Английская Википедия:Fort Shaw

Шаблон:Infobox military installation Шаблон:Infobox NRHP Fort Shaw (originally named Camp Reynolds) was a United States Army fort located on the Sun River 24 miles west of Great Falls, Montana, in the United States. It was founded on June 30, 1867, and abandoned by the Army in July 1891. It later served as a school for Native American children from 1892 to 1910. Portions of the fort survive today as a small museum. The fort lent its name to the community of Fort Shaw, Montana, which grew up around it.

Fort Shaw is part of the Fort Shaw Historic District and Cemetery, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 11, 1985.

Founding the fort

Most of what was to become Montana became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Although first organized into an incorporated territory in 1805 as part of the Louisiana Territory, it was not until large numbers of farmers, miners, and fur trappers began moving into the region in the 1850s that the government of the United States paid much attention to the area.Шаблон:Efn The creation of the Montana Territory in 1864 came about, in part, due to the rapid influx of miners after the gold strikes of 1862 to 1864 in the southwest part of the state.Шаблон:Sfn

Camp Reynolds was established on the site on June 30, 1867.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn^[1] The camp was established by Major William Clinton, in command of four companies of the 13th Infantry Regiment.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The site was about Шаблон:Convert upstream from the confluence of the Sun and Missouri rivers.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn It was about Шаблон:Convert upstream from the point where the Mullan Road crossed the river.Шаблон:Sfn It was also about Шаблон:Convert upstream from the site of the former St. Peter's Mission, which had been evacuated in April 1866 after the Piegan Blackfeet killed four white settlers nearby (one almost on the doorstep of the mission).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The first Blackfeet Indian Agency office, established in 1854 by Isaac Stevens (Governor of the Washington Territory), was also nearby.Шаблон:Sfn The 13th Infantry Regiment previously established Camp Cooke near the mouth of the Judith River in July 1866, and Camp Reynolds was intended to keep the Mullan Road open and prohibit further Native American attacks on settlements to the south.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

On July 4, 1867,Шаблон:Sfn the United States Department of the Army issued orders to have the name of the encampment changed to Fort Shaw in honor of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, a Union Army officer who commanded the all-black 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry during the American Civil War.Шаблон:Sfn The post's name was changed on August 1, 1867.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Initially, Fort Shaw was to have had barracks space for six companies of infantry, but this was scaled back to four companies after the U.S. Army decided to build Fort Ellis near present-day Bozeman, Montana.Шаблон:Sfn Fort Shaw, along with Fort Ellis, was one of two principal U.S. Army forts intended to protect the burgeoning mining settlements of south-central and southwest Montana.Шаблон:Sfn

Construction of the fort

When first established, Fort Shaw consisted of officers and men housed in canvas tents. Construction of log cabin housing began in August 1867, and by late fall the men had constructed barracks for half the soldiers, a temporary storehouse, and three officers' huts.Шаблон:Sfn But only half of the post hospital was erected before cold weather forced construction to halt and the men to enter winter quarters. The finished buildings were only barely habitable and the men and officers very cramped, but the winter was not a harsh one. The remaining structures were raised and finished in the spring and summer of 1868. During 1869, the structures were made more comfortable and military decorations added.Шаблон:Sfn Floors were hard-packed dirt (and remained so throughout the fort's existence).Шаблон:Sfn

Fort Shaw was constructed around a square parade ground Шаблон:Convert on each side. The interior and exterior building walls were made of adobe bricks Шаблон:Convert in size. Exterior walls were Шаблон:Convert thick, while interior walls were Шаблон:Convert thick. The interior walls of the seven officers' quarters were finished in white plaster, and had glass windows set in white-painted wood casements. There were four U-shaped infantry barracks, each Шаблон:Convert on a side and with Шаблон:Convert ceilings. Barracks walls were unfinished, and had four windows (Шаблон:Convert in size). Each barracks contained several rooms: A sergeant's room (Шаблон:Convert), a storeroom (Шаблон:Convert), a mess room (Шаблон:Convert), kitchen (Шаблон:Convert), laundry (Шаблон:Convert), and sleeping quarters/recreation room (Шаблон:Convert).Шаблон:Sfn Roofs were boards at first, but shingled as shingles became available.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn

