Английская Википедия:Fourth voyage of Columbus
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:DMY Шаблон:UBE Шаблон:Infobox expedition The fourth voyage of Columbus was a Spanish maritime expedition in 1502–1504 to the western Caribbean Sea lead by Christopher Columbus. The voyage, Columbus's last, failed to find a western maritime route to the Far East, returned relatively little profit, and resulted in the loss of many crew men, all the fleet's ships, and a year-long marooning in Jamaica. It is deemed the first non-Amerindian discovery of mainland Middle America, and one of the first non-Amerindian, non-Norse discoveries of continental North America.Шаблон:Refn
Prelude
Upon being released from prison on 17 December 1500, Columbus set about planning what he deemed would be 'his most significant, most profitable expedition yet.'Шаблон:Sfnm The 1497 discovery of an eastern maritime passage to 'the opulent East,' by Vasco de Gama, had steeled Columbus's determination to find a shorter, more direct western route.Шаблон:Sfn Consequently, on 26 February 1502, Columbus requested licence to sail on a fourth voyage.Шаблон:Sfn Passage to the East, he reasoned, might lay farther west than anyone had prior sailed.Шаблон:Sfn The project being deemed viable and desireable, the Catholic Monarchs granted authorisation on 14 March.Шаблон:Sfn The royal licence approved disbursement of ten thousand gold pesos for fitting out a fleet, appointed Francisco de Porras as comptroller of spoils, and Diego de Porras as auditor and Crown representative, and forbid the taking of slaves, among other terms and conditions.Шаблон:Sfn Columbus enlisted Diego Tristán to captain the flagship, La Capitana, Francisco de Porras for Santiago de Palos, Pedro de Terreros for El Gallego, and Bartolomeo Fieschi for Vizcaíno.Шаблон:Sfn One hundred and forty men and boys were reportedly recruited to man the fleet.Шаблон:Sfn By 28 April, when all preparations had been finalised, Columbus had spent 2,259,239 maravedis on wages, rent, equipment, and provisions.Шаблон:Sfn
Voyage
Departure
The Columbian fleet set sail on 9 May 1502.Шаблон:Sfn After a brief detour to Arzila, Morocco, which Ferdinand II had requested, the fleet reached Hierro, Canary Islands, where they reprovisioned.Шаблон:Sfn The fleet reached Martinique in 21 days, the fastest Atlantic crossing of Columbus's career.Шаблон:Sfn
Antilles
Crew well-rested and ships repaired, the fleet departed the Lesser Antilles due west.Шаблон:Sfn Though his commission forbade landing at Hispaniola at this stage of the voyage, Columbus anchored just off the Ozama River by the end of June, as he wished to request permission to enter the port of Santo Domingo so as to shelter therein from a hurricane he feared was brewing.Шаблон:Sfn The petition was denied, but the Admiral was shortly proven right by the landing of a 'massive hurricane,' which the fleet weathered reasonably well, possibly off the Jaina River.Шаблон:Sfn After repairing the ships, the fleet set off downwind from Hispaniola on 15 July.Шаблон:Sfn After a brief stay at Isle of Pines, Cuba, the ships picked up stiff north-easterlies and set of due southwest.Шаблон:Sfn
Honduras
On 30 July, a crewmate sighted Bonacca.Шаблон:Sfn Notably, upon anchoring off the island, a richly-laden merchant's canoe approached the fleet.Шаблон:Sfn Noting their goods were 'all of a quality superior to what they had seen before,' the Spaniards forced a trade, buying ceramics, dyed cotton textiles, flint-edged swords, and copper hatchets with 'the usual baubles.'Шаблон:Sfn As the vessel is thought to have hailed from some nearby port in the Maya Lowlands, the event is deemed by some scholars the first instance of contact between Maya and non-Amerindian peoples.Шаблон:SfnmШаблон:Refn
