Английская Википедия:Fort Rupert
Шаблон:For Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox settlement Fort Rupert is the site of a former Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) fort on the east coast near the northern tip of Vancouver Island, British Columbia.[1] The unincorporated community on Beaver Harbour[2] is about Шаблон:Convert by road southeast of Port Hardy.
Coal & fortifications
In 1835, the HBC became aware of coal deposits in the area, but no market existed until a steamboat presence emerged a decade later.Шаблон:Sfn
Realizing the closing of Fort McLoughlin in the early 1840s had been a mistake, the HBC sought a new location partly motivated by Admiralty interest in coal. In 1849, men under the charge of Captain William Henry McNeill, assisted by John Work, erected Fort Rupert. Named after Prince Rupert of the Rhine, the first HBC governor, the strong fortifications were to provide protection from the fierce Nahwitti warriors in the vicinity. The Шаблон:Convert high stockade held a cannon in the two bastions. The dimensions were Шаблон:Convert on the northwest side, Шаблон:Convert on the northeast side, Шаблон:Convert on the southeast side, and Шаблон:Convert on the southwest side paralleling Wah-wese Creek. About a dozen Europeans manned the fort. The only contact with the outside world was the twice yearly HBC steamboat.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In 1851, final construction was complete.Шаблон:Sfn That year, Robert Dunsmuir was appointed foreman over a crew of immigrant coalminers. Many of the Scottish miners refused to undertake non-mining work, and also were unhappy that the company provided limited protection against armed attacks outside the fort. Workers who refused to perform their duties were put in irons and placed on rations. Deserters risked death at the hands of the Nahwitti.Шаблон:Sfn Mining ceased in 1852. Dunsmuir was reassigned to the HBC coal operations at Nanaimo.Шаблон:Sfn
The two cannons were not in working order,[3] since any attempt to defend the fort against an attack by overwhelming numbers would be pointless. Individual Nahwitti would climb the outside walls and leer down at the occupants.Шаблон:Sfn
Early First Nations presence
No First Nations settlements existed in the immediate area. To take advantage of the new trading post, a Kwakwaka'wakw settlement quickly sprang up, housing about 600–700 people.Шаблон:Sfn Visits by royal naval officers sought to diffuse inter-tribal warfare,Шаблон:Sfn but also burned down houses for refusal to hand over tribesmen wanted for murder.Шаблон:Sfn
During the 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic thousands of indigenous people were evicted from large semi-permanent camps near Victoria and forced to return to their homelands, spreading smallpox throughout the Pacific Northwest coast. Groups of Kwakwakaʼwakw thus brought smallpox from Victoria to the Fort Rupert area. HBC employee Hamilton Moffat inoculated over 100 tribal members near Fort Rupert with smallpox vaccine.[4] Nonetheless, smallpox spread throughout northern Vancouver Island. Over the summer of 1862, smallpox reduced the Kwakwakaʼwakw population by over 50%.[5]
Cannibalism, as part of slave or child sacrifices, was practised among the tribes into the 1870s.Шаблон:Sfn Two decades later, corpses had been substituted in the ritual.[6]
Hunt general store replaced the fort
The fort continued as a trading post, but business declined in the 1860s. An 1863 fire destroyed four houses and took one life. In 1868, factor Robert Hunt was transferred to Fort Simpson, but returned in 1872. By 1882, the HBC had abandoned the fort. In 1885, Hunt purchased the entire site for $1,500. In 1889, a fire consumed the former officers' quarters.
Following further deterioration, the nearby Nahwitti salvaged items from the ruins, including metal objects such as knives, nails, and hammers. Allegedly, they also took iron and brass eight-pounder cannons and kept them in their village, Ku-Kultz.
The Hunt family ran a general store, which passed to descendants, the Cadwallader family. An 1890 ledger entry mentions a $96.50 theft, Cadwallader tracking down the two suspects, and the restitution extracted.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Present-day First Nations
The present-day village of Fort Rupert is a historic Kwakwaka'wakw village of the Kwagu'ł (Kwagyewlth or Kwakiutl) and the Komoyue subgroup, where totem pole carving, and completion of artwork and traditional crafts can be observed. The band government of the Kwagu'ł is the Kwakiutl First Nation.
Petroglyphs, though difficult to find, exist on the sandstone formations in the higher tidal zones below the former fort site.
Archaeological site
Apparently, a cannon from Ku-Kultz was taken to Vancouver in 1976. The Maritime Museum of British Columbia has a cast iron 9-pounder carronade believed to be from the fort. Subsequently, scuba divers stumbled across six cannons on a sandy beach of an isolated bay in the region.[7][8]
At the Fort Rupert site, all that remains are various footings, drains, the huge stone chimney of the factor's residence, the Hunt family cemetery, and the collapsed Cadwallader store.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
Footnotes
References
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Hudson's Bay Company forts
- Northern Vancouver Island
- History of British Columbia
- Kwakwaka'wakw villages
- Ghost towns in British Columbia
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
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