Английская Википедия:Foreign relations of the State of Palestine
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Further Шаблон:Pp-extended Шаблон:Use dmy dates
Шаблон:Politics of Palestine The foreign relations of the State of Palestine have been conducted since the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964.[1] Since the Oslo Accords, it seeks to obtain universal recognition for the State of Palestine on the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital. Шаблон:Numrec of the Шаблон:UNnum United Nations (UN) member states officially recognize the State of Palestine (Israel is recognized by 165).
In November 1988, the Palestinian National Council declared the independence of the State of Palestine, and in 1994, the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) was established following the Oslo Accords. The PLO Executive Committee performs the functions of the government of the State of Palestine.
After 2011, the PLO's diplomatic effort focused on the Palestine 194 campaign, which aims to gain membership for the State of Palestine in the United Nations. In November 2012, the State of Palestine was accepted as a non-member observer state of the UN General Assembly with the passing of United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19.[2][3]
Background
The Palestine Liberation Organization was created in 1964 as a paramilitary organization and has sought to conduct foreign relations with states and international organisations since that time.[1] Initially, the PLO established relations with Arab and communist countries. In 1969 the PLO became a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[4][5] In October 1974, the Arab League designated the PLO as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people".[6] The new status of the PLO was recognised by all Arab League states except Jordan (Jordan recognised that status of the PLO at a later stage). On 22 November 1974, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236 recognised the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, national independence, and sovereignty in Palestine. It also recognised the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people to the United Nations. By Resolution 3237 on the same date, the PLO was granted non-State observer status at the United Nations.[7][8] In September 1976, the PLO became a non-state member of the Arab League, and in the same year became a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.
On 15 November 1988, in support of the First Intifada, the PLO declared the establishment of the State of Palestine, which was widely recognised by many foreign governments,[9] although often statements made were of an equivocal nature[10] – at times referring to the PLO or the State of Palestine or one acting on behalf of the other, or by the generic "Palestine". Many countries and organisations "upgraded" representation from the PLO to the new State, though in practice the same PLO offices, personnel and contacts continued to be used. In February 1989 at the United Nations Security Council, the PLO representative claimed recognition from 94 states.[11][12] Since then, additional states have publicly extended recognition.
The PNA was established by the PLO in 1994 following the Oslo Accords and the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement. The Israeli government transferred certain powers and responsibilities of self-government to the PNA, which are in effect in parts of the West Bank, and used to be effective in the Gaza Strip before its takeover by Hamas. The Foreign Affairs Minister of the Palestinian National Authority, who since July 2007 has been Riyad Al-Maliki, is responsible for the foreign relations of the PNA. States maintain official relations with the PNA through offices in the Palestinian territories, and the representation of the PNA abroad is accomplished by the missions of the PLO, who represents it there.
Both the PLO (representing itself, the State of Palestine, or the PNA) and the PNA now maintain an extensive network of diplomatic relations,[13] and participate in multiple international organisations with status of member state, observer, associate, or affiliate. The designation "Palestine", adopted in 1988 by the UN for the PLO,[14] is currently also used as reference to the PNA and the State of Palestine by states and international organisations, in many cases regardless of the level of recognition and relations they have with any of these entities.
Bilateral relations
Шаблон:See also Шаблон:Further
The Palestine Liberation Organization maintains a network of missions and embassies,[15] and represents the Palestinian National Authority abroad.[15][16] Most of the Шаблон:Numrec have elevated the Palestinian representation in their country to the status of embassy.[17] A number of other states have granted some form of diplomatic status to a PLO delegation, falling short of full diplomatic recognition. In some cases, as a matter of courtesy, these delegations and missions have been granted diplomatic privileges,[17] and are often referred to as "embassies" with their heads as "ambassadors".[18]
In the United States, an unofficial PLO information office was established in New York in 1964 and run by Sadat Hassan, who served as Permanent Representative of Yemen to the United Nations.[19] The Palestine Information Office was then registered with the Justice Department as a foreign agent and operated until 1968, when it was closed. The PLO was designated a terrorist organization by the United States in 1987,[20][21] but in 1988 a presidential waiver was issued which permitted contact with the organization.[22] A PLO office was reopened in 1989 as the Palestine Affairs Center.[23] The PLO Mission office, in Washington D.C., was opened in 1994, and represented the PLO in the United States. On 20 July 2010, the United States Department of State agreed to upgrade the status of the PLO Mission in the United States to "General Delegation of the PLO".[24]
States that recognise the State of Palestine maintain their diplomatic missions to Palestine in the Palestinian city of Ramallah, in the West Bank.