After impressing the canoe's elderly skipper, the fleet anchored in the lee of Cape Honduras, 'where they made the first landing on the mainland of North America.'Шаблон:Sfn They next anchored off the Romano River, due east, where 'Columbus took formal possession' of the newly discovered lands on 17 August.Шаблон:Sfn The weather, which beset them with strong headwinds and fierce rain, prolonged the fleet's journey southeastwards to Cape Gracias a Dios, so christened because when they rounded it on 14 September, the weather improved noticeably.Шаблон:Sfn
Nicaragua
On 16 September, two days after having turned south at Cape Gracias a Dios, the fleet anchored just off a large estuary, 'probably [that of] the Rio Grande,' with surf so strong it swamped one of the boats, leading to the death by drowning of two crewmates.Шаблон:Sfn
Costa Rica
On 25 September, the fleet moored off Puerto Limón, where they attempted to trade with the Talamancan locals, two of whom were impressed to help with Castilian–Amerindian translation.Шаблон:Sfn
Panama
On 5 October, the fleet entered Almirante Bay, where Columbus 'found the first sign of fine gold, which an [Amerindian man] wore like a large medal on his breast.'Шаблон:Sfn They then anchored in the Chiriqui Lagoon, which the Talamancan interpreters informed was a nine-day's march from Шаблон:Em, a rich land which lay on another ocean.Шаблон:Sfn Columbus took Ciguare to mean Ciamba, but nonetheless seems to have given up his search for a maritime passage to the East, having had no luck so far, and instead focussed on trading for gold, fine specimens of which the new-found peoples had.Шаблон:Sfn
The ships put out on 17 October, due southeast where they sighted Veragua, a local village which Amerindian guides noted for its gold production.Шаблон:Sfn A storm then blew the ships east to Porto Bello, and farther east to Nombre de Dios, where the crew dropped anchors to repair the fleet.Шаблон:Sfn To their misfortune, the weather only worsened, tempestuous winds and currents battering the ships back and forth between Porto Bello and the Chagres River.Шаблон:Sfn Conditions finally improved on 3 January 1503, allowing the fleet to leave for the Belén River mouth, where they anchored some days later.Шаблон:Sfn
At this point, Columbus lead exploratory parties up the river, while his brother, Bartholomew, led parties up the Veragua River.Шаблон:Sfn In February, 'the Spanish put up ten or twelve houses on the west bank of the river [Belén],' thereby founding Шаблон:Em.Шаблон:Sfn This soon proved an unwelcome development among the locals, however, with whom relations quickly soured to the point of military engagement.Шаблон:Sfn Seeking to stave off an attack, Columbus authorised the abduction of the local cacique Quibián, and his family and principal subordinates.Шаблон:Sfn The pre-emptive strike, led by Bartholomew and eighty men, proved both successful and profitable, netting them 'a good deal of gold.'Шаблон:Sfn The cacique soon managed to escape however, and responded with a force of four hundred warriors.Шаблон:Sfn Though the crew managed to repel the attack, they suffered twelve fatal and several non-fatal casualties.Шаблон:Sfn Growing convinced of Santa María de Belén's untenable situation, Columbus deemed it prudent to abandon the colonial project.Шаблон:Sfn Consequently, on 16 April, all ships but El Gallego set sail due east, with Diego Méndez succeeding the recently deceased Diego Tristán as captain of the flagship.Шаблон:Sfn After scuttling the newly-unseaworthy Vizcaíno at Porto Bello, the now-halved fleet reached a headland, probably Punta de Mosquito, and set off northwards on 1 May.Шаблон:Sfn
Antilles
The fleet, reduced now to La Capitana and Santiago de Palos, both already in a sorry state, anchored at the Jardín de la Reina, Cuba, on 12 May.Шаблон:Sfn That week proved especially disastrous for the leaky ships, and taxing for the crew.Шаблон:Sfn With 'ships pierced by borers worse than a honeycomb, the people spiritless and desperate,' they carried on to Jamaica, reaching St Ann's Bay on 25 June.Шаблон:Sfn Columbus deeming the fleet unseaworthy, he had both ships run ashore and the 116 crew mates marooned for what would prove to be a year-long odyssey.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn
Columbus set about securing a vessel to send for rescue. That July, he enlisted his captains Méndez and Fieschi, twelve crew mates, and twenty Taino rowers to attempt the daring crossing of the Jamaica Channel aboard dugout canoes in two parties.Шаблон:Sfn In three days' time, both canoes reached Navassa Island, where several rowers died or fell very ill of dehydration.Шаблон:Sfn Despite these odds, the survivors made the rest of the crossing in one day's time.Шаблон:Sfn The captains were detained by the governor at Jaraguá, and did not reach Santo Domingo until March 1504.Шаблон:Sfn There, the governor denied them use of a small caravel to rescue their mates, further prolonging their marooning.Шаблон:Sfn
Meanwhile, back in Jamaica, the stranded crew's discontent festered until 2 January 1504, when Francisco and Diego de Porras led a mutiny of 48 men.Шаблон:Sfn The rebels fled ashore towards the eastern end of the island, to the great misfortune of Amerindian settlements they passed.Шаблон:Sfn Over the next month, they would attempt the Channel crossing twice, but fail both times, and so return to St Ann's Bay by the end of March, where, after a skirmish, the Porras brothers would be imprisoned, and their mutineers pardoned.Шаблон:Sfn Coincidentally, Amerindian attitudes towards the St Ann's party grew strained, leading to markedly fewer provisions.Шаблон:Sfn This trend the Admiral rather ingeniously reverted during the lunar eclipse of 29 February, which he convinced the caciques was a sign of divine disapproval of their recent reticence.Шаблон:Sfn
Finally, on 29 June, a rescue caravel from Santo Domingo arrived at St Ann's Bay.Шаблон:Sfn The rescued crew reached that port on 13 August.Шаблон:Sfn
Return
On 12 September, Columbus, his son, his brother, and 22 crew mates departed Santo Domingo for Sanlúcar de Barrameda, which they reached on 7 November 1504.Шаблон:Sfn
Aftermath
Columbus's hopes to the contrary, this expedition proved to be 'the least profitable and most dangerous of all his voyages,' the explorer having found no passage to the East, returned miserly profits to Castile, lost many men and all four ships, and suffered a year's stranding in Jamaica.Шаблон:Sfn The post-voyage debriefing of the Catholic Monarchs was precluded by the death of Isabella I on 26 November 1504.Шаблон:Sfnm Instead, Columbus presented the voyage's negative results only to Ferdinand II that December in Segovia, with the latter proving less than thrilled, as Columbus reportedly 'received nothing' from the King.Шаблон:Sfnm
Legacy
In scholarship
First-hand accounts of the voyage by Columbus, his son Ferdinand, the Porras brothers, Pedro de Ledesma, and Diego Méndez remain extant.Шаблон:Sfnm Sixteenth century second-hand accounts include one by Bartolomé de las Casas, and another by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo.Шаблон:Sfnm The itineraries described in these sources, however, do not perfectly concur, resulting in discrepancies within the literature.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn
In culture
The Capitulations of Santa Fe secured for Columbus and his heirs a number of rights and privileges attaching to lands discovered and formally possessed by him.Шаблон:Sfn As Columbus discovered and formally possessed mainland territory during his fourth voyage, rather than insular lands, conflict arose regarding the extent of mainland to which the Capitulations rights and privileges attached.Шаблон:Sfn In 1508, this resulted in the protracted Pleitos Colombinos, wherein Columbus's heir, Diego Columbus, sued for recognition of his inherited rights and privileges over lands discovered and possessed, claiming rights and privileges over large tracts of the Central American subcontinent by dint of Columbus's discoveries and acts of formal possession during his fourth voyage.Шаблон:Sfn
Tables
Ships
Шаблон:Table alignment Шаблон:Static row numbers
| Capitana | Santiago | Gallego | Vizcaíno | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variant name | Gracia de Dios | Santiago de Palos | Gallega | Vizcaína |
