Английская Википедия:Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:See also

Файл:Map of UK Trade Agreements 2023.png
UK trade agreements Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

Шаблон:Use dmy dates Following its withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom began negotiations on several free trade agreements to remove or reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, both to establish new agreements and to replace previous EU trade agreements. Withdrawal ended 47 years of membership during which all its trading agreements were negotiated by the European Commission on behalf of the bloc. The UK did not actually withdraw from the European Single Market and the European Union Customs Union (and its trade agreements) until 31 December 2020.

These treaties are divided into two types of free trade agreements: continuity agreements and 'new' agreements. Continuity agreements, also named rollover agreements, use of a mutatis mutandis concept in order to quickly replicate the existing EU agreements, only having to call out those minor areas of differentiation. Most continuity treaties were provisionally applied, or through a "bridging mechanism", thus continuity was achieved.[1] Trade agreements negotiated after Brexit are termed 'new', or enhanced agreements, these agreements have been negotiated from scratch or have been renegotiated to enhance the deal since Brexit.[2]

Шаблон:As of, the United Kingdom has 38 active free trade agreements with nations and trade blocs, covering 99 countries and territories.[3][4] Five of these are 'new' trade agreements, such as with Australia and New Zealand.[5] The remaining 33 are continuity agreements. Furthermore, the UK has a customs union with its three Crown Dependencies.[6] The UK has further arrangements covering free trade with its 14 British Overseas Territories.[7]

In addition, the UK has also reached an agreement to accede to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, which it signed in July 2023 and is expected to join, after the 11 present members ratify, in 2024.[8]

The United Kingdom has only suspended negotiations for a trade deal on one occasion; the UK suspended negotiations for a post-Brexit Canada Free Trade Agreement on 25 January 2024.[9]

Competence and ratification process

According to UK law the United Kingdom Parliament has the power to pass law in all policy areas.[10]

The UK's negotiating team will consult with its Strategic Trade Advisory Group throughout the negotiations.[11]

Ratification

The responsibility for concluding treaties involving the UK lies with the Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs. This remains the case even when the negotiation of the treaty is led by another government department.[12]

The Foreign & Commonwealth Office's legal advisers and Treaty Section:

  • must be given the opportunity to comment on the drafts of all treaties under negotiation
  • will advise on the form and substance of the treaty, though not substance which is technical and of which the other government department is the expert
  • will advise on related matters such as the production of Full Powers and Instruments of Ratification
  • will produce original signature copies of treaties and advise on the treaty signing ceremony
  • will arrange for the treaty to be published and laid before Parliament
  • is responsible for the registration of these treaties with the United Nations, allowing their subsequent publication in the United Nations Treaty Series
  • will transfer of the treaties to the National Archives for preservation[12]

Unless expressly authorised to do so by the United Kingdom government, Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories do not have the authority to contract treaties in their own right. The UK must extend the territorial scope of its ratification of treaties to include them. This may be done either at the time of ratification, or at some later date.[12]

Active agreements

The following bilateral and plurilateral agreements are currently in effect. Signature and entry into force dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.[3]