A number of other buildings were also constructed. These included a commissary and quartermaster storehouse (Шаблон:Convert), which in its interior included a commissary officer's office (Шаблон:Convert); a company clerk's office (Шаблон:Convert); a room for issuing stores (Шаблон:Convert); two storerooms (Шаблон:Convert); and a quartermaster's office (Шаблон:Convert). The U-shaped storehouse also had a cellar and a (Шаблон:Convert) yard, enclosed by a gate.Шаблон:Sfn Other buildings included a guardhouse (with stone prison cells) and quarters for the company band (Шаблон:Convert, with a Шаблон:Convert high ceiling); a T-shaped hospital (Шаблон:Convert); two-story commanding officer's quarters (Шаблон:Convert), with bedroom, dining room, sitting room, kitchen, servants' room, and two garret rooms; and duplex officers' quarters (Шаблон:Convert), each including a front room, back room, kitchen, servants' room, garret room, and a shared single mess room. A chapel, post school, library, bakery, ordnance (weapons and ammunition) room, magazine, water tanks, outhouses, and outdoor brick washing sinks made up the rest of the post.Шаблон:Sfn

Fort Shaw was so well laid out and so beautifully constructed that it was called the "queen of Montana's military posts".Шаблон:Sfn

A cemetery was located Шаблон:Convert west of the post, and a vegetable garden about Шаблон:Convert east.Шаблон:Sfn

Life at the fort

The military reservation extended along the length of the Sun River Valley from present-day Vaughn, Montana, upstream for Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn Fort Shaw was located almost on the slopes of Shaw Butte, which was two-thirds of the way up the valley to the west, and was about Шаблон:Convert above the river. The river was shallow and easily forded almost anywhere along its length, except during the spring freshets.Шаблон:Sfn

Food was largely imported. A limited supply of fish was obtained from the Sun River, which at that time was a clear, swift-running stream with a stony bottom.Шаблон:Sfn Wild game (bighorn sheep, black-tailed deer, elk, pronghorn, and white-tailed deer), ducks, geese, prairie chicken, rabbits, and sage-grouse were often hunted for food, but were scarce in the area and not relied on heavily for food.Шаблон:Sfn Nearby ranches supplied the post with vegetables, albeit at very high prices. Flour was usually shipped in from the east, as the Montana-grown summer wheat produced bread which was dark and heavy.Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn

Fuel was scarce. Wood grew only sparsely in the valley, and the post imported wood logs for fuel and construction at the cost of Шаблон:Convert from the foothills of the Rocky Mountains about Шаблон:Convert to the west.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn Lignite coal was obtained from mines in the Dearborn River valley, about Шаблон:Convert away, and used for both heating and cooking.Шаблон:Sfn

Water, too, was a problem. The valley was very well-drained by the river, and no springs were located near the post. Water was obtained by digging a long trench from the river to the post.Шаблон:Sfn Although a steam engine was later used to pump water from the river to various building via wooden pipes, these pipes often became clogged or froze in winter. Below-ground wooden pipes were laid in 1885 to rectify the problem.Шаблон:Sfn

Forage for animals was also an issue. Since the strong drainage inhibited the growth of grass, hay had to be imported from elsewhere in Montana, primarily the Missouri River valley to the east.Шаблон:Sfn

Disease was common. Influenza, fever, and diarrhea (particularly in the spring) were common. Although smallpox regularly killed hundreds of Native Americans in the area each year, few members of the Army came down with the disease.Шаблон:Sfn

Fort Shaw was not an isolated post. Mail was delivered three times a week, the fort served as a post office for the local populace, and there was a telegraph office for both civilian and military use.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn

History of the fort

Early leadership

Файл:General Régis de Trobriand.jpg

Colonel Phillipe Régis de Trobriand, about the time he commanded Fort Shaw in 1869.

Major William Clinton's command of Fort Shaw was only temporary. On August 11, 1867, Colonel I. V. D. Reeves transferred the 13th Infantry Regiment's headquarters to Fort Shaw.Шаблон:Sfn Lieutenant Colonel G. L. Andrews was regimental second-in-command,Шаблон:Sfn and named headquarters commandant, overseeing the operations of the fort itself.Шаблон:Sfn During their tenure at the fort, a steam engine was brought in to pump water from the river to the kitchens and sinks.Шаблон:Sfn The unit also received breech-loading rifles, which greatly increased its effectiveness.Шаблон:Sfn About 33 civilians were employed at the fort as well, working as blacksmiths, carpenters, clerks, masons, and saddlers.Шаблон:Sfn One of Colonel Reeves' first actions was to disarm the Montana Militia, a short-lived paramilitary organization formed by Acting Governor Thomas Francis Meagher in 1864 and supplied with arms by the U.S. Army.Шаблон:Sfn Reeves acted quickly, and the militia was disbanded by October 1, 1867.Шаблон:Sfn

