Английская Википедия:Frank Furness

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Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox military person Frank Heyling Furness (November 12, 1839 – June 27, 1912) was an American architect of the Victorian era. He designed more than 600 buildings, most in the Philadelphia area, and is remembered for his diverse, muscular, often inordinately scaled buildings, and for his influence on the Chicago-based architect Louis Sullivan. Furness also received a Medal of Honor for bravery during the Civil War.

Toward the end of his life, his bold style fell out of fashion, and many of his significant works were demolished in the 20th century. Among his most important surviving buildings are the University of Pennsylvania Library, now the Fisher Fine Arts Library, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and the First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia, all in Philadelphia, and the Baldwin School Residence Hall in Bryn Mawr.

Early life and education

Furness was born in Philadelphia on November 12, 1839. His father, William Henry Furness, was a prominent Unitarian minister and abolitionist, and his brother, Horace Howard Furness, became America's outstanding Shakespeare scholar. Frank, however, did not attend a university and apparently did not travel to Europe. He began his architectural training in the office of John Fraser, Philadelphia, in the 1850s. He attended the Шаблон:Lang-inspired atelier of Richard Morris Hunt in New York City, from 1859 to 1861, and again in 1865, following his military service. Furness considered himself Hunt's apprentice and was influenced by Hunt's dynamic personality and accomplished, elegant buildings. He was also influenced by the architectural concepts of the French engineer Viollet-le-Duc and the British critic John Ruskin.

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Career

Файл:Unitarian Church at Germantown, Philadelphia, by Newell, R., d. 1897 lhs.jpg
Germantown Unitarian Church (1866–67, demolished ca. 1928)
Файл:ProvidentTrust.jpg
Provident Life & Trust Company in Philadelphia (1879, demolished 1959–60)
Файл:Furness National Bank of the Republic.jpg
National Bank of the Republic, later renamed Philadelphia Clearing House, in Philadelphia (1883–84, demolished)
Файл:B&OPassengerStationPhiladelphia.jpg
24th Street Station on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in Philadelphia (1886–88, demolished 1963)

Furness's first commission, Germantown Unitarian Church (1866–67, demolished ca. 1928), was a solo effort, but in 1867, he formed a partnership with Fraser, his former teacher, and George Hewitt, who had worked in the office of John Notman. The trio lasted less than five years, and its major commissions were Rodef Shalom Synagogue (1868–69, demolished) and the Lutheran Church of the Holy Communion (1870–75, demolished). In 1897, Furness designed an addition to the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society (PSFS) 1869 building which has now been incorporated into the St. James, a high-rise luxury apartment complex in the city’s Washington Square neighborhood.[1]

Following Fraser's move to Washington, D.C., to become supervising architect for the U.S. Treasury Department, the two younger men formed a partnership in 1871, and soon won the design competition for the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (1871–76). Louis Sullivan worked briefly as a draftsman for Furness & Hewitt (June - November 1873),Шаблон:Efn and his later use of organic decorative motifs can be traced, at least in part, to Furness. By the beginning of 1876, Furness had broken with Hewitt, and the firm carried only his name. Hewitt and his brother William formed their own firm, G.W. & W.D. Hewitt, and became Furness's biggest competitor. In 1881, Furness promoted his chief draftsman, Allen Evans, to partner (Furness & Evans); and, in 1886, did the same for four other long-time employees.[2] The firm continued under the name Furness, Evans & Company as late as 1932, two decades after its founder's death.[3]Шаблон:Rp

Furness was one of the most highly paid architects of his era, and a founder of the Philadelphia Chapter of the American Institute of Architects. Over his 45-year career, he designed more than 600 buildings, including banks, office buildings, churches, and synagogues. Nearly one-third of his commissions came from railroad companies. As chief architect of the Reading Railroad, he designed about 130 stations and industrial buildings. For the Pennsylvania Railroad, he designed more than 20 structures, including the great Broad Street Station (demolished 1953) at Broad and Market Streets in Philadelphia. His 40 stations for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad included the ingenious 24th Street Station (demolished 1963) beside the Chestnut Street Bridge. His residential buildings included numerous mansions in Philadelphia and its suburbs, especially the Philadelphia Main Line and commissioned houses at the New Jersey Shore, and in Newport, Rhode Island, Bar Harbor, Maine, Washington, D.C.; New York state, and Chicago.

Furness broke from dogmatic adherence to European trends, and juxtaposed styles and elements in a forceful manner. His strong architectural will is seen in the unorthodox way he combined materials: stone, iron, glass, terra cotta, and brick. And his straightforward use of these materials, often in innovative or technologically advanced ways, reflected Philadelphia's industrial-realist culture of the post–Civil War period.