Nation(s) No. of
nations
represented 		Signed Effective Coverage Treaty Trade value
(2022)[13] 		Ref.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Albania 1 5 February 2021 3 May 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £293m [14][15]
Andean Countries
Шаблон:Flagicon image ColombiaШаблон:Efn
Шаблон:Flagicon image Ecuador
Шаблон:Flagicon image Peru 		3 15 May 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £5,821m [16][17]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Australia 1 16 December 2021 31 May 2023 Goods & Services New £17,217m [18][19]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Cameroon 1 28 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £840m [20][21]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Canada 1 22 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & ServicesШаблон:Efn Continuity £26,436m [22][23]
CARIFORUM
Шаблон:Flagicon image Antigua and Barbuda
Шаблон:Flagicon image Bahamas
Шаблон:Flagicon image Barbados
Шаблон:Flagicon image Belize
Шаблон:Flagicon image Dominica
Шаблон:Flagicon image Dominican Republic
Шаблон:Flagicon image Grenada
Шаблон:Flagicon image Guyana
Шаблон:Flagicon image Jamaica
Шаблон:Flagicon image Saint Kitts and Nevis
Шаблон:Flagicon image Saint Lucia
Шаблон:Flagicon image Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Шаблон:Flagicon image SurinameШаблон:Efn
Шаблон:Flagicon image Trinidad and Tobago 		14 22 March 2019Шаблон:Efn 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £5,177m [24][25]
Central America
Шаблон:Flagicon image Costa Rica
Шаблон:Flagicon image El Salvador
Шаблон:Flagicon image Guatemala
Шаблон:Flagicon image Honduras
Шаблон:Flagicon image Nicaragua
Шаблон:Flagicon image Panama 		6 18 July 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £2,682m [26][27]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Chile 1 30 January 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £1,909m [28][29]
Eastern and Southern Africa
Шаблон:Flagicon image Mauritius
Шаблон:Flagicon image Seychelles
Шаблон:Flagicon image Zimbabwe 		3 31 January 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £1,945m [30][31]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Egypt 1 5 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £4,952m [32][33]
Шаблон:Flagicon image European Union Шаблон:Collapsible list 31Шаблон:Efn 30 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services New £772,000m [34][35]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Faroe Islands 1 31 January 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £1,929m [36][37]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Georgia 1 21 October 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £467m [38][39]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Ghana 1 2 March 2021 5 March 2021 Goods Continuity £1,823m [40][41]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Iceland
Шаблон:Flagicon image LiechtensteinШаблон:Efn
Шаблон:Flagicon image Norway 		3 8 July 2021 1 December 2021 Goods & Services New £56,515mШаблон:Efn [42][43]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Israel 1 18 February 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £6,984m [44][45]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Ivory Coast 1 15 October 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £544m [46][47]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Japan 1 23 October 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services New £27,693m [48][49]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Jordan 1 5 November 2019 1 May 2021 Goods Continuity £973m [50][51]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Kenya 1 8 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £1,374m [52][53]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Kosovo 1 3 December 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £13m [54][37]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Lebanon 1 19 September 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £775m [55][56]
Шаблон:Flagicon image LiechtensteinШаблон:Efn
Шаблон:Flagicon image Switzerland 		2 11 February 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £53,565mШаблон:Efn [57][58]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Mexico 1 15 December 2020 1 June 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £5,920m [59][60]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Moldova 1 24 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £1,486m [61][62]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Morocco 1 26 October 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £3,309m [63][64]
Шаблон:Flagicon image New Zealand 1 28 February 2022 31 May 2023 Goods & Services New £2,755m [65][66]
Шаблон:Flagicon image North Macedonia 1 3 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £2,796m [67][68]
Pacific States
Шаблон:Flagicon image Fiji
Шаблон:Flagicon image Papua New Guinea
Шаблон:Flagicon image SamoaШаблон:Efn
Шаблон:Flagicon image Solomon IslandsШаблон:Efn 		4 14 March 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £294m [69][70]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Palestinian Authority 1 18 February 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £70m [71][72]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Serbia 1 16 April 2021 20 May 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £909m [73][74]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Singapore 1 10 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services ContinuityШаблон:Efn £20,626m [75][76]
Шаблон:Flagicon image South Korea 1 22 August 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £18,349m [77][78]
Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique
Шаблон:Flagicon image Botswana
Шаблон:Flagicon image Eswatini
Шаблон:Flagicon image Lesotho
Шаблон:Flagicon image Mozambique
Шаблон:Flagicon image Namibia
Шаблон:Flagicon image South Africa 		6 9 October 2019Шаблон:Efn 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £12,596m [79][80]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Tunisia 1 4 October 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £685m [81][82]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Turkey 1 29 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £25,829m [83][84]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Ukraine 1 8 October 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £1,409m [85][86]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Vietnam 1 29 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £7,057m [87][88]

Dependencies

The following agreements govern the United Kingdom's free trade with British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.

Nation(s) No. of nations
represented 		Signed Effective Coverage Treaty Comment Ref.
Шаблон:Flag 31 30 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services New Trade with the UK is governed within the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, due to Akrotiri and Dhekelia remaining a part of the European Union customs union. [89][90]
Crown Dependencies Customs Union
Шаблон:Flagicon image Guernsey
Шаблон:Flagicon image Isle of Man
Шаблон:Flagicon image Jersey 		3 26 November 2018 9 December 2020 Goods & Services New The United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies established a customs union which created a free trade area between the territories, and creates a common external tariff with other countries. [6][91]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Gibraltar 1 24 October 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity Trade with Gibraltar is governed under the 'Financial Services and Markets Act 2000', Gibraltar and the UK amended this act in order to continue the agreement they had in the European Economic Area. [92]
Overseas Territories
Шаблон:Flagicon image Anguilla
Шаблон:Flagicon image Bermuda
Шаблон:Flagicon image British Antarctic Territory
Шаблон:Flagicon image British Indian Ocean Territory
Шаблон:Flagicon image British Virgin Islands
Шаблон:Flagicon image Cayman Islands
Шаблон:Flagicon image Falkland Islands
Шаблон:Flagicon image Montserrat
Шаблон:Flagicon image Pitcairn Islands
Шаблон:Flagicon image Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Шаблон:Flagicon image South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Шаблон:Flagicon image Turks and Caicos Islands 		14 9 November 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity This arrangement acts as a continuity free trade agreement between 14 Overseas Territories and the UK. [7][93]