General Phillipe Régis de Trobriand took command of Fort Shaw on June 4, 1869.Шаблон:Sfn A steam engine (whether a second one or a replacement is unclear) was brought to the fort in 1869.Шаблон:Sfn Excessive drinking and desertion by his troops were a constant problem.Шаблон:Sfn General Trobriand and the 13th Infantry Regiment left Fort Shaw on June 11, 1870.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn His unit was replaced by the headquarters company and six companies of the 7th Infantry Regiment,Шаблон:Sfn commanded by Colonel John Gibbon.Шаблон:Sfn

Command of Colonel Gibbon and fighting in the Indian Wars

Gibbon worked to improve living conditions at Fort Shaw. He improved the roofing of the barracks buildings, had the exterior walls of all buildings plastered, expanded the storehouses, and expanded and improved the corrals and stables. Irrigation for the fort's vegetable garden was completed, and companies assigned to maintain each plot.Шаблон:Sfn In 1871, he obtained a plow for tilling the garden.Шаблон:Sfn He also worked to expand the fort's civilian workforce, adding carpenters, masons, and sawmill operators.Шаблон:Sfn Desertion and theft of fort supplies, both major problems, were also reduced.Шаблон:Sfn

Gibbon also worked to improve security in the area. He began surveying and constructing a road between Fort Shaw and Camp Baker (near present-day White Sulphur Springs) to provide better communications with that post and to better monitor the movements of Native American groups and bands.Шаблон:Sfn This so improved security in the area that Gibbon counseled against the construction of a blockhouse at Camp Baker because it would send a signal to whites that the area was still not free from Native American attack.Шаблон:Sfn Gibbon also used his troops to scout out the little-explored area of the Rocky Mountain Front. These explorations led to the rediscovery and accurate mapping of Lewis and Clark Pass.Шаблон:Sfn

The area around Fort Shaw was a hotbed of conflict between Native Americans and white settlers in the late 1860s. A series of Piegan Blackfeet and Sioux raids between 1865 and 1869 left several whites dead. In mid-1869, two innocent Piegan Blackfeet were killed in retaliation in broad daylight in the town of Fort Benton, Montana, about Шаблон:Convert to the northeast of Fort Shaw. One of them was the brother of the Piegan leader Mountain Chief, who initiated a series of reprisals which killed about 25 white settlers. In response, General Philip Sheridan ordered Major Eugene Baker to take two companies of the 2d Cavalry Regiment from Fort Ellis and two companies of infantry from Fort Shaw and attack Mountain Chief's band of Piegans. Baker attacked the Piegans on the morning of January 23, 1870. Unfortunately, he attacked the wrong band: The Piegans were led by Heavy Runner, a Piegan Blackfeet who had signed a peace agreement with the United States. When Heavy Runner rushed out of his camp with his peace treaty in hand, he was shot dead. In what became known as the Marias Massacre, more than 173 Piegean Blackfeet (including 53 women and children) were murdered.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Chief Joseph and Col. John Gibbon.jpg

Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce and Colonel John Gibbon meet at the Big Hole National Battlefield in 1889.

Just five years later, in 1874, gold was discovered by the U.S. Army in the Black Hills of the Dakotas. A gold rush occurred in 1875 and 1876 in which thousands of white miners and settlers flooded the area in violation of several treaties guaranteeing that the Black Hills would belong to the Lakota people.Шаблон:Sfn Conflict between Native Americans and white settlers broke out. Responding to pleas from whites, President Ulysses S. Grant decided to clear the Black Hills of all native people.Шаблон:Sfn After an attack against a combined Sioux-Cheyenne village on the Powder River by General George Crook accomplished little in March 1876, General Sheridan decided on a three-pronged attack to occur in southwestern Montana in the summer of 1876. Colonel Gibbon was ordered to form a "Montana Column" from elements of at Fort Shaw and Fort Ellis, and to march south across the plains to ensure that no Native American tribes moved north or west of the Yellowstone River. After reaching the Yellowstone, he was to move downstream until he rendezvoused with a "Dakota Column", under the command of General Alfred Terry.Шаблон:Sfn Gibbon left Fort Shaw on March 17, 1877, with five companies (about 200 men and 12 officers), and reached Fort Ellis on March 22.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In April, Gibbon left Fort Ellis with both infantry and cavalry (totalling about 450 men and officers), heading for the Yellowstone.Шаблон:Sfn On June 20, Gibbon's command rendezvoused with Terry at the mouth of the Rosebud River.Шаблон:Sfn General Terry ordered his subordinate, Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, to proceed south along the Rosebud and then west to the Little Bighorn River. Custer was to follow the Little Bighorn River north to the Bighorn River, where he was to rendezvous with Gibbon and Terry—who were to proceed west along the Yellowstone to the Bighorn, and then south along the Bighorn to meet Custer.Шаблон:Sfn Subsequently, Gibbon's Fort Shaw soldiers did not participate in the Battle of the Little Bighorn on June 25–26, during which most of Custer's command was famously wiped out. Gibbon entered the valley of the Little Bighorn on June 27, where the Fort Shaw soldiers assisted in burying the dead.Шаблон:Sfn

