Английская Википедия:Fortifications of Guernsey

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Шаблон:Use dmy dates The island of Guernsey has been fortified for several thousand years, the number of defence locations and complexity of the defence increasing with time, manpower and the improvements in weapons and tactics.

Being in the front line of many wars, invasion was almost always a threat and the best locations for defence were being constantly rebuilt with older constructions being re-used and improved.

Файл:Guernsey July 2010 62, Fort Hommet.jpg
1804 Martello Tower re-used within 1943 Stützpunkt Rotenstein, Fort Hommet

Early defences

The first form of defences comprised safe locations for the islanders to flee to in the event of an invasion. The headland at Jerbourg, the Castel fortress, the Chateau des Marais and the Vale Castle were probably the earliest.

Файл:A Guide to the Island of Guernsey 1826 Ivy Castle.jpg
Ivy Castle in 1826
  • The Jerbourg Point defences resembled an Iron Age fort, it comprises a series of ditches and banks across the neck of the headland, providing a short defensive wall behind which the people could retreat in times of danger. Dating from 2,000 B.C. the Jerbourg defence of three ditches was improved, firstly with stone reinforcing[1]Шаблон:Rp and later with wooden platforms, palisades and a tower, however it fell to French invaders in 1338.
  • Nothing remains of the Castel fortress, apart from the parish name "Castel", or castle. It is suspected to date from Roman or Viking times and is thought to be located under the parish church.
  • Chateau des Marais, also called locally "Ivy Castle" built in a swamp, a "marais", using the natural wetland, supplemented with banks and ditches for defence built in the 12th century.[1]Шаблон:Rp as a standard Motte and Bailey fort.[2]
  • The castle of Saint Michael or as it is now called "Vale Castle", dating from the Iron Age, was constructed to protect the population against pirates by providing a safe refuge. It is not possible to identify when the medieval works were started, possibly in the late 10th-century.[3]Шаблон:Rp
Файл:Castle Cornet Guernsey.jpg
Castle Cornet

Castle Cornet was started in the late 13th Century on an islet accessible at low tide, outside Saint Peter Port.[1]Шаблон:Rp It would serve as the main base for the Governor of Guernsey, the commander of the Island's military forces, for many centuries.

The Guernsey militia was formed in 1337 and would continue until disbanded in 1946. It was compulsory for all men to belong to the militia. They trained weekly and for six centuries provided the main defensive force for the island.

A French invasion in 1338 captured the whole island including Castle Cornet, which dates back to at least 1256. Two years later the island was recaptured by English forces after the French navy was crippled at the Battle of Sluys and in August 1345 Castle Cornet was also recaptured. 13 years later the castle was again captured by the French before being evicted the following year.

In 1350 the King Edward ordered walls to be constructed around the town. The order was repeated when the work was not undertaken, but no evidence has been found of their existence. They would have linked the Tour Gand to the north with the Beauregard tower in the south.[4]

In May 1372 Owain Lawgoch a claimant to the Welsh throne, at the head of a free company, on behalf of France, attacked Guernsey, popularly called "La Descente des Aragousais". Owain Lawgoch withdrew after killing 400 of the Island militia,[5] The poem of the same name refers to the Vale Castle as the Château de l'Archange, the location of the last ditch stand against the insurgents.[6]Шаблон:Rp

With the advent of cannon and gunpowder, defences, now based mainly around Castle Cornet were remodelled between 1545 and 1548.

During the Third English Civil War, Castle Cornet, the main fortification in the island, supported the King whilst the island supported Parliament, this resulted in a siege of the castle that lasted nine years, ending in 1651. The castle had been improved over the centuries with added walls, gates and batteries.

The King's Survey of the Channel Islands was commissioned by Charles II in 1679. The report produced by Colonel Legge a year later was a comprehensive account of the state of defence, harbours and civil jurisdiction of the Islands. In Guernsey, defences had been poorly maintained, Castle cornet having suffered a major explosion after a lightning strike in 1672.[7]

Main early defences, starting from St Peter Port and moving in a clockwise direction.