Interior design and furniture

Файл:Desk, designed by Frank Furness, 1870-71, Philadelphia Museum of Art.jpg
Horace Howard Furness Desk (1870-1871), Frank Furness and Daniel Pabst, now on display at the Philadelphia Museum of Art
Файл:RooseveltDiningroom.jpg
Dining room of the Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. townhouse in New York City (1873, demolished); Furness designed the furniture and woodwork and their manufacture is attributed to Daniel Pabst.

Furness designed custom furniture for a number of his early residences and buildings. One notable commission was the 1870-1871 redesign of the interiors of elder brother Horace Howard Furness's city house, at the southwest corner of 7th and Locust Streets in Philadelphia. Work on Horace's library included elaborate Neo-Grec bookcases, a reliquary for a (supposed) death mask of William Shakespeare, and a Neo-Grec desk, now at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. These pieces can be documented by drawings in Furness's sketchbooks and a letter in HHF's papers: "These bookcases were placed in position this day—February 18th 1871. They were designed by Capt. Frank Furness, and made by Daniel Pabst …"[4]

In 1873, Furness designed interiors and furniture for the Manhattan city house of Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., father of the future president. Although the house was demolished, Furness/Pabst furniture from it survives at Sagamore Hill, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the High Museum of Art, in Atlanta.[5]

Furness designed bookcases and a suite of table and armchairs for the boardroom of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia, along with the lectern for its auditorium.[6]Шаблон:Rp Manufacture of these is attributed to Pabst. A, Шаблон:Circa A Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts boardroom armchair is in the Victoria and Albert Museum, in London.[7]

Military service

During the American Civil War, Furness served as captain and commander of Company F, 6th Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry, also known as "Rush's Lancers". He received the Medal of Honor for his gallantry at the Battle of Trevilian Station.

Medal of Honor citation

Rank and organization: Captain, Company F, 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry. Place and date: At Trevilian Station, Virginia, June 12, 1864. Entered service at: Philadelphia, Pa. Birth:------. Date of issue: October 20, 1899.

Citation:

The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Captain (Cavalry) Frank Furness, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 12 June 1864, while serving with Company F, 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry, in action at Trevilian Station, Virginia. Captain Furness voluntarily carried a box of ammunition across an open space swept by the enemy's fire to the relief of an outpost whose ammunition had become almost exhausted, but which was thus enabled to hold its important position.[8][9]

Gettysburg monument

Файл:6th PA Cavalry p820.jpg
The 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry Monument at Gettysburg Battlefield in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (1888)

Twenty-five years after fighting in the Battle of Gettysburg, he designed the monument to his regiment on South Cavalry Field:

In design it is a simple granite block, as massive as a dolmen, but surrounded by a corona of bronze lances that are models of the original lances. ... [T]hey are depicted in a resting position, as if waiting to be seized at any instant and brought into battle. The sense of suspended action before the moment of the battle is all the more potent because it is rendered in stone and metal, making it perpetual. Of the hundreds of monuments at Gettysburg, Furness's is among the most haunting.[3]Шаблон:Rp

Personal life

Furness married Fanny Fassit in 1866, and they had four children: Radclyffe, Theodore, James, and Annis Lee. His brother-in-law, James Wilson Fassitt Jr. (1850–1892), became an architect in Furness's firm, and was promoted to partner in 1886.[6]Шаблон:Rp

Death

Файл:Frank Furness tombstone.jpg
Furness' tombstone in Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia

Furness died on June 27, 1912, in Idlewild, Pennsylvania, at his summer house outside Media, Pennsylvania, and was buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.[10]

Rediscovery

Шаблон:Multiple image Following decades of neglect, during which many of Furness's most important buildings were demolished, there was a revival of interest in his work in the mid-20th century. The critic Lewis Mumford, tracing the creative forces that had influenced Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, wrote in The Brown Decades (1931): "Frank Furness was the designer of a bold, unabashed, ugly, and yet somehow healthily pregnant architecture."[11]

The architectural historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock, in his comprehensive survey Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (revised 1963), saw beauty in that ugliness:

Шаблон:Blockquote

Architect and critic Robert Venturi in Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (1966) wrote, not unadmiringly, of the National Bank of the Republic, later renamed the Philadelphia Clearing House:

The city street facade can provide a type of juxtaposed contradiction that is essentially two-dimensional. Frank Furness' Clearing House, now demolished like many of his best works in Philadelphia, contained an array of violent pressures within a rigid frame. The half-segmental arch, blocked by the submerged tower which, in turn, bisects the facade into a near duality, and the violent adjacencies of rectangles, squares, lunettes, and diagonals of contrasting sizes, compose a building seemingly held up by the buildings next door: it is an almost insane short story of a castle on a city street.[12]

On the occasion of its centennial in 1969, the Philadelphia Chapter of the American Institute of Architects memorialized Furness as its 'great architect of the past':

For designing original and bold buildings free of the prevalent Victorian academicism and imitation, buildings of such vigor that the flood of classical traditionalism could not overwhelm them, or him, or his clients ...

