Английская Википедия:Frankenstein (Universal film series)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Infobox media franchise Frankenstein is a film series of horror films from Universal Pictures based on the play version by Peggy Webling and the 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley.Шаблон:Sfn The series follow the story of a monster created by Henry Frankenstein who is made from body parts of corpses and brought back to life. The rest of the series generally follows the monster continuously being revived and eventually focuses on a series of cross overs with other Universal horror film characters such as The Wolf Man. The series consists of the following films: Frankenstein (1931), Bride of Frankenstein (1935), Son of Frankenstein (1939), The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942), Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943), House of Frankenstein (1944), House of Dracula (1945) and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).
The series was praised by film historians, such as Ken Hanke, who described the Frankenstein series as "the most famous, influential and important of all horror series"Шаблон:Sfn and Gregory William Mank who stated in 1981 that "today, few film scholars would debate the fact that Universal Studio's Frankenstein films [...] constitute the most beloved horror film series ever produced".Шаблон:Sfn The series led to other acclaimed productions that reference or parody the work such as The Spirit of the Beehive and Young Frankenstein.
Films
Ken Hanke wrote in A Critical Guide to Horror Film Series that Universal's Frankenstein series consisted of Frankenstein (1931), Bride of Frankenstein (1935), Son of Frankenstein (1939), Ghost of Frankenstein (1942), Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943), House of Frankenstein (1944), House of Dracula (1945) and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).Шаблон:Sfn
Frankenstein
Шаблон:Main Frankenstein follows the obsessed scientist Dr. Henry Frankenstein (Colin Clive) as he attempts to create life by assembling a creature from body parts of the deceased. Aided by his assistant, Fritz (Dwight Frye), Frankenstein succeeds in animating his monster (Boris Karloff), but, the confused creature escapes into the countryside and begins to wreak havoc. Frankenstein searches for the elusive being, and eventually must confront his tormented creation.
Bride of Frankenstein
Шаблон:Main Bride of Frankenstein takes place immediately after the events of Frankenstein. It follows a chastened Henry Frankenstein as he attempts to abandon his plans to create life, only to be tempted and finally coerced by his old mentor Dr. Pretorius, along with threats from the Monster, into constructing a mate for the Monster.
Son of Frankenstein
Шаблон:Main The film follows Baron Wolf von Frankenstein (Basil Rathbone) who, with his wife Elsa (Josephine Hutchinson) and son Peter (Donnie Dunagan), return to his late father's estate. Near their castle lives Ygor (Bela Lugosi), a crazed shepherd whose neck was broken in an unsuccessful hanging attempt. Among the castle's remains, Frankenstein discovers the remains of the monster (Boris Karloff) and decides to try save his family name by resurrecting the creature to prove his father was correct. He finds, however, the monster only responds to Ygor's commands.
The Ghost of Frankenstein
Шаблон:Main The Monster (Lon Chaney Jr.) and his companion Ygor (Lugosi) are chased out of town. They go to another small town to encourage the younger son of Dr. Frankenstein (Cedric Hardwicke) to continue his father's experiments, so that Ygor can have revenge against his enemies and his brain transplanted into the Monster's skull. The experiment is put forward, placing Ygor's mind into that of the Monster where he then finds himself blind. This leads to the monster attacking the scientist Dr. Theodore Bohmer (Lionel Atwill) which accidentally leads to the destruction of their lab, trapping them all in its wreckage.
Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Quote box A follow-up to both The Ghost of Frankenstein and The Wolf Man (1941), the film involves Larry Talbot who is brought back to life and is seeking a way to return to his death to escape his werewolf curse. Talbot meets with gypsy Maleva (Maria Ouspenskaya) who advises him that the only way to stay dead is to confer with Dr. Frankenstein. The doctor is long dead but his equipment is in working condition, leading Talbot to seek the help of scientist Dr. Mannering (Patric Knowles) and Frankenstein descendant Baroness Elsa Frankenstein (Ilona Massey). Talbot then attempts to have his life sucked from his body and transferred into Frankenstein's monster (Bela Lugosi). They continue work with Dr. Mannering, who begins the experiment but decides to fulfill his scientific curiosity to see the Monster at full strength and revives the Monster. The experiment coincides on the night of a full moon, leading Talbot to transform yet again as the Monster regains his strength and vision; both escape their restraints. The Monster begins to carry Elsa away, but the Wolf Man attacks him, and she escapes from the castle with Mannering. The Wolf Man and the Monster then engage in a fight until they are both swept away in the flood that results when a local innkeeper destroys a dam to destroy Castle Frankenstein.