Soldiers at Fort Shaw participated in another famous Indian battle in 1877. For many years, several bands of the Nez Perce people lived in the valley of the Wallowa River in northeast Oregon. But increasing white settlement in the area led to calls to have the Native Americans placed on a reservation. In May 1877, General Oliver O. Howard ordered all remaining Nez Perce onto a reservation with 30 days. Several young Native Americans killed some white settlers, leading to a reprisal by General Howard. Yet, in the Battle of White Bird Canyon on June 17, 1877, a force of about 80 Nez Perce warriors defeated a unit of 200 of Howard's artillery, cavalry, and infantry. More than 800 Nez Perce men, women, and children tried to flee over Lolo Pass into Montana to seek help from other tribes, which deeply alarmed whites in the Montana Territory. A hundred Nez Perce held off 500 U.S. Army troops at the Battle of the Clearwater on July 11–12.Шаблон:Sfn Colonel Gibbon hastily assembled a force of about 200 artillery, cavalry, and infantry and proceeded up the Bitterroot River into the Big Hole Basin to stop them. On August 9, Gibbon attacked with his infantry and artillery at dawn. But the Nez Perce captured his howitzer and Nez Perce sharpshooters killed 30 of his men and officers. The Battle of the Big Hole continued until August 10, as the Nez Perce pinned Gibbon's men down in a coulee. The band finally fled, 89 of their own (mostly women and children) dead.Шаблон:Sfn After a lengthy flight through Montana, the Nez Perce finally surrendered at the Battle of Bear Paw near Chinook, Montana, on October 5, 1877. Montana saw its last skirmishes with Native Americans in 1878.Шаблон:Sfn

Later commanders

In the summer of 1878, the 7th Infantry was moved to Saint Paul, Minnesota, and Fort Shaw became the headquarters of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment under the command of Colonel John R. Brooke.Шаблон:Sfn Brooke was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel on March 20, 1879, and assigned to the 13th Infantry Regiment (then in the Dakotas). But undisclosed personnel issues kept Brooke at Fort Shaw. He was joined by Colonel Luther Prentice Bradley.Шаблон:Sfn There were six companies in the 3rd Infantry. Company A was assigned to Fort Benton. Companies C, E, F, and G were assigned to Fort Shaw. Company K was assigned to Fort Logan (the former Camp Baker).Шаблон:Sfn

Life at Fort Shaw was increasingly peaceful. Company E of the 3rd Infantry was sent from Fort Shaw to Fort Ellis in the spring of 1879, and it was followed by Company C in the summer. (They stayed there until Fort Ellis closed in 1886, and then were transferred to Fort Custer, where they remained.) Companies A and K were reassigned to Fort Shaw in 1881. In the fall and summer of 1882 and 1883, at least two companies from Fort Shaw were kept in the field at all times, observing Native American movements and discouraging raids on white settlements south of the Piegan Blackfeet reservation.Шаблон:Sfn The peaceful life was not necessarily fun for the isolated soldiers, who often visited nearby communities to drink. In 1885, the first Independence Day celebrations occurred in Great Falls. Soldiers from Fort Shaw became roaring drunk during the day, and fired several cannonballs down Central Avenue (the city's main street) around midnight.Шаблон:Sfn