For shaping iron and concrete with a sensitive understanding of their particular characteristics that was unique for his time ...

For his significance as innovator-architect along with his contemporaries John Root, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright ...

For his masterworks, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the Provident Trust Company, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Station, and the University of Pennsylvania Library (now renamed the Furness Building) ...

For his outstanding abilities as draftsman, teacher and inventor ...

For being a founder of the Philadelphia Chapter and of the John Stewardson Memorial Scholarship in Architecture ...

And above all, for creating architecture of imagination, decisive self-reliance, courage, and often great beauty, an architecture which to our eyes and spirits still expresses the unusual personal character, spirit and courage for which he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for bravery on a Civil War battlefield.[13]

Legacy

Файл:HHFCabinetDoors.jpg
Cabinet doors from the Horace Howard Furness Library (1870-1871), Frank Furness and Daniel Pabst, private collection

Furness designed custom interiors and furniture in collaboration with Philadelphia cabinetmaker Daniel Pabst. Examples are in the collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art;[14][15] the University of Pennsylvania;[16] the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, Georgia;[17] the Victoria and Albert Museum in London,[18] and elsewhere. Mark-Lee Kirk's set designs for the 1942 Orson Welles film The Magnificent Ambersons seem to be based on Furness's ornate Neo-Grec interiors of the 1870s.[3]Шаблон:Rp A fictional desk designed by Furness is featured in the John Bellairs novel The Mansion in the Mist.

Furness's independence and modernist Victorian-Gothic style inspired 20th-century architects Louis Kahn and Robert Venturi. Living in Philadelphia and teaching at the University of Pennsylvania, they often visited Furness's Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts — built for the 1876 Centennial — and his University of Pennsylvania Library.

In 1973, the Philadelphia Museum of Art mounted the first retrospective of Furness's work, curated by James F. O'Gorman, George E. Thomas and Hyman Myers. Thomas, Jeffrey A. Cohen and Michael J. Lewis authored Frank Furness: The Complete Works (1991, revised 1996), with an introduction by Robert Venturi. Lewis wrote the first biography: Frank Furness: Architecture and the Violent Mind (2001).

The 2012 centenary of Furness's death was observed with exhibitions at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, the Library Company of Philadelphia, the Athenaeum of Philadelphia, the Delaware Historical Society, the First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia, and elsewhere.[19] On September 14, a Pennsylvania state historical marker was dedicated in front of Furness's boyhood home at 1426 Pine Street, Philadelphia (now Peirce College Alumni Hall). Opposite the marker is Furness's 1874-75 dormitory addition to the Pennsylvania Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, now the Furness Residence Hall of the University of the Arts.[20]

Selected architectural works

Файл:Philadelphia-broadst-138288pv-bis.jpg
Broad Street Station (1892-93, demolished 1953). When it opened in 1893, this was the world's largest passenger railroad terminal.
Файл:ChineseWall.jpg
The "Chinese Wall", the station's stone viaduct, carried the PRR tracks 10 blocks from Broad Street to the Schuylkill River.

Philadelphia buildings

Demolished Philadelphia buildings

Buildings elsewhere

Файл:Emlen-physick-estate.jpg
Emlen Physick house in Cape May, New Jersey (1879), now Mid-Atlantic Center for the Arts (MAC)

Railroad stations

Wilmington, Delaware

Three buildings in Wilmington, Delaware, reputed to be the largest grouping of Furness-designed railroad buildings, form the Frank Furness Railroad District.