Alphabetical table of relations
Africa
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania / Pacific
| State | Relations established | Palestinian representation | Foreign mission in Palestine | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flag | 23 August 2000[149][302] | General delegation (Canberra)[149] | Office (Ramallah) | — Australia–Palestine relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | Yes[149]Шаблон:When | General delegation, non-resident (Canberra)[149] | — | — New Zealand–Palestine relations |
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts[149][303] | Embassy, non-resident (Canberra)[149] | — | — |
| Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts[304] | Embassy, non-resident (Canberra)[149] | — |
Participation in international organisations
The State of Palestine is represented in various international organizations as member, associate or observer.
Arab League
In 1964, the first summit of the League of Arab States, held in Cairo in January, resulted in a mandate for the creation of a Palestinian entity.[355][356] Subsequently, in May, the Palestine Liberation Organization was established during a meeting of the Palestinian National Congress in Arab-controlled Jerusalem.[357] The organisation's establishment was formally approved at the Arab League's second summit, held in Alexandria in October.[358] The PLO was granted full membership in 1976.[359] Its seat was assumed by the State of Palestine following the declaration of independence in 1988.[359]Шаблон:Specify
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
The PLO was accorded full membership in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC; now named Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) in 1969;[5] it attended the founding conference, held in Rabat in September 1969, as an observer.[360] Its seat was assumed by the State of Palestine following the declaration of independence in 1988.Шаблон:Specify It is also a member of the Islamic Development Bank, an international financial institution for member states of the OIC.[361][362]
Status at the United Nations
The Palestine National Council (PNC) sent formal notification to the U.N. Secretary-General regarding the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in May 1964. The following year in October, some Arab states requested that a PLO delegation be allowed to attend meetings of the Special Political Committee, and it was decided that they could present a statement, without implying recognition. PLO participation in the discussions of the Committee took place under the agenda item of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) from 1963 to 1973.[363]
The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status at the United Nations General Assembly in 1974 through General Assembly Resolution 3237. In the UNGA's regional groupings, the PLO gained full membership in the Group of Asian states on 2 April 1986.[note 8] Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine,[364] the UN re-designated this observer to be referred to as "Palestine" in 1988 (General Assembly Resolution 43/177) and affirmed "the need to enable the Palestinian people to exercise their sovereignty over their territory occupied since 1967".[364][365] In July 1998, the General Assembly adopted a new Resolution (52/250) conferring upon Palestine additional rights and privileges, including the right to participate in the general debate held at the start of each session of the General Assembly, the right of reply, the right to co-sponsor resolutions and the right to raise points of order on Palestinian and Middle East issues.[366] By this resolution, "seating for Palestine shall be arranged immediately after non-member States and before the other observers."[366] This Resolution was adopted by a vote of 124 in favour, 4 against (Israel, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, United States) and 10 abstentions.[367][368]
Since 2011, Palestinian diplomacy has been centred around the Palestine 194 campaign, which aims to gain membership for the State of Palestine in the United Nations at its 66th Session in September 2011. It seeks to effectively gain collective recognition for a Palestinian state based on the borders prior to the Six-Day War, with East Jerusalem as its capital. In September 2012, the Palestine Liberation Organization submitted a draft resolution according non-member observer state status to Palestine,[369][370] which the General Assembly approved on 29 November 2012.[339] The change in status was described by The Independent as "de facto recognition of the sovereign State of Palestine".[371]
The vote was a historic benchmark for the sovereign State of Palestine and its citizens, whilst it was a diplomatic setback for Israel and the United States. Status as an observer state in the UN will allow the State of Palestine to join treaties and specialised UN agencies, such as the International Civil Aviation Organisation,[372] the Law of the Seas Treaty and the International Criminal Court. It shall permit Palestine to claim legal rights over its territorial waters and air space as a sovereign state recognised by the UN. It shall also provide the citizens of Palestine with the right to sue for control of their territory in the International Court of Justice and with the legal right to bring war-crimes charges, mainly those relating to the unlawful Israeli occupation of the State of Palestine, against Israel in the International Criminal Court.[373]
After Palestine was granted UN observer status, the UN authorised the PLO to title its representative office to the UN as 'The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations',[374] and Palestine re-titled its name accordingly on postal stamps, official documents and passports,[375][376] whilst it has instructed its diplomats to officially represent 'The State of Palestine', as opposed to the 'Palestine National Authority'.[375] Additionally, on 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents",[377] thus recognising the PLO-proclaimed State of Palestine as being sovereign over the territories of Palestine and its citizens under international law.