In April 1888, Colonel Brooke was promoted to brigadier general, and the 3rd Infantry transferred to forts in the Dakotas and Minnesota. The 25th Infantry Regiment, under the command of Colonel George Lippitt Andrews, took up station at Fort Shaw in May 1888 in its stead.Шаблон:Sfn By this time, Fort Shaw was no longer seen as a key fort in the Army's chain of military posts across Montana. Colonel Andrews, his headquarters company, and two companies of infantry resided at Fort Missoula, more than Шаблон:Convert to the west over the Rocky Mountains. Just two companies of the 25th Infantry (I and K) resided at Fort Shaw, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James J. Van Horn. These two companies were "skeletonized" in September 1890, leaving Fort Shaw with only a minimal military presence.Шаблон:Sfn

The construction of Fort Assinniboine (which cost $1 million to build) in 1879 led to the creation of a new center of U.S. military power in Montana far from the more settled central and southwestern parts of the state, and led to the eventual closure of Fort Shaw and Fort Ellis.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn Fort Shaw was abandoned by the U.S. Army on July 1, 1891.Шаблон:Sfn

Civilian use

Файл:Ft. Shaw Band under Matthew Flyn.jpg

Ft. Shaw Band under Matthew Flyn, an Army man.

Fort Shaw Indian school

By 1892, the Fort Shaw military reservation totaled Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn Ownership of Fort Shaw was transferred from the United States Department of War to the United States Department of the Interior on April 30, 1892.Шаблон:Sfn The Interior Department turned over Шаблон:Convert to the Fort Peck Indian school on June 6, 1903. Another Шаблон:Convert were turned over to the school for agricultural purposes on July 6, 1905. On July 22, 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt issued an executive order giving the Secretary of the Interior the authority to dispose of all the land of the former Fort Shaw Military Reservation, holding in reserve those acres in use by the Indian school.Шаблон:Sfn

By the 1880s, the United States government undertook a major initiative to pacify Native American tribes through nonviolent means. A key element in this effort was the creation of boarding schools. These schools, sometimes on reservations but just as often not, were originally run by religious groups. By the 1890s, however, the schools had been largely secularized and were being run by government employees and government-employed teachers. The goal of Indian boarding schools was two-fold: First, to strip Native American children of their language and culture, teach them the English language, and instill in them the values and cultural ways of white Americans; and second, to teach them academic subjects, vocational trades, and other skills that were valued by white American business and society.Шаблон:Sfn

The Fort Shaw school came into existence after the government boarding school on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation suffered severe fires in November 1891 and the fall of 1892.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The school was modeled on Indian schools in Carlisle, Pennsylvania; Lawrence, Kansas; and Newkirk, Oklahoma,Шаблон:Sfn and was named the Fort Shaw Government Industrial Indian Boarding School,Шаблон:Sfn The school officially opened on December 27, 1892, with Dr. William Winslow as the school's superintendent, first teacher, and physician. It had 52 students, but by the end of 1893 enrollment had climbed to 176.Шаблон:Sfn Administrators and faculty were housed in the old officers' quarters, which students boarded in the former soldiers' barracks. Students ranged in age from five to 18, and came from tribes in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming.Шаблон:Sfn Half of each day was spent learning English and in academic study. The rest of the day was spent working in the school's garden, stables, and pastures raising the meat and vegetables which supplied the school with food; in making uniforms and shoes for the children to wear; and in maintaining and repairing the school's buildings and furniture.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn The vocational curriculum was gender-specific. Girls learned to cook "white" food the "white" way, sew, clean house, make dairy products (butter, cream, skim milk) from raw milk, and engage in crocheting, lace-making, and other needlework. Boys were taught the essentials of farming and ranching, as well as skills such as blacksmithing, carpentry, construction, masonry, and woodworking.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn Sports were taught to both boys and girls. Girls played double ball, lacrosse, and shinny (informal ice hockey).Шаблон:Sfn Boys were taught baseball, football, and track.Шаблон:Sfn

Students at Fort Shaw usually spent their first two years at the school learning English and "white" cultural norms. Children were grouped in grades according to their skill levels, which meant that both very young children and young adults could be found in the same class. Students advanced to the next grade based on achievement, and there was no social stigma for students who stayed for a two or more years in the same grade. Fort Shaw's curriculum ended at the eighth grade, but students in their late teens (indeed, some as old as 25 years of age) could be found studying there.Шаблон:Sfn