Negotiations

The United Kingdom is currently negotiating free trade agreements with the following countries and trade blocs:[5]

Nation (s) No of nations
represented 		Coverage Treaty Trade value (2022)[13][94] Status Progress Ref.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Algeria 1 Goods Continuity £2,346m Negotiations stagnated A continuity FTA has been offered to Algeria; neither party has signed the agreement. [95]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 Goods & Services Continuity £218m Negotiations stagnated A continuity FTA has been offered to Bosnia and Herzegovina; neither party has signed the agreement. [96][95]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Canada 1 Goods & Services New £26,436m Negotiations suspended Negotiations suspended on 25 January 2024 by the United Kingdom; the two sides have completed eight rounds of talks since 2022. [97][98]
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
Шаблон:Flagicon image Australia
Шаблон:Flagicon image Brunei
Шаблон:Flagicon image Canada
Шаблон:Flagicon image Chile
Шаблон:Flagicon image Japan
Шаблон:Flagicon image Malaysia
Шаблон:Flagicon image Mexico
Шаблон:Flagicon image New Zealand
Шаблон:Flagicon image Peru
Шаблон:Flagicon image Singapore
Шаблон:Flagicon image Vietnam 		11 Goods & Services New £113,000m Agreement signed on 16 July 2023 Awaiting ratification of the UK's accession from member states.
  • Japan and Singapore have ratified the UK's accession.
  • The UK needs to domestically ratify it's accession.
  • Nine more CPTPP states need to ratify the UK's accession.
 [99][100]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Greenland 1 Goods New £4m Negotiations stagnated Negotiations opened on 27 January 2022. [101][102]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Gulf Cooperation Council
Шаблон:Flagicon image Bahrain
Шаблон:Flagicon image Kuwait
Шаблон:Flagicon image Oman
Шаблон:Flagicon image Qatar
Шаблон:Flagicon image Saudi Arabia
Шаблон:Flagicon image United Arab Emirates 		6 Goods & Services New £61,300m Negotiations ongoing Sixth round of negotiations concluded on 9 February 2024. [103][104]
Шаблон:Flagicon image India 1 Goods & Services New £35,940m Negotiations ongoing Fourteenth round of negotiations opened on 10 January 2024. [105][106]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Israel 1 Goods & Services New £6,984m Negotiations ongoing Second round of negotiations concluded on 17 May 2023. [107][108]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Maldives 1 Goods New £432m Discussions ongoing Trade consultation closed on 2 August 2023. [109][110]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Mexico 1 Goods & Services New £5,920m Negotiations ongoing Negotiations opened on 20 May 2022. [111][112]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Montenegro 1 Goods & Services Continuity £69m Negotiations stagnated A continuity FTA has been offered to Montenegro; neither party has signed the agreement. [96][95]
Шаблон:Flagicon image South Korea 1 Goods & Services New £18,349m Negotiations ongoing Negotiations opened on 22 November 2023. [113][114]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Switzerland 1 Goods & Services New £53,565m Negotiations ongoing Third round of negotiations concluded on 14 December 2023. [115][116]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Turkey 1 Goods & Services New £25,829m Discussions ongoing Trade consultation closed on 5 January 2024. [117][118]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Ukraine 1 Goods & Services New £1,409m Agreement signed on 20 March 2023. This Digital Trade Agreement will expand upon the Ukraine-UK FTA when it is entered into force. [119][120]
Шаблон:Flagicon image United States 1 Goods & Services New £279,150m Negotiations stagnated Fifth round of negotiations concluded on 30 October 2020. [121][122]

Potential enlargement

The following countries can accede to an existing plurilateral Economic Partnership Agreement with the United Kingdom.

