Английская Википедия:Františka Plamínková

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description

Шаблон:Infobox person Františka Plamínková (5 February 1875 – 30 June 1942) was a Czech feminist and suffrage activist. Trained as a teacher, she became involved in feminism because teachers were forbidden to marry. She transitioned into journalism, writing articles about inequality. Elected to the Prague City Council and the National Assembly, she served as Senate Chair when Czechoslovakia broke away from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. She was a vice president of the International Council of Women, as well as the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance and attended many international feminist congresses. Plamínková was arrested by the Gestapo in 1942 and executed.

Biography

Файл:Františka Plamínková.jpg
Memorial plaque to Senator Františka Plamínková in the garden of Wallenstein Palace

Františka Faustina PlamínkováШаблон:Sfn was born on 5 February 1875 in Prague, Austria-Hungary to Františka (née Krubnerová) and František Plamínek.Шаблон:Sfn Her family was of Jewish heritage.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Her father was a cobbler and she was the youngest of three daughters. After completing her basic education, she attended the Prague State Teachers' Institute.Шаблон:Sfn

Teaching and early women's rights activism

Plamínková began teaching in 1894 at the elementary school in Tábor and then taught for the last six months of the year in Soběslav. Moving back to Prague in 1895, she completed her teaching internship in 1900 and was certified to teach drawing, mathematics, physics, and writing. She joined the Association of Czech TeachersШаблон:Sfn and spoke out against the Austro-Hungarian law which forbade teachers marriage and required that they remain celibate.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1901, Plamínková founded the Women's Club in Prague and four years later formed the Committee for Women's Suffrage.Шаблон:Sfn Plamínková became the driving force behind the Czech push for enfranchisement and worked to raise the public consciousness about the need for voting rights. In their rallies, the women supported the right for universal suffrage, for men as well as women, who were denied the right to vote by Habsburg rule.Шаблон:Sfn In 1907, men were granted the right by the Austrian government for imperial elections, but women were denied. Plamínková realized that the local Bohemian law did not actually prohibit women at the provincial level and convinced several political parties to field female candidates; her committee put forward Marie Tůmová. Though none won, it was repeated in subsequent elections and served as a symbol of Czech nationalism.Шаблон:Sfn In 1912, the first woman, Božena Viková-Kunětická, was elected and though the governor invalidated the result, the election won Plamínková and the Czech feminists international recognition.Шаблон:Sfn During this same time, Plamínková traveled throughout Europe and served as a news correspondent in the First Balkan War.Шаблон:Sfn

Politician in the First Czechoslovak Republic

Attempts by Austria-Hungary at restricting liberty and quashing Czech nationalism during World War I, had the opposite result, in that they forced exiles to seek help from Western Allies to push for an independent Czechoslovakia. The "Washington Declaration" establishing the First Czechoslovak Republic abolished nobility, redistributed noble lands and provided for the separation of church and state. It also eliminated class, gender, and religious barriers, and gave women political, social and cultural parity with men. As Western Allies made the Washington Declaration a condition of declaring peace, women gained voting rights in 1918.Шаблон:Sfn

The changes were immediate. The law requiring teachers to remain unmarried and celibate was abolished in 1919. A member of the Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Plamínková contested the first local elections in 1919. Elected to serve on the Prague City Council, she resigned her teaching post.Шаблон:Sfn She was also appointed as the Czechoslovakian delegate for the General Assembly of the League of Nations in Geneva. At the Geneva conference of international feminists in June 1920, Plamínková was able to report that in the first parliamentary election of 1920, 54% of the voters were women, as opposed to 46% men; 12% of the provincial posts were filled by women; 13 of the 302 members of the Chamber of Deputies were women; and 3 of the 150 Senators elected were women.Шаблон:Sfn

By 1923, Plamínková realized that the legislature was not interested in making corrections to the civil code which would bring forth women's equality. She founded the Women's National Council (ŽNR), which aligned with the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) and the International Council of Women (ICW), quickly becoming an influential lobbying group.Шаблон:Sfn The ŽNR first focused on changing the family and marriage law hoping to attain legal equality in laws governing marriage and divorce.Шаблон:Sfn One of Plamínková's main goals was turning the existing paid maternity leave into an effective entitlement, since rather than getting paid the three-month benefit, women were threatened with dismissal. Another focus was a change to the code which designated the man as head of the household, putting women in the same position as children and giving them no say in their economic life or guardianship concerns.Шаблон:Sfn She used her writing abilities to further feminist goals, publishing in Orbis,Шаблон:Sfn a publishing house founded in 1923.Шаблон:Sfn