Parish Place/Name Notes Coordinates
St Peter Port Castle Cornet ‡ £ Main defence, built on islet and constructed of granite Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Port Town Walls possibly built around 1350 [8] Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Port Gand tower existed in the Pollet area, La Tourgand [4] Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Port Beauregard tower built in 1357 on Mignot Plateau, now demolished Шаблон:Coord
St Martin Jerbourg headland ʘ earthen ditches and banks to protect headland [1] Шаблон:Coord
Forest La Corbière Headland A clifftop fortification that had fallen into disrepair by 1680 [7] Шаблон:Coord
Torteval Pezeries ‡ ʘ Fort first mentioned in 1680 [9] Шаблон:Coord
Castel Hommet headland – Fort Hommet ʘ fortification recorded in 1680 with one gun Шаблон:Coord
Castel Inland fortress pre 600 A.D. possible earth and wood construction now demolished Шаблон:Coord
Vale Le Marchant headland – Fort L’Angle ‡ ʘ small fort mentioned in 1680, renamed in 1805 Le Marchant Шаблон:Coord
Vale Vale Castle ‡ ʘ [10] built on top of a rock outcrop, protected by 15C granite walls Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Port Chateau des Marais ‡ ʘ built in a swamp, a standard Motte and Bailey fort Шаблон:Coord

Key ‡ Protected Monument [11] £ Accessible with fee ʘ Accessible

18th and early 19th Century

18th Century threats from France

Файл:L'Ancresse Loophole Tower no. 6, Guernsey - channel-islands.geographs.org - 419.jpg
L'Ancresse Loophole Tower no. 6

Having lived with constant threats during the Seven Years' War (1754–63), threats of an invasion from France during the Anglo-French War (1778–83) resulted in additional artillery being brought to the Island and the construction of several forts, numerous batteries covering possible landing sites and fifteen Guernsey loophole towers built between 1778 and 1779,[12] The threat was real as an invasion of nearby Jersey resulted in the Battle of Jersey in Saint Helier in January 1781. Work started in 1782 on the massive Fort George, on the hill south of Town, it would take over three decades to complete. Guernsey granite was used for the majority of the gun platforms, forts and walls with embrasures often lined with brick.

A map was produced in 1787 for the Duke of Richmond as Master-General of the Ordnance to show all existing roads and military positions.

French Revolution and Napoleonic era defences

The French Revolution in 1789 added to the concerns in the Channel Islands and resulted in additional constructions and an increase in manpower.

The island militia of around 3,000 men provided both infantry and coastal artillery units. They were supplemented with regular British infantry battalions who rotated and were increased or reduced depending on the current threat to the island. Before the barracks were built in Fort George, islanders were required to provide accommodation for soldiers that could not be accommodated in Castle Cornet. Each Parish had its quota and if they were quartered in public houses or private dwellings, the parish authorities were liable for the cost.[13]Шаблон:Rp Non British units, which were not allowed on the UK mainland, were sometimes based in Guernsey, including from 1793 to 1796 French Royalists and in 1799, 6,000 Russian troops, who were quartered at Delancey.[14]Шаблон:Rp In 1796 Peter de Havilland, a Jurat was appointed superintendent of thirteen signal masts around the island, installed to give warning of approaching ships.[15]Шаблон:Rp

Lieutenant-General John Doyle was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey in 1803. After declaring a "state of emergency" in 1804,[16] he undertook many works to improve the defence of the Island, including the draining of the Braye du Valle, improving some roads to military standard and building forts and batteries around the coast, including completing Fort George. Major-General Sir John Doyle was supported from 1810 by the new Bailiff, Peter de Havilland. The "emergency" lasted until 1815.

Doyle was instrumental in getting three Martello towers built in 1804–1805, as well as the reclaiming of Braye du Valle 1806–1808, the improved military roads with mile markers, for which he argued eloquently, against much opposition,[17]Шаблон:Rp and barracks which together gave the militia and regular units improved facilities to repel any invasion.[18]

The Royal Navy provided the first line of defence, Captain Sausmarez, in command of a Guernsey-based squadron consisting of three frigates, HMS Crescent (1784), HMS Druid (1783) and HMS Eurydice (1781), a lugger, and cutter frustrated a planned invasion by 20,000 French soldiers of the Channel Islands scheduled for February 1794, due to his vigilant eye[14]Шаблон:Rp Admiral James Saumarez was again put in charge of a squadron based in Guernsey from 1803 to 1808.

Defences

Land based defences, starting from St Peter Port and moving in a clockwise direction.