Dr. Winslow resigned his position on September 9, 1898,Шаблон:Sfn and Frederick C. Campbell became Fort Shaw School's superintendent. At that time, the school had 300 students from every tribe in Montana as well as the Bannock, Colville, Kalispel, Paiute, and Shoshone tribes of neighboring Idaho, Washington, and Wyoming. Most students had a white father and Native American mother, and another many were there voluntarily a large number had been forcibly taken from their parents by government agents and forced to attend the "white" school against their wishes.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn Senator Paris Gibson visited the school in 1901, at which time it had 30 administrators and teachers and 316 students.Шаблон:Sfn A girls' basketball team was organized at Fort Shaw School in 1902.Шаблон:Sfn Campbell became the girls' basketball coach.Шаблон:Sfn The girls' team began interscholastic play in November 1902 (defeating Butte Parochial High School), and on January 15, 1903, played the very first basketball game (men's or women's) in nearby Great Falls, Montana. (Fort Shaw lost to Butte Parochial, 15-to-6.)Шаблон:Sfn In 1903, the team twice defeated the women's basketball team from Montana Agricultural College, once in Great Falls (36-to-9) and again in Bozeman (20-to-0).Шаблон:Sfn The Fort Shaw girls defeated nearly every high school and college girls' basketball team in the state, as well as several high school boys' teams.Шаблон:Sfn The team ended its first year as undisputed (if unofficial) state champion.Шаблон:Sfn It was unable to reproduce that record in the 1903–04 season, as the team could not secure appointments for games with any other high school in the state that year.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1904, school superintendent Fred Campbell agreed to send his girls' basketball team to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (better known as the St. Louis World's Fair) in St. Louis, Missouri. To fund their trip, the team stopped at numerous points along the way to play exhibition games against other high school and college girls' teams. After each game, the girls donned traditional native ceremonial garb and charged a fee (50 cents) for a program of dance, music, and recitations. Part of the United States' pavilion at the world's fair was a Model Indian School. The girls would live and take classes at the school, and twice a week would hold intra-squad exhibitions. The girls also agreed to take on all challengers.Шаблон:Sfn The girls departed from Fort Shaw on June 1, 1904.Шаблон:Sfn The 11 girls defeated every single team they played over the next five months, earning themselves the title "world champions".Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn

The Fort Shaw Indian school closed in 1910 due to low attendance.Шаблон:Sfn

Ownership by the town of Fort Shaw

After its closure as an Indian school, Fort Shaw was turned over to the Fort Shaw Public School District, and the buildings were used as a public school.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

The name Fort Shaw was revived when it became the name of a station and later a small town on the Vaughn-Augusta branch line of the Great Northern Railroad and some distance from the fort remnants. Today there are some buildings from the old days of the fort and one serves as a historical museum that's only open during the summer.Шаблон:Citation needed

Today, most of the existing buildings and grounds of Fort Shaw, with the exception of the school and playground are under a long-term lease by the Sun River Valley Historical Society.Шаблон:Citation needed

Commanding officers

The commanding officers at Fort Shaw changed over time. Not all officers were present even when assigned to the fort, as they often traveled with their troops or moved among the various forts, camps, and settlements under their jurisdiction.

1867–1870 — 13th Infantry Regiment

General Phillipe Régis de Trobriand
Colonel I. V. D. Reeves
Lieutenant Colonel G. L. Andrews (post commandant)
Major William Clinton

1870–1878 — 7th Infantry Regiment

Colonel John GibbonШаблон:Sfn

1878–1888 — 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment

Colonel John R. Brooke
Lieutenant Colonel George Gibsin

1888–1891 — 25th Infantry Regiment

Lieutenant Colonel James J. Van Horn
Lieutenant Colonel George Leonard Andrews (commanding from Fort Missoula)

Fort Shaw historic site

In 1936, the state of Montana erected a historic marker at the site of Fort Shaw. The marker consists of a Шаблон:Convert redwood board on which is text describing Fort Shaw and some of its history. The sign hangs on short chains from a redwood crossbar which itself is mortar-joined and bolted to upright redwood posts. The posts are set in a stone and mortar based about Шаблон:Convert high. The painted sign was replaced with one in which the text was routed and painted white in the 1940s. It is one of the original historic highway markers erected by the state, and is one in the best condition as of 2008.Шаблон:Sfn

The National Park Service considered adding Fort Shaw to its system after proposals by the Sons and Daughters of Montana Pioneers in 1936 and 1938. However, after conducting a study, officials determined the site was "not of national significance."^[2] Fort Shaw is part of the Fort Shaw Historic District and Cemetery, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 11, 1985. A portion of the fort remains standing as of 2009.Шаблон:Sfn

References

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

External links

Fort Shaw Web site

Шаблон:Authority control

[1] Шаблон:Cite news

[Dilsaver-2] Шаблон:Cite journal

[1]

[2]

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