Nation (s) Trade agreement being joined Status Ref.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Haiti CARIFORUM Haiti will be covered by the CARIFORUM-UK Economic Partnership Agreement if they sign it and bring it into effect. [123]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Comoros
Шаблон:Flagicon image Madagascar
Шаблон:Flagicon image Zambia 		Eastern and Southern Africa Out of the remaining COMESA members, Comoros, Madagascar, and Zambia have agreements in place allowing them to join the ESA-UK Economic Partnership Agreement:
  • Comoros signed the agreement on 12 April 2022 and will be covered by the EPA when they bring it into effect.
  • Madagascar signed the agreement on 4 November 2021 and will be covered by the EPA when they bring it into effect.
  • Zambia will be covered by the EPA if they sign it and bring it into effect.
 [124][125]
Шаблон:Flagicon image East African Community
Шаблон:Flagicon image Burundi
Шаблон:Flagicon image DR Congo
Шаблон:Flagicon image Rwanda
Шаблон:Flagicon image South Sudan
Шаблон:Flagicon image Tanzania
Шаблон:Flagicon image Uganda 		Шаблон:Flagicon image Kenya Article 143 of the UK-Kenya Economic Partnership Agreement enables any other East African Community member to make an accession request to the UK-Kenya EPA Council. [126][127]
Шаблон:Flagicon image Cook Islands
Шаблон:Flagicon image Kiribati
Шаблон:Flagicon image Marshall Islands
Шаблон:Flagicon image Micronesia
Шаблон:Flagicon image Nauru
Шаблон:Flagicon image Niue
Шаблон:Flagicon image Palau
Шаблон:Flagicon image Tonga
Шаблон:Flagicon image Tuvalu
Шаблон:Flagicon image Vanuatu 		Pacific States The Pacific States-UK Economic Partnership Agreement states that 10 other Pacific nations are currently eligible to apply for accession.
  • Tonga has shown interest in acceding to the EPA.
 [128]

Obsolete agreements

The following free trade agreements were previously active, however they have since been superseded or terminated.

Nation (s) No of nations represented Signed Effective Obsolete Coverage Note Superseded by Ref.
Шаблон:Flagicon image France 1 23 January 1860 23 January 1860 1 January 1892 Goods The Cobden–Chevalier Treaty became obsolete after the introduction of the Méline tariff by the French Government. Шаблон:N/A [129][130]
Шаблон:Flag
 1 23 July 1862 23 July 1862 1 August 1897 Goods Anglo-Belgian Treaty of Commerce and Navigation was terminated by the UK, due to a clause that was contrary to the policy of Imperial Preference. Шаблон:N/A [131][132]
Шаблон:Flag 1 19 December 1965 1 July 1966 1 January 1973 Goods After both nations' bids to join the EEC were rejected, Ireland and the UK agreed to the Ireland-UK Free Trade Area. This was superseded upon both parties' accession to the EEC. Шаблон:Flagicon image European Economic Community [133][134]
Шаблон:Flag 1 18 October 2019 1 January 2021 28 June 2022 Goods & Services Colombia-UK Continuity FTA was provisionally applied until Colombia could ratify the Andean-UK Continuity FTA, which superseded this agreement. Andean Countries
Шаблон:Flagicon image Colombia
Шаблон:Flagicon image Ecuador
Шаблон:Flagicon image Peru 		[135]
Шаблон:Flag
Шаблон:Flag 		2 8 December 2020 1 January 2021 8 July 2021 Goods Iceland-Norway-UK Continuity FTA was superseded by an updated FTA with Liechtenstein, which expanded the coverage to include services. Шаблон:Flag
Шаблон:Flag
Шаблон:Flag 		[136][137][138]

Former trade bloc memberships

The United Kingdom was previously a member of the following trade blocs, which include multilateral free trade with fellow members.

Nation (s) No of nations represented Signed Effective Obsolete Coverage Note Superseded by Ref.
European Free Trade Association
Шаблон:Flag
Шаблон:Flag
Шаблон:FlagШаблон:Efn
Шаблон:Flag
Шаблон:Flag
Шаблон:Flag
Шаблон:Flag 		7 4 January 1960 3 May 1960 31 December 1972 Goods & Services The UK was a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, however left the organisation in order to join the European Economic Community, along with Denmark. Шаблон:Flagicon image European Economic Community [139][140]
Шаблон:Flagicon image European Economic Community
Шаблон:Flag
Шаблон:Flag
Шаблон:Flag
Шаблон:FlagШаблон:Efn
Шаблон:Flag
Шаблон:Flag
Шаблон:Flag
Шаблон:Flag
Шаблон:FlagШаблон:Efn
Шаблон:FlagШаблон:Efn
Шаблон:Flagicon image West Germany/GermanyШаблон:Efn 		11 22 January 1972 1 January 1973 1 November 1993 Goods & Services The UK joined the European Economic Community, along with Denmark and Ireland. The EEC was incorporated into the European Union. Шаблон:Flagicon image European Union [141][142][143]
Шаблон:Flagicon image European UnionШаблон:Collapsible list 27 7 February 1992 1 November 1993 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Following the result of the Brexit referendum, the UK invoked Article 50 in March 2017. The UK officially withdrew from the EU on the 1 January 2021. Шаблон:Flagicon image Trade and Cooperation Agreement [144][145]

Obsolete EU agreements

The following agreements are European Union free trade agreements which the United Kingdom was a party of until Brexit, however continuity agreements were not reached to replace them.