| Variant name | Santa María | Bermuda | – | – |
| Class | carabela | carabela | navío | navío |
| Crew | 50 | 37 | 27 | 25 |
| Commissioned | 4 Mar 1502 | 4 Mar 1502 | 4 Mar 1502 | 4 Mar 1502 |
| Decommissioned | 12 Aug 1503 | 23 Jul 1503 | 15 Apr 1503 | 23 Apr 1503 |
| Captain | Diego Tristán | Francisco de Porras | Pedro de Terreros | Bartolomé de Fiesco |
| Pilot | Juan Sánchez | – | – | – |
| Maestre | Ambrosio Sánchez | Francisco Bermúdez | Quintero de Algruta | – |
| Contramaestre | Antón Donato | Pedro Gómez | Alonso Remón | Martín de Fuenterrabia |
| Proprietor | Mateo Sánchez | – | Alonso Cerrajero | Juan de Orquiva |
| Notable crew | Ferdinand Columbus | Bartholomew Columbus | – | Pedro de Ledesma |
| Notable crew | – | Andrea Columbus | – | – |
| Notable crew | – | Diego de Porras | – | – |
| Notable crew | – | Diego Méndez | – | – |
| Notable crew | Christopher Columbus · Antón de Alaminas | |||
| Notes | – | cfШаблон:SpacesШаблон:Refn | – | cfШаблон:SpacesШаблон:Refn |
Itinerary
Шаблон:Table alignment Шаблон:Static row numbers
| Date< | Date> | Place | Event | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | – | Commission requested | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Seville | Ships commissioned | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Valencia de la Torre | Commission granted | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Seville | Departure from | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Cádiz | Departure from | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Gran Canaria | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Hierro | Departure from | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Martinique | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Hispaniola | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Hispaniola | Hurricane | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Ocoa Bay | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Ocoa Bay | Departure from | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Bonacca | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Romano River | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Cape Gracias a Dios | Rounding of | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Río Grande | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Puerto Limón | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Almirante Bay | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Chiriqui Lagoon | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Chiriqui Lagoon | Departure from | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Porto Bello | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Nombre de Dios Bay | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Nombre de Dios Bay | Departure from | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Limón Bay | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Limón Bay | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Limón Bay | Departure from | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Belén River | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Belén River | Party despatched | cfШаблон:SpacesШаблон:Refn |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Belén River | Departure from | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | – | Departure from | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Jardín de la Reina | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Jardín de la Reina | Departure from | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | St Ann's Bay | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | St Ann's Bay | Mutiny start | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | St Ann's Bay | Lunar eclipse | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | St Ann's Bay | Mutiny end | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | St Ann's Bay | Departure from | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Santo Domingo | Arrival at | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Santo Domingo | Departure from | – |
| Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Sanlúcar de Barrameda | Arrival at | – |
Accounts
Шаблон:Table alignment Шаблон:Static row numbers
| Place | Porras | Columbusp | Columbusf | Ledesma | Casas | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| – | Martininó | Dominica | Martininó | – | – | – |
| – | – | – | Dominica | – | – | – |
| – | – | – | Santa Cruz | – | – | – |
| – | – | – | San Juan | – | – | – |
| Hispaniola | Española | Española | Española | – | Española | – |
| – | Jamaica | Jamaica | Los Pozos | – | Isletas | cfШаблон:SpacesШаблон:Refn |
| – | Jardín de la Reina | Las Figueras | – | – | Jardín de la Reina | – |
| Guanaja | Guanajas | – | Guanaja | Guanasa | Isla Guanaja / isla de Pinos | cfШаблон:SpacesШаблон:Refn |
| – | – | – | – | – | Cyguare | – |
| Cape Honduras | Punta Caxinas | – | Punta Cajinas | – | Punta Caxinas | cfШаблон:SpacesШаблон:Refn |
| Romano River | Río Posysyón | – | Golfo de Honduras | Uiuya | – | cfШаблон:SpacesШаблон:Refn |
| Cape Gracias a Dios | Cabo Gracias a Dios | Cabo Gracias a Dios | Cabo Gracias a Dios | Cabo Gracias a Dios | Cabo Gracias a Dios | – |
| – | – | – | Provincia de Veragua | – | – | – |
| – | – | – | Nombre de Dios | – | – | – |
| – | Río del Desastre | – | Río de la Desgracia | – | Río del Desastre | – |
| – | Cabo de Toas | – | – | – | – | cfШаблон:SpacesШаблон:Refn |
| – | Provincia del Cariay | Cariay | Isla Quiribirí / Cariay | Provincia de Cariay | Isla Quiribirí / Cariari o Huerta | – |
| – | Cerabaró | Çarabaru | Canal Cerabaró | Provincia de Carábaru | Carabaró | – |
| – | Aburemá | – | Canal Aburemá | – | Aburemá | – |
| – | Río Guiga | – | Río Guiga | – | – | – |
| – | Ysla del Escudo | – | – | – | – | cfШаблон:SpacesШаблон:Refn |
| – | – | – | Río Cateba | Provincia de Catiba | Río Catiba | – |
| – | – | – | Cobraba | – | – | – |
| – | – | – | Veragua / Hurirá | Provincia de Urirá | Veragua / Hurirá | – |
| – | – | – | Cubija | – | Cubija | – |
| – | Punta de Prados | – | – | – | – | cfШаблон:SpacesШаблон:Refn |
| – | Provincia de Cobraba | – | – | – | – | – |
| Porto Bello | – | Belpuerto | Portobelo | – | Puerto Belo | cfШаблон:SpacesШаблон:Refn |
| – | – | – | Islas Nombre de Dios | – | Puerto Nombre de Dios | – |
| Bastimentos | Puerto de Bastimentos | Puerto de Bastimentos | Puerto de Bastimentos | – | Puerto de Bastimentos | – |
| – | – | – | – | – | Tierra Guiga | – |
| – | Puerto Retrete | Puerto Retrete | Puerto Retrete | – | Puerto Retrete | – |
| – | – | – | Portobelo | – | – | – |
| – | – | – | Canal Huiva | – | – | – |
| – | N Ebra | – | Río Yebra | – | Río Yebra | – |
| Limón Bay | – | Puerto Gordo | – | – | – | cfШаблон:SpacesШаблон:Refn |
| – | Río Beragua | Beragua o Huerta | Río Beragua / Hurirá | Río Veragua | Río Veragua | – |
| – | – | Puerto | Cobraba | – | – | – |
| – | – | – | Zobraba | – | – | – |
| – | – | – | Río Cateba | – | – | – |
| – | – | Beragua | – | – | – | – |
| – | St Ma de Belén | Belén | Río Belén | – | – | – |
| – | – | Belporto | Portobelo | – | Belporto | – |
| – | – | – | Puerto Retrete | Puerto Retrete | – | – |
| – | – | – | Islas Barbas | Islas Barvas | Islas Barbas | – |
| – | – | – | Punta Mármol | – | Punta Cartagena | – |
| – | – | – | Islas Tortugas | – | Islas Tortugas | – |
| – | Juana | Mango | Jardín de la Reina | Ysla de Cuba | Jardín de la Reina | – |
| Jamaica | Jamaica | Jamaica | Jamaica | – | Jamaica | – |
See also
- Cabot expeditions, pre-1502 English voyages to mainland Northern America
- Pinzón–Solís voyage, 1508–1509 Spanish voyage partly tracking the fourth voyage of Columbus
- Magellan expedition, 1519–1522 Spanish voyage which finally discovered a western passage to the East
Notes and references
Explanatory footnotes
Short citations
Full citations
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
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- Шаблон:Cite book
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- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
External links
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