House of Frankenstein
Шаблон:Main Dr. Gustav Niemann (Boris Karloff) escapes from prison and promises to create a new body for his assistant Daniel. The two move on to the ruins of Castle Frankenstein where they find the body of Frankenstein's monster and Larry Talbot in the castle. Niemann thaws them and promises to cure Talbot of his werewolf curse, but secretly plots to revive Frankenstein's monster instead. The werewolf attacks and fatally wounds a woman, but not before she manages to shoot and kill Talbot with a silver bullet. Daniel blames Niemann and turns on him. The monster intervenes, throwing Daniel out of the window, and carries the half-conscious Niemann outside, where the villagers chase them into the marshes. There, both the monster and Niemann get caught in quicksand and sink to their deaths in it.
House of Dracula
Шаблон:Main At the castle home of Dr. Franz Edelmann, the doctor is visited first by Count Dracula and Larry Talbot who are trying to cure their vampirism and lycanthropy, respectively. The doctor agrees to help Dracula but is unable to aid Talbot. Talbot tries to get himself imprisoned to control his Werewolf other self and eventually tries to commit suicide by leaping into the ocean near the castle. Talbot survives the fall, only to find the body of Frankenstein's monster in a cave below the base of the castle. Edelemann takes the monster's body back to his laboratory, but finds Count Dracula has awoken and by attacking his assistants, he captures Edelmann and forces a reverse blood transfusion, which gives Edelmann a split personality that likes to wreak havoc with those around him. Edelman awakens and begins transforming into a more monstrous personality and murders his gardener. When the townspeople discover the body, they chase Edelmann, believing him to be Talbot. At the castle, the operation cures Talbot, but Edelmann again turns into his monstrous self. The doctor revives Frankenstein's monster, with the others witnessing Edelmann's transformation. The townspeople rush to the castle, where the police attack the monster, but are subdued by the creature. Talbot shoots Edelmann dead and traps the monster under shelving as the house burns down around them as the burning roof collapses on the monster.
Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein
Шаблон:Main In Florida, two railway baggage handlers make a mistake as they move a pair of crates belonging to a house of horrors museum, the museum's director, Mr. MacDougal (Frank Ferguson), demands that Wilbur (Lou Costello) and his friend, Chick Young (Bud Abbott), deliver them personally so that the crates can be inspected for insurance purposes. Lawrence Talbot (Lon Chaney Jr.) tries to warn Chick and Wilbur that the crates contain the bodies of Count Dracula (Bela Lugosi) and the Frankenstein Monster (Glenn Strange).
Production
The idea to adapt Frankenstein into a film was first put forward by director and screenwriter Robert Florey.Шаблон:Sfn Florey had arrived in Hollywood in 1921 as a correspondent for the French Cinema-gazine and stayed on to serve as publicity for Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks.Шаблон:Sfn Florey was invited to the studio to work on its horror properties.Шаблон:Sfn Following the release of Dracula (1931), Universal's sales manager Phil Reisman announced in February 1931 that the film to was a "domestic sensation" and "one of the outstanding box office sensations of all time".Шаблон:Sfn Florey met with Universal's story editor Richard Schayer to discuss follow-ups which included adaptations of H. G. Wells The Invisible Man and Edgar Allan Poe's "The Murders in the Rue Morgue".Шаблон:Sfn Florey recalled that Schayer admired the story of Frankenstein but felt if would not be prime for adaptation into a film.Шаблон:Sfn Florey formed a five-page synopsis for the film with Bela Lugosi, the title star of Dracula to play.Шаблон:Sfn Universal officially picked up the rights to a stage version of Frankenstein that was by Peggy Webling.Шаблон:Sfn Hamilton Deane adapted the stage play to a screenplay.Шаблон:Sfn This led to Florey becoming cautious with Universal, who had only signed him with a contract to promised him to write and direct a film, but not specifically for Frankenstein.Шаблон:Sfn Florey began a screenplay with Garrett Fort.Шаблон:Sfn Their script had elements in the original films: the criminal brain being placed in the monster and the climax in an old windmill.Шаблон:Sfn
A two-reel test was shot for Frankenstein with Florey directing and Lugosi acting as the monster.Шаблон:Sfn Lugosi's appearance of the monster resembled the creature from Paul Wegener's The Golem (1920).Шаблон:Sfn Florey recalled that the Laemmle Jr. burst out laughing when seeing the test footage.Шаблон:Sfn James Whale, who was hired after Laemmelle Jr. was impressed with Whale's Journey's End.Шаблон:Sfn Whale was offered to choose from 30 projects and opted for Frankenstein, leading Florey to direct Murders in the Rue Morgue with Lugosi, with whom he was still on good terms.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Whale then revised the Florey script and took parts of Balderston adaptation (including scenes of the Monster experiencing sunlight the first time and the drowning of the small girl).Шаблон:Sfn Francis Edward Faragoh was brought in to submit a rewrite of the Frankenstein script and at Whale's insistence, added some mildly comic touches to the material.Шаблон:Sfn Production began on August 24, 1931, and ended on October 3 with a final budget of $291,000.Шаблон:Sfn
