Английская Википедия:Freedom
Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Short description
Шаблон:Liberalism sidebar Freedom is the power or right to act, speak, and change as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Freedom is often associated with liberty and autonomy in the sense of "giving oneself one's own laws".[1]
In one definition, something is "free" if it can change and is not constrained in its present state. Physicists and chemists use the word in this sense.[2]
Philosophy and religion sometimes associate freedom with free will, as distinct from predestination.[3]
In modern liberal nations, freedom is considered a right, especially freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of the press.
Many contemporary philosophers like Charles Taylor and Isaiah Berlin make a distinction between "positive freedom" and "negative freedom".
Types
In political discourse, political freedom is often associated with liberty and autonomy, and a distinction is made between countries that are free and dictatorships. In the area of civil rights, a strong distinction is made between freedom and slavery and there is conflict between people who think all races, religions, genders, and social classes should be equally free and people who think freedom is the exclusive right of certain groups. Frequently discussed are freedom of assembly, freedom of association, freedom of choice, and freedom of speech.
Sometimes the terms "freedom" and "liberty" tend to be used interchangeably.[4][5] Sometimes subtle distinctions are made between "freedom" and "liberty"[6] John Stuart Mill, for example, differentiated liberty from freedom in that freedom is primarily, if not exclusively, the ability to do as one wills and what one has the power to do, whereas liberty concerns the absence of arbitrary restraints and takes into account the rights of all involved. As such, the exercise of liberty is subject to capability and limited by the rights of others.[7]
Isaiah Berlin made a distinction between "positive" freedom and "negative" freedom in his seminal 1958 lecture "Two concepts of liberty". Charles Taylor elaborates on this idea, claiming that it is undeniable that there are two such kinds of freedom. Negative liberty means an ability to do what one wants, without external obstacles; positive liberty is the ability to fulfill one's purposes.[8][9]
Wendy Hui Kyong Chun explains these differences in terms of their relation to institutions:
Another distinction that some political theorists have deemed important is that people may aspire to have freedom from limiting forces (such as freedom from fear, freedom from want, and freedom from discrimination), but descriptions of freedom and liberty generally do not invoke having liberty from anything.[5] This is the concept of negative liberty.[5]
Other important fields in which freedom is an issue include economic freedom, academic freedom, intellectual freedom, scientific freedom, and political freedom.
In its origin, the English word "freedom" relates etymologically to the word "friend".[2]
See also
- Internet freedom
- Freedom Riders – civil-rights activists
- Freethought
- Harm principle
- Personal freedom
- Refusal of work
- Statue of Freedom, an 1863 sculpture by Thomas Crawford atop the dome of the US Capitol
- Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World), 1886 statue by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi in New York City
- Goddess of Liberty, an 1888 statue by Elijah E. Myers atop the Texas State Capitol dome, in Austin, Texas
- Miss Freedom, 1889 statue on the dome of the Georgia State Capitol (US)
- Freedom, 1985 statue by Alfred Tibor in Columbus, Ohio
- Freedom songs
- Freedom & Civilization, 1944 book by Bronislaw Malinowski about freedom from anthropological perspective
References
External links
Шаблон:Wiktionary Шаблон:Wikiquote
- "Freedom", BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Keane, Bernard Williams & Annabel Brett (In Our Time, 4 July 2002)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journalШаблон:Clarify
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Oed
- ↑ Baumeister, Roy F.; Monroe, Andrew E. (2014). "Recent Research on Free Will". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 50. pp. 1–52. Шаблон:Doi. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ See Bertrand Badie, Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Leonardo Morlino, International Encyclopedia of Political Science (2011), p. 1447: "Throughout this entry, incidentally, the terms freedom and liberty are used interchangeably".
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Anna Wierzbicka, Understanding Cultures Through Their Key Words (1997), pp. 130–131: "Unfortunately... the English words freedom and liberty are used interchangeably. This is confusing because these two do not mean the same, and in fact what [Isaiah] Berlin calls "the notion of 'negative' freedom" has become largely incorporated in the word freedom, whereas the word liberty in its earlier meaning was much closer to the Latin libertas and in its current meaning reflects a different concept, which is a product of the Anglo-Saxon culture".
- ↑ Wendy Hui Kyong Chun, Control and Freedom: Power and Paranoia in the Age of Fiber Optics (2008), p. 9: "Although used interchangeably, freedom and liberty have significantly different etymologies and histories. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the Old English frei (derived from Sanskrit) meant dear and described all those close or related to the head of the family (hence friends). Conversely in Latin, libertas denoted the legal state of freedom versus enslavement and was later extended to children (liberi), meaning literally the free members of the household. Those who are one's friends are free; those who are not are slaves".
- ↑ Mill, John Stuart. [1859] 1869. On Liberty (4th ed.). London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. pp. 21–22 Archived 17 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Berlin, Isaiah. Four Essays on Liberty. 1969.
