with international organisations

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic holds either 'member' or 'observer' status in several international organisations. It participates in the activities of organisations that have formalised its membership, as well as in activities of other organizations as a guest participant. The SADR is usually represented by a Government or national organisations such as the Sahrawi Trade Union.

International Organisation Status Representation Application date Admission date Notes
African Union (AU; formerly Organization for African Unity) member Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 23 June 1980[156] 31 August 1981[157] SADR representative is Vice President of the Pan-African Parliament (PAP) from May 2015.[158]
Committee of Intelligence and Security Services of Africa member[159][160] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
International Coalition against Enforced Disappearances member[161] Association of the Families of Sahrawi Prisoners and Disappeared (AFAPREDESA)
International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY) member Sahrawi Youth Union (UJSARIO) UJSARIO representative was one of IUSY Vice Presidents for 2012–2014.[162]
Pan African Lawyers Union (PALU) member[163][164] Sahrawi Lawyers’ Union
Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) member National Union of Sahrawi Women (UNMS)
World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) member[165] Sahrawi Youth Union
World Federation of Trade Unions member Sahrawi Trade Union (UGTSARIO) 28 March 2000[166]
Non-member status
African Union–European Union Summit participant Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in all AU-EU Summits. In 2017, SADR participated on 5th Summit in Abidjan, Morocco's attempts to exclude SADR was thwarted.[167][168]
Andean Community of Nations Andean Community of Nations observer[note 6] Sahrawi National Council September 2011[169] 26 October 2011[170]
Central American Parliament (PARLACEN) participant[note 7] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in the opening conference of the PARLACEN, July 2010.[171]
Ibero-American Summit participant[note 7] Polisario Front — — Polisario Front participated in 22nd Ibero-American Summit in Cádiz, November 2012.[172]
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies observer[173] Sahrawi Red Crescent April 1977[174]
New Asian–African Strategic Partnership (NAASP) participant[note 8] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in first senior officials meeting of the NAASP in Durban, September 2006.[4][175]
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) guest[note 9] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated as guest in 16th Summit of NAM in Tehran, August 2012.
Permanent Conference of Political Parties of the Latin American and the Caribbean
(COPPPAL) 		participant[note 7] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in COPPPAL meeting in Managua, September 2006.[176]
SADR delegation participated in meeting of COPPPAL and ICAPP in Mexico City, October 2012.[177]
Progressive Alliance Progressive Alliance participant[178] Polisario Front — —
Socialist International consultative member Polisario Front 30 June 2008[179] Admitted as observer member. Promoted to consultative member in 2017.[180]

International treaties and conventions

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has signed a number of international treaties, conventions, protocols and charters negotiated in the context of the African Union. SADR participates in protection of human rights, common defense or trade liberalisation by signature of following agreements.

International treaty or convention Signature Ratification Notes
African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance Шаблон:Dts[181] Шаблон:Dts
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights Шаблон:Dts[182] Шаблон:Dts
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child Шаблон:Dts[183] —
African Charter on Values and Principles of Public Service and Administration Шаблон:Dts[184] —
African Continental Free Trade Agreement Шаблон:Dts[185] — A trade agreement between some African Union member states which will establish the African Continental Free Trade Area.
African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba) Шаблон:Dts[186] Шаблон:Dts
AU Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption Шаблон:Dts[187] Шаблон:Dts
AU Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) Шаблон:Dts[188] Шаблон:Dts
AU Non-aggression and Common Defence Pact Шаблон:Dts[189] Шаблон:Dts
Convention of the African Energy Commission Шаблон:Dts[190] Шаблон:Dts
Geneva Conventions Шаблон:Dts[191] Polisario Front made a unilateral declaration under Article 93.3 of Protocol I to apply the four Conventions and Protocol I in the Western Sahara conflict with Morocco. Polisario Front is not recognized as a party of Conventions, but declaration was accepted by the depositary of Convenions (Swiss Federal Council).[192][193]
OAU Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism Шаблон:Dts[194] Шаблон:Dts
Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights Шаблон:Dts[195] —
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights Шаблон:Dts[196] Шаблон:Dts
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa Шаблон:Dts[197] —
Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community (AEC Treaty) Шаблон:Dts[198] Шаблон:Dts[199] SADR signed to the AEC Treaty,[200] but not participates in any of the AEC pillars.

Participation in international sports federations

In 2015, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic participated for the first time in the All Africa Games, the biggest African multi-sports event.

International Organisation Status Representation Application date Admission date Notes
African Union Sports Council[201] member Sahrawi Ministry of Youth and Sports[202] In September 2015, Sahrawi Republic participated in the 11th All Africa Games.[203]
N.F.-Board[note 10] provisional member Sahrawi Football Federation December 2003 In 2012, a Sahrawi team participated for the first time in the Viva World Cup hosted by Iraqi Kurdistan.
CONIFA member Sahrawi Football Federation August 2016

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Шаблон:Foreign relations of states with limited recognition Шаблон:Africa in topic

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  156. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book"On June 23 the Sahrawi Republic had applied for its admission to the O.U.A., as because of the successive recognitions of African countries, 26 of 50 members recognized the S.A.D.R. and were favorable to the admission in accordance to article 28 of the O.U.A. Charter, that demanded a simple majority."
  157. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book"on August 31 General Secretary Edem Kodjo had communicated the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic government their admission to the Organization for the African Unity as member nº 51 according to article 28 of the O.A.U. Charter, as 26 states supported the S.A.D.R., representing a simple majority over 50 so it was, then, a mere administrative proceeding competence of the General Secretary"
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  174. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book"...in April the Sahrawi Red Crescent obtained the status of observer at the IX Congress of the Arab Red Crescent, analog to the International Red Cross, what supposed also the boycott of this reunion by Morocco."
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