Английская Википедия:Fort Crampel Affair
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Multiple issues
The Fort-Crampel Affair or Gaud-Toqué Affair was a legal scandal that erupted in France in 1905, after two colonial officials were accused of arbitrarily executing several natives, including one with a cartridge of dynamite at Fort Crampel, in what is now the Central African Republic. For this last crime, they were each sentenced to five years in prison.[1]
Context
Officials involved
Georges Toqué was a 24-year-old civil servant trained by the Colonial School. In September 1901, he was assigned to Haut-Chari as a 3rd class colonial administrator and he was in charge of the post.[2]
Fernand Gaud, born in 1874, was a former pharmacy student from Carpentras. He was sent to the French Congo as part of his military service in September 1900. He held various positions in Bangui, Brazzaville, and then Fort-Crampel, where he was 1st class clerk for indigenous affairs. Gaud was known to be authoritarian and violent, especially with the natives, who call him niamagounda (“bush beast”); according to Gaud, this nickname meant nothing in the Yakoma language and he invented it to call his native subordinates "dirty beasts".[3]
The summary execution of July 14, 1903
On July 14, 1903, three natives were held prisoners at the post of Fort-Crampel, in a grain silo which served temporarily as a cell. One of them, Pakpa, had been arrested two days earlier. He had worked as a guide for Georges Toqué, but, following an ambush, the administrator suspected him of treason and ordered Fernand Gaud to capture and shoot him. After the arrest, Toqué did not follow through with the execution and had Pakpa locked up in the silo instead.
Gaud asked his superior, Toqué, if he should release the prisoners in honor of Bastille Day. Toque, bedridden with a fever, ordered the first two to be released and concerning Pakpa, he said, "Do what you want with him." Believing this implied approval, Gaud decided to execute him. Rather than form a firing squad, he took a cartridge of dynamite intended for blast fishing from his box, strapped it to Pakpa with the help of a regional guard, and detonated it. While Gaud said during his trial that the dynamite was tied to Pakpa's neck, other accounts report that it was strapped to the victim's back or anus.
Gaud then reported the execution to Toqué, who disapproved of the method of execution but did not punish his subordinate.[3]
At the trial, the defendants recalled that they said before the execution: “It looks stupid; but it will stun the natives. If they don't keep quiet after that, fire from Heaven will rain on the black who did not want to befriend the white." Fernand Gaud went on to say that he wanted those around him to see the absurdity of this death: "No trace of a rifle shot, no trace of an assegai blow. It's by a kind of miracle that the man who didn't want to make friends with the whites died."[4]
Trial
The Ministry of Colonies decided that the trial of Gaud and Toqué should be held in Brazzaville in order to minimize its media coverage; the only journalist present was Félicien Challaye, correspondent for Le Temps, who accompanied Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza in his investigation of the crimes. The hearing opened on August 21, 1905.
During the trial, Gaud remained apathetic and said he was ill, while Toqué defended himself vigorously and openly denounced the conditions of colonization. He admitted to subjecting natives to forced labor for portage or tax collection and detaining their families to ensure their obedience, mistreatment which led many natives to die of starvation or disease. As there was no judicial institution in Fort-Crampel, Toqué felt he had the power to dispense justice with the approval of his superiors.[5]
The charges were numerous. The court only seriously considered the facts for which Gaud and Toqué had mutually accused each other during the investigation. Toqué wholly blamed Gaud for the execution of Pakpa; Gaud accused Toqué of ordering the murder of the porter Ndagara by throwing him in the falls of the Nana River. Toqué defended himself by pointing out inconsistencies in Gaud's account and by asserting that Ndagara was assassinated by a regional guard acting on his own. Toqué's account was contradicted by correspondence he exchanged with Gaud where he joked about Ndagara's death.[3]
On August 26, 1905, the two defendants were sentenced to five years in prison, benefiting from lenient sentencing. Fernand Gaud was found guilty of the non-premeditated murder of Pakpa, as well as beating several natives; Georges Toqué was found to be an accomplice in the murder of Ndagara. These penalties were perceived as harsh by the white settlers of Brazzaville, who were surprised that so much value was given to the natives.[6]
Brazza's investigation
When news of the events reached Paris early in 1905, the French public and press became engrossed by the scandal. The Journal des Débats proposed an administrative inquiry and a commission chaired by Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza was appointed. Also appointed were Charles Hoarau-Desruisseaux, Inspector General of the Colonies, Félicien Challaye, a young philosophy professor representing the Ministry of Education, a member of the Colonial Cabinet and a delegate of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. The commission received an extraordinary appropriation of 268,000 francs. On April 5, 1905, Brazza left Marseille and, on April 29, he arrived in Libreville to begin the investigation.[7] There, Brazza discovered the horrors of the Congo, especially in Ubangi-Shari.