As early as 1933, Universal had set plans for the sequel titled The Return of Frankenstein.Шаблон:Sfn The project was announced as entering production in 1934.Шаблон:Sfn Whale initially had no interest in directing a sequel to Frankenstein feeling he had "squeezed the idea dry".Шаблон:Sfn The assignment was initially given to Kurt Neumann. After Whale completed work on One More River (1934), Whale changed his mind and agree to return for the Frankenstein sequel.Шаблон:Sfn Whale initially had R.C. Sherriff to writing the film, but the writer backed out of the film leading to John L. Balderston to write a treatment that was finished by William Hurlbut and mystery writer Edmund Pearson.Шаблон:Sfn Pearson's name does not appear in the credits.Шаблон:Sfn Universal went back and forth on the title of the film as it was alternately announced as both The Return of Frankenstein and Bride of Frankenstein in trade papers, with The Universal Weekly stating January 5, 1935 that the title would be Return since "the monster was not named Frankenstein".Шаблон:Sfn By January 19, the title was changed back to Bride.Шаблон:Sfn The film began production on January 2, 1935, and finished on March 7.Шаблон:Sfn
Following the release of Dracula's Daughter in May 1936, all horror film productions were dropped from Universal Pictures production schedules.Шаблон:Sfn The studio resumed horror film production after a two-year break with the announcement of Son of Frankenstein in August 1938.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The decision for a new Frankenstein film was made after the success of the triple bill of Dracula, Frankenstein and Son of Kong at Los Angeles' Regina Theatre on Wilshire Boulevard.Шаблон:Sfn The screenings at the 659-seat theater packed houses for five weeks, leading Universal to reissue Frankenstein and Dracula on one program in theaters across the United States.Шаблон:Sfn Son of Frankenstein was first mentioned in trade papers on August 29, 1938, when The Hollywood Reporter reported Universal was negotiating a two-horror-picture deal with Boris Karloff, the first one being a sequel to Frankenstein.Шаблон:Sfn By September 2, the magazine reported Universal had announced the film as After Frankenstein.Шаблон:Sfn Production of Son of Frankenstein began on October 17, 1938, but filming was delayed until November 9 due to due Director Roland V. Lee's dissatisfaction with the initial script by Wyllis Cooper.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The lack of a completed script led to actors receiving freshly written pages minutes before scenes were set up to be filmed.Шаблон:Sfn The finishing date of the production was postponed from December 10 to 17.Шаблон:Sfn According to actor Josephine Hutchinson, director Lee did some rewriting on set.Шаблон:Sfn
After the success of Son of Frankenstein, Universal announced a follow-up film, The Ghost of Frankenstein, on November 13, 1941, saying they had been searching for a new lead to play the monster.Шаблон:Sfn The next day, producer George Waggner was instructed to order the same type of makeup Karloff wore for the new actor, with instructions that changing the appearance may "kill the interest of Frankenstein follower".Шаблон:Sfn Lon Chaney Jr. was chosen to play the monster.Шаблон:Sfn The Ghost of Frankenstein was released on March 13, 1942.Шаблон:Sfn Early versions of the script were written by Eric Taylor, and included elements not used in the film, such as the return of Basil Rathbone's character from Son of Frankenstein.Шаблон:Sfn The film went into production on December 14, 1941, and completed in early January 1942.[1]
Monster rally films
According to Richard G. Hubler of the Saturday Evening Post, the next film in the Frankenstein series, Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man, was prompted by the nearly one million dollar gross of The Wolf Man (1941).Шаблон:Sfn Iniitally titled Wolf Man Meets Frankenstein,Шаблон:Sfn the screenplay merges the stories of the two films, as The Wolf Man was set in the present day with the sequel taking place four years later, while the Frankenstein story is set in a much earlier era.Шаблон:Sfn The authors of Universal Horrors commented on this, stating "probably almost no one noticed or cared about details like this when the film was released", as Universal had begun targeting their films to a younger audience.Шаблон:Sfn Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man went into production in October 1942.Шаблон:Sfn The film premiered in New York on March 5, 1943.[2]
Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man was the first of what would become known as the "monster rally films".Шаблон:Sfn These would be followed with other name-brand film monsters in crossovers such as House of Frankenstein and House of Dracula.Шаблон:Sfn Preparations for House of Frankenstein began in August 1943 under the title The Devil's Brood.Шаблон:Sfn The film's story author Curt Siodmak spoke little on developing the story for the film, stating that "the idea was to put all the horror characters into one picture. I only wrote the story. I didn't write the script. I never saw the picture".Шаблон:Sfn House of Dracula is a continuation of the film House of Frankenstein and used much of that film's crew.Шаблон:Sfn Actor John Carradine, who portrayed Dracula in both House of films commented that around the time that House of Dracula's script was finished, soldiers were returning from World War II. Many families were dealing with relatives suffering from the horrors of war. This led to film studios "running scared from any type of horror film. The public now wanted musicals and light fantasy. The horror and monster company on the lot was reduced to what could be compared today as a weekly television soap opera or series".Шаблон:Sfn The film began production on September 17, 1945, and completed on October 25.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
On November 28, 1945, Universal joined with British entrepreneur J. Arthur Rank who bought one-fourth interest in the studio.Шаблон:Sfn In 1946, Universal reported a profit of only $4.6 million which led to it dropping many actors from their contract roster including Chaney.Шаблон:Sfn On July 31, 1946, an official merger began leading to the company now called Universal-International which only had Deanna Durbin, Abbott and Costello, Maria Montez and a few other actors remaining on their payroll.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Abbott and Costello popularity was described as being "on the wane" in 1948 by film historian Gregory William Mank.Шаблон:Sfn They had not placed in the top Ten Box office lists since 1944.Шаблон:Sfn Producer Robert Arthur came up with an idea developing a script with veteran Abbot and Costello writers Frederic Rinaldo, Robert Lees and John Grant that would partner the duo with the Universal's monsters including Count Dracula, The Wolf Man and Frankenstein's Monster.Шаблон:Sfn Abbott and Costello initially were against the picture but were in need of money and eventually agreed.Шаблон:Sfn The film previewed at the Los Angeles Forum Theatre on June 25, 1948.Шаблон:Sfn
Undeveloped films
Robert Florey submitted a short treatment for The New Adventures of Frankenstein - The Monster Lives! in early 1932. It was rejected and returned to Florey in a few weeks.Шаблон:Sfn Universal staff writer Tom Reed wrote a treatment under the title The Return of Frankenstein, a title retained until filming began.Шаблон:Sfn Following its acceptance in 1933, Reed wrote a full script that was submitted to the Hays office for review. The script passed its review, but Whale, who by then had been contracted to direct, complained that "it stinks to heaven".Шаблон:Sfn
Wyllis Cooper, the creator of the radio show Lights Out, submitted an original screenplay for Son of Frankenstein that was initially rejected.Шаблон:Sfn This screenplay, which was dated October 20, 1938, involved Wolf, his wife Else and their young son Erwin arriving at Castle Frankenstein to claim their inheritance.Шаблон:Sfn Wolf's father's will stipulates the monster remain out of commission for at least 25 years following the watchtower explosion before any inheritance can be claimed.Шаблон:Sfn Cooper's original script had several other references to Bride of Frankenstein, including the finding of the skeletal remains of Doctor Septimus Pretorius and the Bride of Frankenstein.Шаблон:Sfn The script continues with the monster surviving the explosion and confronting Wolf to make a friend for him, and threatening to kill Else and Erwin if Wolf disobeys.Шаблон:Sfn
Cast and crew
Recurring characters
| Character | Frankenstein | Bride of Frankenstein | Son of Frankenstein | The Ghost of Frankenstein | Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man | House of Frankenstein | House of Dracula | Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein | Шаблон:Abbr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Small | ||
| The Monster | Boris Karloff | Lon Chaney Jr. | Bela Lugosi | Glenn Strange | Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn | ||||
| Henry Frankenstein | Colin Clive | colspan="6" Шаблон:CEmpty | |||||||
| Elizabeth | Mae Clark | Valerie Hobson | colspan="6" Шаблон:CEmpty | ||||||
| Hans | Francis Ford | Reginald Barlow | colspan="6" Шаблон:CEmpty | ||||||
| Ygor | colspan="2" Шаблон:CEmpty | Bela Lugosi | colspan="4" Шаблон:CEmpty | ||||||
| Elsa Frankenstein | colspan="2" Шаблон:CEmpty | Josephine Hutchinson | Evelyn Ankers | Ilona Massey | colspan="3" Шаблон:CEmpty | ||||
| Larry Talbot Шаблон:Small |
colspan="4" Шаблон:CEmpty | Lon Chaney Jr. | |||||||
| Count Dracula | colspan="5" Шаблон:CEmpty | John Carradine | Bela Lugosi | ||||||
Crew
Reception and legacy