Residences

Schools

Churches

Other

Gallery

See also

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Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Commons category

  • Lewis, Michael J., Frank Furness: Architecture and the Violent Mind, 2001.
  • O'Gorman, James F., et al., The Architecture of Frank Furness. Philadelphia Museum of Art; 1973.
  • Thayer, Preston, The Railroad Designs of Frank Furness: Architecture and Corporate Imagery in the Late Nineteenth Century, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Ph.D. dissertation), 1993.
  • Thomas, George E., Jeffrey A. Cohen & Michael J. Lewis, Frank Furness: The Complete Works. Princeton Architectural Press, revised edition 1996.
  • Venturi, Robert, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. The Museum of Modern Art; 1966.
  • Шаблон:Cite web

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Frank Furness Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ James F. O'Gorman, George E. Thomas & Hyman Myers, The Architecture of Frank Furness (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1973), pp. 200-03.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Michael J. Lewis, Frank Furness: Architecture and the Violent Mind (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 2001).
  4. ↑ Quoted in David Hanks, "Daniel Pabst," Nineteenth Century Furniture: Innovation, Revival, and Reform (New York: Art & Antiques, 1982), p. 43.
  5. ↑ Roosevelt dining table Шаблон:Webarchive, from High Museum of Art.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6 6,7 Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ PAFA armchair, from Victoria and Albert Museum.
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Wittenberg, 2000.
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Lewis Mumford, The Brown Decades: A Study of Arts in America 1865-1895 (New York: 1931), p. 144.
  12. ↑ Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (New York: Museum of Modern Art Papers on Architecture, 1966), pp. 56-57.
  13. ↑ Louis I. Kahn was saluted as the Chapter's great architect of the present. AIA 100: Centennial Yearbook (Philadelphia Chapter of the American Institute of Architects, 1970), pp. 12-13.
  14. ↑ Modern Gothic desk, from Philadelphia Museum of Art.
  15. ↑ Modern Gothic chair, from Philadelphia Museum of Art.
  16. ↑ Furness-Pabst bookcase Шаблон:Webarchive, from University of Pennsylvania.
  17. ↑ Roosevelt dining table Шаблон:Webarchive, from High Museum of Art.
  18. ↑ Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts armchair, from Victoria and Albert Museum.
  19. ↑ Furness schedule of events
  20. ↑ Furness Residence Hall
  21. ↑ Northern Savings Fund Society Building at the Historic American Buildings Survey
  22. ↑ Philadelphia Zoo Gatehouses at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
  23. ↑ Kensington National Bank at the Historic American Buildings Survey
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Undine Barge Club Шаблон:Webarchive
  26. ↑ Horace Jayne house from Flickr
  27. ↑ The concept for this building was Furness's, but it was designed by his partner, Allen Evans, along with the New York firm of McKim, Mead and White. George E. Thomas, Jeffrey A. Cohen & Michael J. Lewis, Frank Furness: The Complete Works (Princeton Architectural Press, revised edition 1996), pp. 338-39.
  28. ↑ Girard Trust Company at the Historic American Buildings Survey
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Unitarian Society of Germantown Шаблон:Webarchive
  31. ↑ Rodef Shalom Шаблон:Webarchive at National Museum of American Jewish History.
  32. ↑ Lutheran Church of the Holy Communion at Bryn Mawr College.
  33. ↑ Guarantee Trust Company at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
  34. ↑ Seamen's Church of the Redeemer at the Historic American Buildings Survey
  35. ↑ Provident Life & Trust Co. at the Historic American Buildings Survey
  36. ↑ Library Company of Philadelphia at Bryn Mawr College.
  37. ↑ Reliance Insurance Company Building at the Historic American Buildings Survey
  38. ↑ National Bank of the Republic at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
  39. ↑ Baltimore and Ohio Terminal at the Historic American Buildings Survey
  40. ↑ Broad Street Station at the Historic American Buildings Survey
  41. ↑ Arcade Building at the Historic American Buildings Survey
  42. ↑ B&O Water Street Station at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
  43. ↑ Pennsylvania Building at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
  44. ↑ Wilmington Station at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
  45. ↑ Lindenshade at the Historic American Buildings Survey.
  46. ↑ Lindenshade after 1885 at Bryn Mawr College.
  47. ↑ Jean and David W. Wallace Hall at the Historic Campus Architecture Project
  48. ↑ Fryer's Cottage at the Historic American Buildings Survey.
  49. ↑ Emlen Physick Estate at the Historic American Buildings Survey
  50. ↑ Dolobran at the Historic American Buildings Survey
  51. ↑ History from Inn at Ragged Edge.
  52. ↑ Williamson Free School Main Building Шаблон:Webarchive
  53. ↑ The Baldwin School at Bryn Mawr College.
  54. ↑ Recitation Hall from Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
  55. ↑ Haverford School Шаблон:Webarchive from Township of Lower Merion
  56. ↑ All Hallows Church Шаблон:Webarchive
  57. ↑ Church of Our Father Шаблон:Webarchive
  58. ↑ St. Michael's interior Шаблон:Webarchive at Architectural Archives of the University of Pennsylvania
  59. ↑ New Castle Library
  60. ↑ 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry Monument from Flickr
  61. ↑ Merion Cricket Club at the Historic American Buildings Survey.
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