Parish Place/Name Notes Coordinates
St Peter Port Castle Cornet ‡ £ harbour defence, now a museum Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Port Havelet – Half Moon battery ʘ battery covering Havelet bay Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Port Fort George large fortress with barracks, built between 1782 and 1814,[18] now a housing estate Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Port Fort George – Clarence battery ‡ ʘ [19] on headland, named Clarence Battery in honour of George III's son Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Port Fort George – Adolphus battery Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Port Fort George – Kent battery
St Peter Port Fermain Bay – Becquet battery ‡ [19] ¤63+64+65 Linked with magazine and watch house
St Peter Port Fermain Bay – North battery ‡ [19] ¤62 Шаблон:Coord
St Martin Fermain Bay – Tower 15 Guernsey loophole towers ‡ ʘ Plans to convert to holiday accommodation [20] Шаблон:Coord
St Martin Fermain Bay – South battery ¤60
St Martin Bec du Nez battery and magazine ‡ ʘ ¤59 One gun Шаблон:Coord
St Martin Jerbourg battery ‡ ¤57+58 built over by later German defences Шаблон:Coord
St Martin Jerbourg – La Moye battery ‡ [19] ¤56 La Tas de Pois d'Ament battery Шаблон:Coord
St Martin Moulin Huet – Left and Right batteries ‡ ʘ ¤54+55 Шаблон:Coord
St Martin Saints Bay – Tower 14 ‡ [21] Шаблон:Coord
St Martin Saints Bay – Left and Right batteries [19] ¤52+53 With two 24-pounder guns Шаблон:Coord
St Martin Icart Point – battery ¤51 destroyed Шаблон:Coord
St Martin Petit Bôt – Tower 13 ‡ ʘ [22] Шаблон:Coord
Forest Petit Bôt – St Claire battery and magazine ‡ ʘ [19] ¤50 Two 24-pounder guns and magazine Шаблон:Coord
Forest Moye watch house Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Prevote watch house ‡ ¤48 Built over with German tower, granite stones and steps have been reused Шаблон:Coord
Torteval Les Tielles – Battery and watch house ‡ [19] ¤47 Three gun emplacements Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Mont Herault watch house ‡ ¤46 manned by militia overnight Шаблон:Coord
Torteval Pleinmont watch house ‡ ʘ ¤45 mentioned in Victor Hugo's book 'The Toilers of the Sea'
house destroyed by German troops 		Шаблон:Coord
Torteval Narron or Narrow Point Battery ‡ ʘ [19] ¤44 One 9-pounder gun position, suffering erosion from the sea Шаблон:Coord
Torteval Pleinmont or Petit Portes Battery ‡ ʘ [19] ¤43 Granite battery for one 18-pounder gun Шаблон:Coord
Torteval Pezeries fort and battery ‡ ʘ [9][23] ¤42 Three gun battery and magazine in star fort Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Château de Rocquaine – Fort Grey ‡ £ [23] Martello tower built 1804 now a museum Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Rocquaine Bay – Brock battery ¤41 Built over by Germans in WW2 Шаблон:Coord
St Peter L’Eree Point – Battery ‡ ʘ [19] ¤40 Two guns on granite battery site, magazine Шаблон:Coord
St Peter L’Eree Point – Fort Saumarez ‡ Martello tower now used as foundation for German observation tower Шаблон:Coord