The only written account of what he found comes from Félicien Challaye: women and children were abducted and held in prison camps until the husband or father harvested enough rubber. In Bangui, the hostages were locked up in the garrison and forced to clean. When the men bring the rubber and the quantity seems insufficient, the hostages are not released. The women paddle alone in canoes, and the Ndris auxiliaries and the regional guards beat them harshly when they stop.[7][8]
In Bangui, sixty-six prisoners were crammed and locked in a six-meter-long hut without light and reeking of breath and excrement. In the first 12 days, 25 die and were thrown into the river. A newly-arrived doctor heard screams and moans, had the box opened and protested against this brutality. Only twenty-one hostages remain. The 21 remaining survivors were sent back to their villages, but several were so weak that they died soon after their release.[7]
Walking towards Fort Crampel, Brazza found an abandoned body lying by the side of the path and ordered that it be buried according to custom. When he discovered a concentration camp in Fort Crampel, he collapsed–moral pain was compounded by his illness, a terrible diarrhea.[9]
During this time, Hoarau-Desruisseaux was not allowed to meet with Brazza on the false grounds that there was not enough money for travel.
This was reflected in Brazza's report No. 148, date August 21, 1905: “I have already expressed serious reservations. I hereby confirm them. They were not motivated by the observation of an isolated fact. During my trip, I acquired the very clear feeling that the Department was not kept informed of the real situation in which the native populations find themselves and of the procedures employed in their regard. Everything was done during my visit to this region to prevent me from learning about it."[9]
The young Félicien Challaye was even more severe, feeding the newspaper Le Temps raw, unvarnished articles. The Colonial Administration, embarrassed, pretended to ignore Brazza. Administrator Emile Gentil considered returning to France to defend himself, but the minister asked him to remain and supervise Brazza. Feeling weaker and deciding that he has seen enough, Brazza himself decides to return after five months.[9][10]
On the return journey, the severity of his fever finally forced Brazza to stop at the hospital in Libreville. He disembarked the boat after making his recommendations to Charles Hoarau-Desruisseaux in order to save “his” Congo and France from shame.[7]
Watched over by his wife and by Captain Mangin, doctors knew Brazza did not have long. At his request, a photograph of Jacques, his son who died two years earlier at the age of five, was placed on the bedside table. he died around six o'clock in the evening, September 14, 1905, after receiving last rites.[11]
General Charles de Gaulle held Brazza in high esteem. When France was liberated in 1944, one of his first acts was to significantly increase his family's pension. that France allocated to the de Brazza family, which was living in poverty in Algiers. Only two French people have received a life pension for themselves and their direct descendants: Louis Pasteur and Brazza.[11]
References
- ↑ The scandal in the French Congo (1905) La politica de la atrocidad
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Berenson 2018, p. 127
- ↑ Berenson 2018, p. 128
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Bailly and Tihl 2018, p. 38-60.
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Martin 2014, p. 296.
- ↑ Bailly and Thil 2018, p. 81-97.
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Bailly and Thil 2018, p. 137-138.