International Criminal Court
On 13 June 2014, the State of Palestine became a party to the International Criminal Court, based in The Hague; the State of Palestine acceded to the Rome Statute on 2 January 2015.[378]
Before the United Nations General Assembly voting in September 2012, the Palestinian Authority had tried to become a party to the Rome Statute and therefore recognize the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2009 and again in April 2012.[379][380] According to The Jerusalem Post, "had the ICC accepted the PA's recognition of its jurisdiction, it would have also tacitly accepted its statehood."[381]
International Committee of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent (ICRC)
In June 2006, a decision by the 29th International Conference of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent admitted the Palestine Red Crescent Society as a full member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
Geneva Conventions
The State of Palestine has been a full member of the Geneva Conventions since 2 April 2014.
In 1989, just one year after the proclamation of the State of Palestine, the Palestine Liberation Organization had tried to accede to the Geneva Conventions back in 1989, but Switzerland, as the depositary state, had stated that because the question of Palestinian statehood had not been settled within the international community, it was incapable of recognising Palestine as a "power" that could accede to the Conventions.[382]
FIFA, IOC (International Olympic Committee) and IPC (International Paralympic Committee)
The State of Palestine is a full member of the International Olympic Committee,[383] of the International Paralympic Committee,[384] and of FIFA.[385]
International Agency for Atomic Energy (IAEA)
On 28 September 2023, a majority of the members of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) approved a proposal for the State of Palestine to be recognized, with that name, as an observer state to the Agency.Шаблон:Refn
World Health Organization (WHO)
The PLO currently holds observer status at the World Health Organization (WHO). It had applied for full membership status as far back as 1989, when the United States, which provided one-quarter of the WHO's funding at the time, informed the WHO that its funding would be withheld if Palestine was admitted as a member state. Yasser Arafat described the U.S. statement as "blackmail". The PLO was asked to withdraw its application by the WHO director general. The WHO subsequently voted to postpone consideration of the application and no decision on the application has been made yet.[382] John Quigley writes that Palestine's efforts to gain membership in several international organisations connected to the United Nations was frustrated by U.S. threats to withhold funding from any organisation that admitted Palestine.[386] On 31 October 2011, following the admission of Palestine to UNESCO, the Minister of Health Fathi Abu Moghli announced that the PNA would then seek membership at the WHO;[387] however, following reports that that would lead to the defunding of the entire organization by the United States – as the US had done to UNESCO after it admitted Palestine –, the Palestinian government announced that they would not be seeking membership at WHO at the time.[388] As of 2023, the WHO still refers to the territories claimed by the State of Palestine – the West Bank and Gaza – as "the Occupied Palestinian Territory".
World Trade Organization (WTO)
In 2022, the State of Palestine was allowed to participate, as an observer state and under the name "Palestine", of the World Trade Organization's twelfth Ministerial Conference, held in Geneva, Switzerland.[389]
International treaties and conventions
The Palestine Liberation Organization, representing the Palestinian National Authority, participates in trade liberalisation:
| Treaty or convention | Signature | Ratification |
|---|---|---|
| Customs Union with Israel [note 12] | group="note">Established following the Oslo Accords and the Paris protocol.</ref> | |
| Free Trade Agreement with the European Union[390] | 1997-02-24[390] | 1997-07-01[390] |
| Free Trade Agreement with the European Free Trade Association[391] | 1998-11-30[392] | 1999-07-01[392] |
| Bilateral Investment Treaty with Egypt[393] | 1998-04-28[394] | 1999-06-19[394] |
| Free Trade Agreement with Turkey[395] | 2004-07-20[395] | 2005-06-01[395] |
| Greater Arab Free Trade Area of the Council of Arab Economic Unity[396] | Шаблон:When | Шаблон:When |
| Free trade agreement with Mercosur (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela)[397] | 2011-12-21[397] | |
| Free trade agreement with Jordan[398] | 2012-10-07[398] |
The Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority are jointly[note 13] accepted as party to the international agreements in the Arab Mashreq:
| Treaty or convention | Signature | Ratification |
|---|---|---|
| On roads[400] | 2001-05-10[400] | 2006-11-28[400] |
| On railways[401] | 2003-04-14[401] | 2006-11-28[401] |
| On maritime transport[402] | — | 2005-05-09[402] |
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Шаблон:Foreign relations of Palestine Шаблон:Foreign relations of states with limited recognition Шаблон:Asia topic Шаблон:Palestinian National Authority and the Palestinian people
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book "... foreign policy formation of non-state actors as well as states. ... Since its inception in 1964, the PLO as a non-state actor has exercised a number of roles that approximate those utilized by nation-states."
