Английская Википедия:Freidank

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Freidank (Vrîdanc) was a Middle High German didactic poet of the early 13th century. He is the author of Bescheidenheit ("practical wisdom, correct judgement, discretion"[1]), a collection of rhyming aphorisms in 53 thematic divisions, extending to some 4,700 verses. The work was extremely popular in the German Middle Ages and is transmitted in numerous manuscripts, as well as in a Latin translation (Fridangi Discretio).

Life

Nothing about Freidank's life is known with certainty, such hypotheses as there are based on the language and content of his work Bescheidenheit. He would have been born in the later 12th century, and was likely of Swabian origin.

Freidank (Vrîdanc, Vrîgedanc) literally translates to "free thought"; passages in Freidank's poetry allude to the freedom of thought, and the name may be an assumed epithet,[2] although Freidank (Fridanc, Fridangus) is also recorded as a German family name in the later medieval period; one Bernhard Freidank is mentioned in Helbling's Lucidarius (but it has been argued that this may in fact be a reference to the poet himself.[3]). Wilhelm Grimm (1834) argued that the author is Vrîdanc is a pseudonym and that the author of Bescheidenheit is Walter von der Vogelweide. This hypothesis was immediately rejected by the majority of scholars; according to Bartsch (1878), the only German philologist convinced by Grimm's idea was Wackernagel.[4]

Based on the contents of Bescheidenheit, its author was educated in writing and proper speech, and it is likely that he was a cleric by education. It seems likely that in 1228–1229 he was involved in the Sixth Crusade of the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II, as the section about Acre seems to refer to this period.[5]

Freidank may have died in 1233, if he was the magister Fridancus whose death was reported in the annals of the Cistercian monastery at Kaisheim. The chronicler Hartmann Schedel claimed to have seen a monument with Freidank's epitaph in Venetian Treviso in 1465. Gion (1870) argued that the Freidank buried in Treviso died in the 1380s and is not to be confused with the author of the Bescheidenheit.[6]

Bescheidenheit

The didactic poem Bescheidenheit was composed in the early 13th century, between about 1215 and 1230. It is a collection of rhyming aphorisms in 53 thematic divisions and about 4,700 verses which encapsulate the folk wisdom and experience of the period. Critical editions of the work were published by Wilhelm Grimm (1834, second edition 1860) and by H. E. Bezzenberger (1872, reprinted 1962).

Due to its linguistic elegance, the work was very popular throughout the late medieval period and well into the German Renaissance. It has been transmitted in numerous manuscripts and also in a Latin translation ("Fridangi Discretio") and was quoted by contemporary authors, including Hugo von Trimberg and Rudolf von Ems. Manuscript editions gave way seamlessly to printed editions (Sebastian Brant, 1508). Some quotes have survived as proverbs still current in Modern German. The name of Freidank became a standard authority for wise sayings, and was often invoked as the author of gnomic sayings.[7]

Grimm divided the work into 54 sections or chapters, as follows: 1. Шаблон:Lang (God), 1b. Шаблон:Lang (Hail Mary), 2. Шаблон:Lang (mass), 3. Шаблон:Lang (the soul), 4. Шаблон:Lang (Man), 5. Шаблон:Lang (Jews), 6. Шаблон:Lang (heretics), 7. Шаблон:Lang (usury), 8. Шаблон:Lang (pride), 9. Шаблон:Lang (the world), 10. Шаблон:Lang (sins), 11. Шаблон:Lang (rich and poor), 12. Шаблон:Lang (faith/truth and faithlessness/untruth), 13. Шаблон:Lang (thieves), 14. Шаблон:Lang (play, sport), 15. Шаблон:Lang (service), 16. Шаблон:Lang (right and wrong), 17. Шаблон:Lang (age), 18. Шаблон:Lang' (nobility and virtue), 19. Шаблон:Lang (the blind), 20. Шаблон:Lang (honey), 21. Шаблон:Lang (profit and possessions), 22. Шаблон:Lang (sorrow), 23. Шаблон:Lang (leeches and the sick), 24. Шаблон:Lang (envy), 25. Шаблон:Lang (praise), 26. Шаблон:Lang (scolding), 27. Шаблон:Lang (fellowship), 28. Шаблон:Lang (wrath), 29. Шаблон:Lang (heaven and hell), 30. Шаблон:Lang (priests, clerics), 31. Шаблон:Lang (kings and princes), 32. Шаблон:Lang (the wise and fools), 33. Шаблон:Lang (the generous and the avaricious), 34. Шаблон:Lang (honour), 35. Шаблон:Lang (inebriation), 36. Шаблон:Lang (friends), 37. Шаблон:Lang (love and women), 38. Шаблон:Lang (insight), 39. Шаблон:Lang (hunger), 40. Шаблон:Lang (madness), 41. Шаблон:Lang (good and evil), 42. Шаблон:Lang (the unknown), 43. Шаблон:Lang (beasts), 44. Шаблон:Lang (wealth and money), 45. Шаблон:Lang (Rome), 46. Шаблон:Lang (Acre), 47. Шаблон:Lang (language), 48. Шаблон:Lang (lies and deceptions), 49. Шаблон:Lang (the Antichrist), 50. Шаблон:Lang (the Ten Commandments), 51. Шаблон:Lang (death), 52. Шаблон:Lang (the Last Judgment), 53. Шаблон:Lang (a prayer).

See also

Editions

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Matthias Lexer, Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch (Leipzig, 1872–1878), s.v. "bescheidenheit".
  2. ↑ Grimm, Vridankes Bescheidenheit (1834), 40f.
  3. ↑ Friedrich Heinrich von der Hagen, Germania, Volume 4 (1841), 194–210.
  4. ↑ Karl Bartsch, "Freidank" in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie vol. 7 (1878), 336–338.
  5. ↑ no. 46 in the W. Grimm edition; P. 157 line 9 (Der bû den man ze Jaffe tuot) refers to the fortifications of Jaffa built by Frederick II in 1228/29.
  6. ↑ J. Guion, Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie (ZfdPh) 2 (1870), 172ff., cited after Bezzenberger (1872) p. 21.
  7. ↑ Bezzenberger (1872), 242–244. E.g. Hans Sachs (1558) attributes a saying to Freidank that is not actually found in any known text of Bescheidenheit, "Freidank spricht 'schweigen ist gar gut, reden besser, wer im recht thut.'"
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