Senate member and chairperson

In 1925, Plamínková was elected as a vice president of the ICW.Шаблон:Sfn The same year, she contested the parliamentary election winning a seat in the Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi, a post she would hold until 1939.Шаблон:Sfn By 1930, she was also serving as a vice president of the IWSA and had been re-elected to the Senate.Шаблон:Sfn

As the Great Depression caused worldwide economic turmoil, the Czech government came up with austerity proposals which Plamínková saw as a threat to equality. Not only were working women targeted for dismissal, but couples, whether married or living together, were threatened with pay reductions, as were single people living with their parents. The proposals applied to all jobs, both public and private and also called for curtailing benefits of couples. Plamínková and the ŽNR launched a flurry of protests at government ministers in 1933 hoping to stop the legislation.Шаблон:Sfn The law passed despite the protest, under the justification that in such difficult times it was impossible to support families having two jobs when there were so many people who had none at all.Шаблон:Sfn

Though chairperson of the Senate in 1936,Шаблон:Sfn Plamínková was unable to push through changes to the family code. In 1937, Plamínková called out both her own party and the legislature for failing to recognize women as citizens, instead treating them legally as only daughters, mothers and wives.Шаблон:Sfn The same year, news of the fate of women under the Nazi regime made it evident to Plamínkova that equality in public life under the Nazi's was impossible.Шаблон:Sfn While her party had taken the new name "Czechoslovak National Socialist Party" in 1926,Шаблон:Sfn it did not ever have any affiliation with the German National Socialists.Шаблон:Sfn The party did not seek collective socialism, but rather a just system of socio-economic and political equality.Шаблон:Sfn The party was one of the main opponents to the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.Шаблон:Sfn In speaking out about the regime, she became a target of surveillanceШаблон:Sfn and in 1938, a failed attempt by Růžena Bednáříková-Turnwaldová to remove Plamínkova from the leadership of the ŽNR occurred.Шаблон:Sfn Bednáříková-Turnwaldová was a writer, editor and managing director of the Czech National Council (Шаблон:Lang-cs) (NRČ),Шаблон:Sfn an organization which originally formed to integrate minorities’ cultural interests with the various political parties. Between 1939 and 1945, their focus was on the involvement of Czech women in the nation’s history.Шаблон:Sfn

Third Reich resistance, deportation and death

Файл:Plamínková deska Staromák P7138361.jpg
Plaque on the house in Prague where Plamínková lived and worked between 1914 and 1939

In 1938 and 1939, Hitler's troops occupied most of Czechoslovakia and the Munich Agreement was signed.Шаблон:Sfn Plamínková's response was to write an open letter to Hitler criticizing his regime and the rollback of liberties.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Attending the Thirteenth Congress of the IWSA in Copenhagen in 1939 friends urged her to remain abroad, fearing for her safety. She refused, believing that she could best work for the Czech people from home.Шаблон:Sfn She was arrested by the Gestapo in 1939Шаблон:Sfn and later released,Шаблон:Sfn though kept under surveillance.Шаблон:Sfn

While all other political parties in opposition to the Nazi's were officially banned,Шаблон:Sfn the National Partnership, as the only allowed party, attempted to convince Plamínková and the ŽNR to support their aims, but she refused preferring to have the organization work quietly to restore rights without aligning with any political stance.Шаблон:Sfn Misrepresenting the silence as veiled opposition to change and suppression by Plamínková, Karel Werner, a journalist and German-sympathizer, with Polední List (the Midday News) wrote an article attacking Plamínková and the ŽNR. Plamínková was furious, believing that the article would result in the demise of the women's organization.Шаблон:Sfn She scheduled a series of lectures hoping to promote Czech nationalism which focused on women writers, the Czech language and culture. The last lecture, on religion, was never held.Шаблон:Sfn

Plamínková was re-arrested in 1942 after the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich and taken to Theresienstadt concentration camp.Шаблон:Sfn Some reports indicated that Plamínková was hanged by the Nazis,Шаблон:Sfn but records of the Kobylisy Shooting Range confirm she was shot on 30 June 1942.Шаблон:Sfn

Honors

In 1936, Czech composer Julie Reisserová dedicated Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Literal translation) to Plamínková, a female chorus she had set to her text.[1]

Posthumously, Plamínková was honored by a tribute at the first postwar Congress of the IWSA in 1946.Шаблон:Sfn In 1950, she was awarded in memoriam the Golden Star, the highest rank, of the Czechoslovak Army's Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi.Шаблон:Sfn The Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, established in 1990 to honor Czechs who have made significant contributions to human rights was awarded to Plamínková in 1992.Шаблон:Sfn

In February 2016, Google commemorated the 141st anniversary of her birthday with a "Doodle".[2]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Františka_Plamínková&oldid=14780581