Hanke described the Frankenstein series as "the most famous, influential and important of all horror series".Шаблон:Sfn Gregory William Mank wrote in his book on the Universal's Frankenstein series in 1981 that "today, few film scholars would debate the fact that Universal Studio's Frankenstein films [...] constitute the most beloved horror film series every produced".Шаблон:Sfn
Several forms of media were influenced by the Frankenstein series. In the 1957, one of the highest-grossing films in the United Kingdom was The Curse of Frankenstein.Шаблон:Sfn When the director Terence Fisher was asked to compare his film to the original film by James Whale, Fisher responded "I wouldn't dream of comparing them!" and "[Whale's] was made some time ago. he did what he considered best. Everybody's right is to express themselves sin the way they want [...] His was probably a greater achievement in that it was the first one".Шаблон:Sfn The Munsters premiered in CBS on September 24, 1964, with make-up that resembled that of the Frankenstein monster from the Universal series.Шаблон:Sfn In 1974, Mel Brooks' film Young Frankenstein was released which parodied the original Universal film series.Шаблон:Sfn Brooks declared the film to be a "salute to James Whale and the wonderful directors of the past, and that beautiful black-and-white look".Шаблон:Sfn The script of the film by Gene Wilder resembles that of Son of Frankenstein and lampooned characters such as Ygor.Шаблон:Sfn The Spanish film The Spirit of the Beehive which won several European film festival honors owed material to the Frankenstein series.Шаблон:Sfn The film took place in 1940 in a small European village where a travelling film exhibitor shows them Whales Frankenstein.Шаблон:Sfn The small girls tease each other that the monster is real which leads to one of the girls searching for the monster in the countryside.Шаблон:Sfn
Proposed remakes
Universal Pictures has sought to remake Bride of Frankenstein on several occasions.[3] While the novel Frankenstein has been adapted to film many times, Bride of FrankensteinШаблон:'s closest remake was the non-Universal film The Bride (1985), starring Sting, Clancy Brown, and Jennifer Beals.[4] In 1991, the studio sought to remake the film for cable television with Martin Scorsese expressed interest in directing.[3] In 1998, it was announced that Industrial Light & Magic were in production of a photorealistic full-length CGI animated sequel to the Bride of Frankenstein titled Frankenstein and the Wolfman.[5][6]
In the first decade of the 21st century, Universal paired with Imagine Entertainment and contracted Shari Springer Berman and Robert Pulcini, who wrote the screenplay for American Splendor, to write a remake. The screenwriters set the story in contemporary New York. Jacob Estes was also involved with the project at one point and wrote a draft.[4] In June 2009, Universal and Imagine entered discussions with director Neil Burger and his writing partner Dirk Wittenborn,[4] and producer Brian Grazer was assigned to oversee the development of the remake.[7]
In December 2015, Variety reported that David Koepp will write the script.[8] By October 2017, it was reported that pre-production had begun when the creative team and studio decided to postpone the release in order to further work on the script with intentions being to improve the story.[9] Javier Bardem and Angelina Jolie were still attached to the film as Frankenstein's monster and the film's reluctant bride, respectively.[10] The same month Condon stated that should Jolie decide to leave the project, he would be interested in seeing Gal Gadot play the titular character.[11] On November 8, Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan moved on to other projects, leaving the future of the Dark Universe in doubt.[12] In November 2019, Condon reflected on the proposed Bride of Frankenstein remake not entering production.[13] He stated: "That was a heartbreaker, really [...] the simplest way to say it is that I think The Mummy, and not to say anything against the movie, but the fact that that hadn't worked for them and it was the beginning of this whole reinvention of their monsters gave them cold feet at the end of the day. Because David Koepp was writing the script, I thought it was unbelievably good, and we were on the verge of making a really beautiful movie, I thought. So that was a shame".[14][15] Later that same month, James Wan was announced to serve as producer on a reboot of the Frankenstein film series.[16] Jason Blum expressed interest in joining the production in a producing role.[17] In March 2020, Robbie Thompson was hired to serve as screenwriter, with the plot revolving around a group of teenagers who discover that a neighbor is creating a monster in their basement. The project will be a joint production between Universal Pictures and Wan's Atomic Monster.[18]
See also
References
Citations
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite book
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- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
Шаблон:Frankenstein Шаблон:Saturn Award for Best DVD or Blu-ray Collection
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite AV media
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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