Nation (s) No of nations represented Signed Effective Obsolete Coverage Note Ref.
Шаблон:Flag 1 22 April 2002 1 September 2005 1 January 2021 Goods The UK has no free trade agreement with Algeria. [146]
Шаблон:Flag 1 16 June 2008 1 June 2015 1 January 2021 Goods & Services The UK has no free trade agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina. [147][96]
Шаблон:Flagicon image EU Overseas Countries and Territories
Шаблон:Flagicon image Aruba
Шаблон:Flagicon image Bonaire
Шаблон:Flagicon image Curaçao
Шаблон:Flagicon image French Polynesia
Шаблон:Flagicon image French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Шаблон:Flagicon image Greenland
Шаблон:Flagicon image New Caledonia
Шаблон:Flagicon image Saba
Шаблон:Flagicon image Saint Barthélemy
Шаблон:Flagicon image Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Шаблон:Flagicon image Sint Eustatius
Шаблон:Flagicon image Sint Maarten
Шаблон:Flagicon image Wallis and Futuna 		13 27 November 2001 2 December 2001 1 January 2021 Goods The UK has no free trade agreement with any of the EU Overseas Countries and Territories.
  • Greenland and the UK have opened negotiations for a free trade agreement.
 [148][149][150]
Шаблон:Flag 1 15 October 2007 1 May 2010 1 January 2021 Goods & Services The UK has no free trade agreement with Montenegro. [151][96]

UK top trading partners

Export and import markets for goods in 2020 & 2021, seasonally adjusted
Figures in £millions sterling
Exports Imports
Rank Trade Partner £millions % of Total Rank Trade Partner £millions % of Total
Шаблон:Flagicon image European Union 153 951 47.8% Шаблон:Flagicon image European Union 223 393 46.8%
1. Шаблон:Flagicon image United StatesШаблон:Efn 47 098 14.6% 1. Шаблон:Flagicon image China 63 557 13.3%
2. Шаблон:Flagicon image Germany (EU member) 29 595 9.2% 2. Шаблон:Flagicon image Germany (EU member) 53 759 11.2%
3. Шаблон:Flagicon image Netherlands (EU member) 27 085 8.4% 3. Шаблон:Flagicon image United States 39 379 8.2%
4. Шаблон:Flagicon image Ireland (EU member) 21 834 6.8% 4. Шаблон:Flagicon image Netherlands (EU member) 31 786 6.7%
5. Шаблон:Flagicon image France (EU member) 19 441 6.0% 5. Шаблон:Flagicon image Norway (EFTA) 27 112 5.7%
6. Шаблон:Flagicon image China 18 793 5.8% 6. Шаблон:Flagicon image Belgium (EU member) 23 331 4.9%
7. Шаблон:Flagicon image Belgium (EU member) 14 939 4.6% 7. Шаблон:Flagicon image France (EU member) 23 128 4.8%
8. Шаблон:Flagicon image Switzerland (EFTA) 10 309 3.2% 8. Шаблон:Flagicon image Italy (EU member) 17 604 3.7%
9. Шаблон:Flagicon image Italy (EU member) 9 112 2.8% 9. Шаблон:Flagicon image Spain (EU member) 14 472 3.0%
10. Шаблон:Flagicon image Spain (EU member) 7 878 2.4% 10. Шаблон:Flagicon image Ireland (EU member) 13 861 2.9 %
EU 300.3 43.0% EU 372.2 51.4%
Non EU 398.3 57.0% Non EU 352.3 48.6%
World 698.6 100% World 724.5 100%

Historically, WTO imports and exports are based on the rule of origin, while EU imports/exports are based on single market statistics.

The figures above are for 2020 & 2021[152][153]

Шаблон:Graph:Chart

Шаблон:Graph:Chart

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite report
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Шаблон:Cite web Файл:UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under an Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webUK–Andean FTA
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webUK–Central America FTA
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webUK–Chile FTA
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webUK–ESA FTA
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webUK–Faroe Islands (Denmark) FTA
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webUK–Georgia FTA
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webUK–Israel FTA
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webUK–Jordan FTA
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webUK–Lebanon FTA
  56. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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