Английская Википедия:Fox language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language
Fox (known by a variety of different names, including Mesquakie (Meskwaki), Mesquakie-Sauk, Mesquakie-Sauk-Kickapoo, Sauk-Fox, and Sac and Fox) is an Algonquian language, spoken by a thousand Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo in various locations in the Midwestern United States and in northern Mexico.
Dialects
The three distinct dialects are:
- Fox or Шаблон:Lang (Meskwaki language)[1] (also called Mesquakie, Meskwaki)
- Sauk or Шаблон:Lang (Thâkîwaki language) (also rendered Sac), and
- Kickapoo (also rendered Шаблон:Lang; considered by some to be a closely related but distinct language[2]).
If Kickapoo is counted as a separate language rather than a dialect of Fox, then only between 200 and 300 speakers of Fox remain. Extinct Mascouten was most likely another dialect, though it is scarcely attested.
Revitalization
Most speakers are elderly or middle-aged, making it highly endangered. The tribal school at the Meskwaki Settlement in Iowa incorporates bilingual education for children.[3][4] In 2011, the Meskwaki Sewing Project was created, to bring mothers and girls together "with elder women in the Meskwaki Senior Center sewing traditional clothing and learning the Meskwaki language."[5]
Prominent scholars doing research on the language include Ives Goddard[6] and Lucy Thomason of the Smithsonian Institution and Amy Dahlstrom of the University of Chicago.
Phonology
The consonant phonemes of Fox are given in the table below. The eight vowel phonemes are: short Шаблон:IPA and long Шаблон:IPA.
Other than those involving a consonant plus Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, the only possible consonant cluster is Шаблон:IPA.
Until the early 1900s, Fox was a phonologically very conservative language and preserved many features of Proto-Algonquian; records from the decades immediately following 1900 are particularly useful to Algonquianists for this reason. By the 1960s, however, an extensive progression of phonological changes had taken place, resulting in the loss of intervocalic semivowels and certain other features.[7]
Grammar
Vocabulary
Mesquakie numerals are as follows:[8]
| Шаблон:Lang | one |
| Шаблон:Lang | two |
| Шаблон:Lang | three |
| Шаблон:Lang | four |
| Шаблон:Lang | five |
| Шаблон:Lang | six |
| Шаблон:Lang | seven |
| Шаблон:Lang | eight |
| Шаблон:Lang | nine |
| Шаблон:Lang | ten |
Writing systemsШаблон:Anchor
Besides the Latin script, Fox has been written in two indigenous scripts.[9]
Fox I
"Fox I" is an abugida based on the cursive French alphabet (see Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics). Consonants written by themselves are understood to be syllables containing the vowel Шаблон:IPA. They are:
| l[10] | Шаблон:IPA |
| t | Шаблон:IPA |
| s | Шаблон:IPA |
| d | Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Efn |
| tt | Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Efn |
| I[11] | Шаблон:IPA |
| w | Шаблон:IPA |
| m | Шаблон:IPA |
| n | Шаблон:IPA |
| K | Шаблон:IPA |
| q[12] | Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Efn |
Шаблон:Col-2 Vowels are written by adding dots to the consonant:
| l | Шаблон:IPA |
| l. | Шаблон:IPA |
| l· | Шаблон:IPA |
| l.. | Шаблон:IPA |
Fox II
"Fox II" is a consonant–vowel alphabet. According to Coulmas, Шаблон:IPA is not written (as Шаблон:IPA is not written in Fox I). Vowels (or Шаблон:IPA plus a vowel) are written as cross-hatched tally marks.
| + | Шаблон:IPA |
| C | Шаблон:IPA |
| Q | Шаблон:IPA |
| ı | Шаблон:IPA |
| ñ | Шаблон:IPA[13] |
| ═ | Шаблон:IPA |
| ƧƧ | Шаблон:IPA |
| 田 | Шаблон:IPA |
| # | Шаблон:IPA |
| C′ | Шаблон:IPA |
| ƧC | Шаблон:IPA |
| × | Шаблон:IPA |
| Шаблон:IPA[14] | |
| Шаблон:IPA[15] | |
| Шаблон:IPA[16] |
See also
References
- Bloomfield, Leonard. 1925. "Notes on the Fox Language." International Journal of American Linguistics 3:219-32.
- Cowan, William 1991. "Observations Regarding Fox (Mesquakie) Phonology". Papers of the Twenty-Second Algonquian Conference.
- Dahlstrom, Amy. (N.d.). Meskwaki Syntax (Manuscript). Retrieved from https://lucian.uchicago.edu/blogs/adahlstrom/publications-2/selected-manuscripts/meskwaki-syntax-book
- Voorhis, Paul H. 1974. Introduction to the Kickapoo Language, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
External links
- Native Languages of the Americas: Mesquakie-Sauk
- Fox texts (1907), ed. William Jones
- The Owl Sacred Pack of the Fox Indians (1921), ed. Truman Michelson
- The Autobiography of a Fox Indian Woman (1895), ed. Truman Michelson
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Meskwaki Language - Alphabet
- OLAC resources in and about the Meskwaki language
- OLAC resources in and about the Kickapoo language
- A Concise Dictionary of the Sauk Language Шаблон:Webarchive , 2005, Gordon Whittaker, The Sac & Fox National Public Library, Stroud, Oklahoma
Шаблон:List of writing systems Шаблон:Languages of Oklahoma Шаблон:Algonquian languages Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Meskwaki Settlement School - Meskwakiatoweni (Meskwaki language)
- ↑ Moctezuma Zamarrón, José Luis 2011, El sistema fonológico del Kickapoo de Coahuila analizado desde las metodologías distribucional y funcional. México: INALI
- ↑ Meskwaki Settlement School Website, Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Language change in the speech community: change by loss of a stylistic register, in Historical Linguistics: Toward a Twenty-First Century Reintegration (Шаблон:ISBN), page 57
- ↑ Sauk Counting Worksheet (Sac and Fox). Retrieved 17 March 2019 from http://www.native-languages.org/numbers/sauk_numbers.htm
- ↑ Coulmas
- ↑ Written as a tall loop, similar to a cursive b or l.
- ↑ The cursive form of capital I is a more graphically accurate approximation for Шаблон:IPA; the actual character is a small clockwise loop with a long tail.
- ↑ The actual character for Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA is shaped more like a cursive g or a with a long, winding tail that goes in a loop, almost like a figure-8 shape.
- ↑ Actually | like one script n stacked on another.
- ↑ If the cross-hatching does not show up (perhaps because this line has been copied without formatting), this is like a small capital H with the cross-bar sticking out on either side.
- ↑ Resembles Chinese 卅 but lower and wider.
- ↑ Resembles Chinese 卌, but lower and wider.
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