St Saviour Le Catioroc – Mont Chinchon battery, magazine ‡ ʘ and watch house ¤38+39 Two gun battery with magazine and ¤39 watch house behind on hill [24] Шаблон:Coord
St Saviour Perelle – battery ‡ ʘ [19] ¤37 Two gun battery, magazine Шаблон:Coord
St Saviour Perelle – Fort Richmond ‡ Fort and barracks, now a private houseШаблон:Citation needed Шаблон:Coord
Castel Vazon – Mouillin or Left battery and magazine ‡ ¤34 Destroyed by German WW2 defences, magazine intact Шаблон:Coord
Castel Vazon – Tower 12 and Right battery ‡ ʘ [25] ¤31 Magazine Шаблон:Coord
Castel Hougue battery ‡ ʘ [19] two 24-pounder guns (originally 3) Шаблон:Coord
Castel Hommet headland – Fort Hommet ʘ [23] ¤30 Martello tower built 1804 with batteries for six guns Шаблон:Coord
Castel Albecq – Burton battery ‡ ʘ [19] ¤29 Two gun battery with alternate positions and magazine Шаблон:Coord
Castel Le Guet –Rocque de Guet watch house ‡ ʘ [26] ¤28 Built in 1780 Шаблон:Coord
Castel Cobo – South battery and magazine ‡ [27] ¤26+27 Battery destroyed when road built, but magazine remains intact ʘ Шаблон:Coord
Castel Grandes Rocque – fort and battery ‡ ʘ [19] ¤23 Battery held three 24-pounder guns and magazine Шаблон:Coord
Vale Portinfer – battery ‡ ʘ [19] ¤22 One 20-pounder gun position Шаблон:Coord
Vale Rousse – Tower 11 and battery ‡ ʘ [28] ¤21 Museum Шаблон:Coord
Vale Chouet – Tower 10 ‡ ʘ [29] Шаблон:Coord
Vale La Lochande Battery ‡ [19] Шаблон:Coord
Vale Pembroke – Pembroke fort ‡ ʘ and Platon battery [19] ¤18 One 20-pounder gun Шаблон:Coord
Vale Pembroke – star fort ‡ [23] built 1811, some evidence of earthworks Шаблон:Coord
Vale Pembroke – Tower 9 ‡ ʘ Шаблон:Coord
Vale L'Ancresse – Tower 8 demolished
Vale L’Ancresse – Half Moon and centre batteries ¤15+16 demolished
Vale L’Ancresse – Tower 7 ‡ ʘ Шаблон:Coord
Vale L’Ancresse – Tower 6 ‡ ʘ Шаблон:Coord
Vale L’Ancresse – Tower 5 ‡ ʘ Шаблон:Coord
Vale L’Ancresse – Nid de L’Herbe battery ‡ ʘ [19] ¤14 Three gun battery with magazine Шаблон:Coord
Vale Le Marchant headland – Fort le Marchant ‡ ʘ [23] ¤13 small fort expanded in 1805 Шаблон:Coord
Vale Le Marchant headland – Tower 4 ‡ ʘ Шаблон:Coord
Vale Fort Doyle ‡ ʘ [23] Small fort and battery built 1805 Шаблон:Coord
Vale Beaucette battery [19] ¤12 Two 18-pounders upgraded to 20-pounder guns, magazine demolished by quarrying
Vale Bordeaux old battery demolished by quarrying
Vale Vale Castle ‡ ʘ Old walled fort on small hill [10] Шаблон:Coord
St Sampson Mont Crevelt – Tower 3 and battery ‡ ¤9 small fort with tower and battery protecting harbour Шаблон:Coord
St Sampson Belle Greve Bay – Spur point, and Kempt batteries Spur point on private land, Kemp has been destroyed Шаблон:Coord
St Sampson Belle Greve Bay – Tower No 2 demolished in 1958 Шаблон:Coord
St Sampson Belle Greve Bay – Belle Greve battery ¤5 demolished
St Peter Port Chateau des Marais ‡ ʘ magazine built inside castle Шаблон:Coord
St Sampson Hougue-a-la-Pere – Tower No 1 and battery ‡ ¤4 tower demolished in 1905,[30]Шаблон:Rp battery intact Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Port Salerie battery ʘ ¤1 now a car park Шаблон:Coord

