Английская Википедия:Four big families of Hong Kong

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use Hong Kong English Шаблон:Use dmy dates

The four big families of Hong Kong (Шаблон:Zh)[1]Шаблон:Nonspecific is a term used to describe the four business families who historically rose to prominence and became influential in Hong Kong.[2] In order of influence, they are Li, Ho, Lo and Hui family.[2]

The founders of the original four families are Li Sek-peng (Шаблон:Zh), Robert Ho Tung (Шаблон:Zh), Hui Oi-chow (Шаблон:Zh) and Lo Cheung-shiu (Шаблон:Zh).[1] Of these families, the Lis and the Hos and their descendants are the two most recognized by regular Hong Kong citizens today.[1]

Families

The families and their descendants are listed below. Each indentation represents one generation down, though not necessarily the next generation. Not all the descendants are shown. Most members of these families have reached tycoon status.

Li family notables

Шаблон:Main

Шаблон:Tree list

Шаблон:Tree list/end

Ho family notables

Шаблон:Tree list

Шаблон:Tree list/end

Hui family notables

Шаблон:Tree list

Шаблон:Tree list/end

Lo family notables

Шаблон:Tree list

Шаблон:Tree list/end

Other definitions

Victor Wan-tai Zheng, co-author of Grand Old Man of Hong Kong: Sir Robert Ho Tung (2007)[13] and Opium King: Lee Hysan (2011),[14] lists 10 "Wealthy Chinese Family BusinesesШаблон:Sic in Hong Kong" in his PhD thesis: Ho Tung Family, Li Shek-pang Family, Fung Pak-liu Family (note: Шаблон:Zh, co-founder of Li & Fung), Lee Leung-yick Family (note: father of Lee Hysan), Chau Wing-tai Family, Hui Oi-chow Family, Шаблон:Ill Family, KowkШаблон:Sic (Wing On) Family, Шаблон:Ill Family and Шаблон:Ill Family.[15]Шаблон:Rp

He also lists a number of families, including Wang Lo KatШаблон:Sic (Wong Lo Kat) and Lee Kam KeeШаблон:Sic (Lee Kum Kee), in a separate category.[15]Шаблон:Rp The thesis was later modified and published as Chinese Family Business and the Equal Inheritance System: Unravelling the Myth in 2010.[16]

Other authors have suggested new Four big families for the post colonial era. In this case, there are many more variants, including the Li Ka-shing, Kwok Tak-seng, Lee Shau-kee and Cheng Yu-tung families[17][18] or the Tung Chee-hwa, James Tien, Henry Tang and Rong Yiren families.[19]

Some scholars have gone even further by widening it to include the "big 10 families": Li Ka-shing family, Swire family, Keswick family, Kwok Tak-seng family, Pao Yue-kong family, Kadoorie family, Lee Shau-kee family, Cheng Yu-tung family, Chan Tseng-Hsi family and Ng Teng Fong family.[20]

Most of the latter members have been associated with the term "real estate tycoons" (Шаблон:Zh), a label made popular by Alice Poon's book Land and the Ruling Class in Hong Kong. In her book, she lists the Lis [Ka-shing], the Kwoks [Tak-seng], the Lees [Shau-kee], the Chengs [Yu-tung], the Paos [Yue-kong] and Woos [Peter] and the Kadoories as the powerful Hong Kong families who hold sway over local "property-cum-utility/public services conglomerates".[21] The Chinese translation of the book uses Шаблон:Zh as a section title.[22]

As of 2018, Li Ka-shing and Lee Shau-kee were ranked first and second in Forbes' Hong Kong's 50 Richest respectively, while Thomas and Raymond Kwok brothers, sons of the late Kwok Tak-seng, were ranked 4th; their eldest brother, Walter Kwok (d. 20 October 2018), was ranked 10th. Richard Li, the younger son of Li Ka-shing, was ranked 19th. Henry Cheng, son of the late Cheng Yu-tung, was ranked 49th. Some of the members of the aforementioned "new" families were also on the list, such as Peter Woo, son-in-law of the late Pao Yue-kong (6th), Michael Kadoorie (12th), the brothers Tung Chee-hwa and Chee-chen (17th) and Chan Tan Ching-fen, widow of Chan Tseng-HisШаблон:Sic (35th).[23]

See also

References

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Sing Tao Daily. Section C-4 HR news. 7/31/2007.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Chinese university of HK. "cuhk.edu." Opening Ceremony of Li Koon Chun Hall. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
  4. ↑ Chinese university of HK. "cuhk.edu." Mrs Daisy Li Woo Tze-ha. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  7. ↑ Hong Kong university. "HKU.hk." Jessie Ho Professorship in Neuroscience 何馮月燕基金教授席（神經科學）. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
  8. ↑ WhartonHK. "Whartonhongkong.com." Biography of Lawrence Ho. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
  9. ↑ The Standard HK. "The Standard.com." Chief condemns stadium violence. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
  10. ↑ SFOC. "SFOC." Elected officer. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
  11. ↑ Lo and Lo. "Lo and Lo. Шаблон:Webarchive." About us. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
  12. ↑ News.gov.hk. "News.gov.hk Шаблон:Webarchive." CE mourns Lo Tak-shing's death . Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite thesis
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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