Английская Википедия:Fraser script
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox writing system
The Fraser or Old Lisu script is an artificial abugida invented around 1915 by Sara Ba Thaw, a Karen preacher from Myanmar and improved by the missionary James O. Fraser, to write the Lisu language. It is a single-case (unicameral) alphabet. It was also used for the Naxi language, e.g. the 1932 Naxi Gospel of Mark[1] and used in the Zaiwa or Atsi language e.g. the 1938 Atsi Gospel of Mark.
The script uses uppercase letters from the Latin script (Except for the letter Q) and rotated versions thereof (Except for the letters M, Q and W), to write consonants and vowels. Tones and nasalization are written with Roman punctuation marks, identical to those found on a typewriter. Like the Indic abugidas, the vowel Шаблон:IPA is not written. However, unlike those scripts, the other vowels are written with full letters.
The local Chinese government in Nujiang de facto recognized the script in 1992 as the official script for writing in Lisu, although other Lisu autonomous territories continue to use the New Lisu.Шаблон:Citation needed
Consonants
Note: You may need to download a Lisu capable Unicode font if not all characters display.
- Initial glottal stop is only written when the inherent vowel Шаблон:IPAblink follows, and just like all consonants, the inherent vowel suffix Шаблон:Script must not be written as that would indicate another Шаблон:IPAblink follows (Шаблон:IPA instead of Шаблон:IPA). It is automatic before all initial vowels but Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink.
- Шаблон:Script represents a "vowel" in the Naxi language, presumably a medial Шаблон:IPAblink, and a consonant in the Lisu language Шаблон:IPAblink. Шаблон:Script, Шаблон:Script and Шаблон:Script are likewise ambiguous.
- Шаблон:Script only occurs in an imperative particle. It is an allophone of Шаблон:Script Шаблон:IPAblink, which causes nasalization to the syllable.
- Шаблон:Script, Шаблон:Script and Шаблон:Script are used only in Lisu language.
- Шаблон:Script is used only in Naxi language.
Vowels
| Front | Central/back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Шаблон:Script Шаблон:IPAblink | Шаблон:Script Шаблон:IPAblink | Шаблон:Script Шаблон:IPAblink | Шаблон:Script Шаблон:IPAblink | ||
| Mid | Шаблон:Script Шаблон:IPAblink | Шаблон:Script Шаблон:IPAblink | Шаблон:Script Шаблон:IPAblink | Шаблон:Script Шаблон:IPAblink | Шаблон:Script Шаблон:IPAblink | Шаблон:Script [[[:Шаблон:IPA]]]/Шаблон:IPAblink |
| Low | Шаблон:Script Шаблон:IPAblink | Шаблон:Script** Шаблон:IPAblink | Шаблон:Script [[[:Шаблон:IPA]]] | Шаблон:Script Шаблон:IPAblink | ||
- **Only written after a syllable (consonant letter) to indicate a second vowel. Other vowels do not have special letters to emphasize a secondary vowel without glottal stop initial, such as Шаблон:Script (Шаблон:IPA) is not written as Шаблон:Script and can only be distinguished from Шаблон:Script (Шаблон:IPA) by a space.
For example, Шаблон:Angle bracket is Шаблон:IPA, while Шаблон:Angle bracket is Шаблон:IPA.
When consonant ꓠꓬ, ꓬ is used with vowel ꓬꓱ, ꓬ, without being ambiguous only one ꓬ is written.
When transcribing exotic rimes (diphthongs or nasal endings), letters ꓮ and ꓬ can work like vowels just like English letter Y, making Fraser script behave like an abjadic alphabet like the Roman instead of an abugida like Tibetan; meanwhile space works like a delimiter like a Tibetan tseg, making a final consonant (such as ꓠ) possible without necessity of a halanta sign: 凉粉 Шаблон:Script reads as Шаблон:IPA rather than as Шаблон:Script Шаблон:IPA.[2]
Файл:Fraser alphabet.png Файл:Fraser alphabet for Naxi.png
Tones
Tones are written with standard punctuation. Lisu punctuation therefore differs from international norms: the comma is Шаблон:Angle bracket (hyphen period) and the full stop is Шаблон:Angle bracket (equal sign).
- *It is not clear how the Шаблон:Angle bracket mid tone differs from the unmarked mid tone.
The tones Шаблон:Angle bracket, Шаблон:Angle bracket, Шаблон:Angle bracket, Шаблон:Angle bracket may be combined with Шаблон:Angle bracket and Шаблон:Angle bracket as compound tones. However, the only one still in common use is Шаблон:Angle bracket.
The apostrophe indicates nasalization. It is combined with tone marks.
The understrike (optionally a low macron) indicates the Lisu "A glide", a contraction of Шаблон:IPA without an intervening glottal stop. The tone is not always falling, depending on the environment, but is written Шаблон:Angle bracket regardless.
Unicode
The Fraser script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.
The Unicode block for the Fraser script, called 'Lisu', is U+A4D0–U+A4FF:
An additional character, the inverted Y used in the Naxi language, was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2020 with the release of version 13.0. It is in the Lisu Supplement block (U+11FB0–U+11FBF):
Шаблон:Unicode chart Lisu Supplement
See also
References
External links
- Omniglot entry on Fraser script
- Proposal for encoding the Old Lisu script in the BMP of the UCS
- Lisu Unicode, Open source font for users of the Lisu script
- Issues in orthography development and reform by David Bradley
- Sample text from Michael Everson's website
Шаблон:List of writing systems
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- Страницы с телепортом
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