Key ‡ Protected Monument [11] £ Accessible with fee ʘ Accessible ¤1850 list and battery number[31]Шаблон:Rp

Post Napoleonic

In 1819 a Picquet House was constructed near the Town Church, its purpose being to provide a harbour side military presence and a lockup for unruly persons.[30]Шаблон:Rp

Victorian era

In 1850 a letter was presented to Queen Victoria listing the defences on the island.[31] During the Victorian era, defence improvements mainly consisted of replacing the Napoleonic cannon with breach loading heavier artillery in the 1870s and modifying forts to take a smaller number of the larger calibre guns. Many of the older batteries were decommissioned. A number of new military buildings were also built.

The militia received updated breach loading rifles in 1870. Drab khaki service dress was issued in 1902 when the militia size was reduced to 1,000 men during times of peace.[32]

Some defensive positions were improved with a small glacis, whilst making the gun positions less obvious to an attacker.

Building works in the Victorian period starting from St Peter Port and moving in a clockwise direction.

Parish Place/Name Notes Coordinates
St Peter Port Castle Cornet ‡ £ improved artillery Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Port Arsenal store for mobile artillery built in 1850 and the Militia
headquarters, now the Island fire station 		Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Port Clarence battery ‡ ʘ improved artillery Шаблон:Coord
Castel Fort Hommet ʘ improved artillery and barracks built 1856 Шаблон:Coord
Vale L’Ancresse Bay – Pembroke Fort ‡ ʘ improved artillery Шаблон:Coord
Vale Fort Le Marchant ‡ ʘ improved artillery and barracks built 1854 Шаблон:Coord
Vale Fort Doyle ‡ ʘ upgrade for improved artillery Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Port Bréhon Tower ‡ sea fort built by 1856 Шаблон:Coord
Various Four militia arsenals built in 1882 Le Bordage (Baubigny), St. George (les Beaucamps),
Les Naftiaux and St. Peter-in-the-Wood (Les Islets)

Key ‡ Protected Monument [11] £ Accessible with fee ʘ Accessible

World War I

First World War defences saw just one innovation, the establishment of a French seaplane base, on the pier close to Castle Cornet, in St Peter Port. The pilots flew on constant watch for German submarines.[33]

The rules regarding the militia were changed to suspend the force, the volunteering men were partly scattered amongst British units, the main force was converted into the Royal Guernsey Light Infantry. The island's men went off to war, most to fight in France.

War trophies of four German 13.5 cm K 09 artillery guns were displayed next to Victoria Tower until two were scrapped in 1938 and in 1940 the remaining two were buried in case enemy aircraft suspected they were "live". Forgotten about, they were uncovered in 1978 and are again on display.[34]

World War II

Шаблон:Main

The island was demilitarised in June 1940 including suspending the militia again. During the German occupation which ran from June 1940 to May 1945 a massive building programme was instigated by Germany which saw the construction of tunnels, anti-tank sea walls, coastal casemates, artillery positions, artillery observation towers, radar units and a mass of trenches, minefields and barbed wire entanglements.

Up to 7,000 Organisation Todt workers in Guernsey built mainly in two years, between 1941 and 1943, the bulk of the fortifications. The German Festung Guernsey book recorded 616,000m³ of concrete used in Guernsey,[35] almost 10% of the concrete used in the Atlantic Wall.

Of the eleven artillery batteries on Guernsey, the largest was located in Batterie Mirus, comprising four 30.5 cm guns which had a range of Шаблон:Convert.[36]

Camouflage was used in defensive works by German engineers, as were burying or part burying structures to escape aerial observation and attack. Many guns were designed to fire at an angle across a potential danger area rather than facing the sea, where they would be susceptible to direct fire from ships. The thickness of the concrete walls and roofs of the German structures providing adequate protection for weapons developed by 1944.

Many constructions are on private land and not accessible to the public, others may be looked at, clambered over and a few can be entered with care. Those that can be visited include:

Parish Place/Name Notes Coordinates
St Peter Port Castle Cornet ‡ £ Hafenschloss ("Harbour Castle") now a museum Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Port St Jacques ‡ £ Naval Signals HQ, now a museum [37] Шаблон:Coord
St Peter Port La Vallette tunnels £ Tunnels used to store fuel, now a museum Шаблон:Coord
St Andrew "Ho.7/40" tunnels £ [38] Large tunnel complex, now the underground hospital museum Шаблон:Coord
Forest German Occupation Museum £ Main island museum relating to the occupation period Шаблон:Coord
Torteval "Battery Dollmann" ʘ Restored German 22 cm battery Шаблон:Coord
Torteval "Observation Tower MP3" £ Artillery observation tower now a museum Шаблон:Coord
St Peter L’Eree headland trenches ʘ re-excavated trench system Шаблон:Coord
Castel Fort Hommet 10.5cm Casement ‡ £ Renovated beach defence area now a museum Шаблон:Coord
Vale L’Ancresse ʘ Assorted bunkers on the common and nearby anti tank wall Шаблон:Coord
Vale Vale Castle ‡ ʘ German modifications to older castle Шаблон:Coord

Key ‡ Protected Monument [11] £ Accessible with fee ʘ Accessible

Cold War

Castle Cornet provided an underground control bunker, using the WW2 German concrete construction, which would, in the event of war, control shipping in the western end of the English Channel.[39]

Gallery

See also

External links

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Guernsey topics

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ 19,00 19,01 19,02 19,03 19,04 19,05 19,06 19,07 19,08 19,09 19,10 19,11 19,12 19,13 19,14 19,15 19,16 19,17 19,18 Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 23,4 23,5 Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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