- ↑ United Nations A/67/L.28 General Assembly Шаблон:Webarchive. 26 November 2012.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ The State of Palestine succeeded the seat of the Palestine Liberation Organization following the 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence.
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- ↑ Шаблон:Citation "...Declaration was quite widely recognized by states, although often in equivocal terms"
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- ↑ 17,0 17,1 Talmon, 1998, p. 158, footnote #236: "It is of interest to note that most States that have recognized the 'State of Palestine' after its proclamation on 15 Nov. 1988 have elevated the PLO office in their country to the status of embassy."
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web "Se establecieron relaciones diplomáticas el 3 de octubre de 1988. La Misión Especial de Palestina en Colombia fue establecida en 1996. La Embajada de Colombia en El Cairo es concurrente ante la Autoridad Palestina, y la Sección Consular de la Embajada en Tel Aviv atiende asuntos de carácter consular."
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release "... estableció relaciones diplomáticas con Palestina el 25 de marzo de 2005 mediante el intercambio de Notas Reversales, acto que implicó su reconocimiento. ... Por esta declaración la República del Paraguay reitera expresamente el reconocimiento de ese Estado como libre e independiente con las fronteras del 4 de junio de 1967."
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- ↑ 151,0 151,1 Шаблон:Cite web "In 1947, India voted against the partition of Palestine at the UN GA. India was first Non-Arab State to recognize PLO ... in 1974. India was one of the first countries to recognize the State of Palestine in 1988. In 1996, India opened its Representative Office to the Palestine Authority in Gaza, which later was shifted to Ramamllah in 2003".
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- ↑ 153,0 153,1 153,2 Шаблон:Cite web "Indonesia's formal recognition towards the recently established State of Palestine the very next day, on 16 November 1988 ... One year later, Indonesia and Palestine agreed to advance their bilateral relations through the signing of a Joint Communique on the Commencement of Indonesia-Palestine Diplomatic Relations at Ambassadorial Level, on 19 October 1988 ... Indonesia assigned its Head of Mission to the Republic of Tunisia as the Ambassador non-resident for Palestine until 1 June 2004, when the assignment was relegated to the Indonesia's Ambassador for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in Amman."
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web "Embassy of the State of Palestine."
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web "Today, the jurisdiction of the Consulate General covers West Bank and Gaza Strip governed by the Palestinian National Authority. The city of Jerusalem with its surrounding areas as defined by the special status (corpus seperatum) in the United Nations General Assembly Resolution No.181 in 1947, is also covered by the Consulate General."
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web "1968: Viet Nam established ties with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)... 19th November 1988: Viet Nam recognized the State of Palestine and officially transformed the PLO's resident Representative Office into the Embassy of the State of Palestine."
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web "Embassy of the State of Palestine in Yemen".
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web State of Palestine ambassador accredited to BiH.
- ↑ Bulgaria Diplomatic List, page 135: "Посолство на Държавата Палестина".
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web "L'autonomie du Consulat général a également pour conséquence de lui donner un rôle inhabituel de représentation politique auprès des autorités palestiniennes. Avant même l'établissement de l'Autorité Palestinienne en 1994, le Consulat général menait, dans les Territoires occupés, une politique de coopération".
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web "Palästinensische Generaldelegation".
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web: "The Governing Council,...conditions laid down in Article 3 of the Statutes...Considering that...United Nations has on numerous occasions recognized the aspirations and entitlement to statehood of Palestine...Palestine enjoys the status of Permanent Observer to the United Nations...Considering also that the current situation on the Palestinian territories impedes the functioning of the Palestinian Legislative Council and that its participation in the work of the Inter-Parliamentary Union may therefore, for the time being, be facilitated by the Palestine National Council...Decides to admit the Parliament of Palestine as a Member of the Inter-Parliamentary Union...Annuls...the decisions...at its 117th and 163rd sessions regarding the participation of Palestine as an observer"
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