Английская Википедия:French Air and Space Force

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox military unit

The French Air and Space Force (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Literal translation) is the air and space force of the French Armed Forces. Formed in 1909 as the Шаблон:Lang, a service arm of the French Army, it became an independent military branch in 1934 as the French Air Force. On 10 September 2020, it assumed its current name, the French Air and Space Force, to reflect an "evolution of its mission" into the area of outer space.[1]

The number of aircraft in service with the French Air and Space Force varies depending on the source; the Ministry of Armed Forces gives a figure of 658 aircraft in 2014.[2][3] According to 2018 data, this figure includes 210 combat aircraft: 115 Dassault Mirage 2000 and 95 Dassault Rafale.[4] Шаблон:As of the French Air and Space Force employs a total of 40,500 regular personnel, with a reserve element of 5,187 in 2014.[5]

The Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force (CEMAAE) is a direct subordinate of the Chief of the Defence Staff (CEMA), a high-ranking military officer who in turn answers to the civilian Minister of the Armed Forces.

Шаблон:French military

History

Шаблон:Main

In the beginning

Establishment of the Шаблон:Lang

The founding of the Шаблон:Lang began in 1909, when the French War Minister approved the purchase of a Wright Biplane. The following year, another Wright biplane, a Bleriot, and two Farmans were added to the lone acquisition. On 22 October 1910, General Pierre Roques was appointed Inspector General of what was becoming referred to as the Cinquieme Arme, or Fifth Service.[6]

In March 1912, the French parliament enacted legislation to establish the air arm. It was projected to consist of three distinct branches based on aircraft missions—reconnaissance, bombing, or countering other aircraft.[6]

Inventing the fighter plane

France was one of the first states to start building aircraft. At the beginning of World War I, France had a total of 148 planes (eight from French Naval Aviation (Шаблон:Lang)) and 15 airships.[7] In August 1914, as France entered World War I, French airpower consisted of 24 squadrons (Шаблон:Lang) supporting ground forces, including three squadrons assigned to cavalry units. By 8 October, expansion to 65 squadrons was being planned. By December, the plans called for 70 new squadrons.[6]

Meanwhile, even as procurement efforts scaled up, inventive airmen were trying to use various light weapons against opposing airplanes. Roland Garros invented a crude method of firing a machine gun through the propeller arc by cladding his propeller with metal wedges deflecting any errant bullets. After destroying three German airplanes, Garros came down behind enemy lines on 18 April 1915. His secret weapon was thus exposed, and Anthony Fokker came up with the synchronization gear that by July 1, 1915, turned airplanes into flying gun platforms.[8]

Файл:COmpagnie d'aviateurs.jpg
"Company of aviators", September 1914, by Jules Gervais-Courtellemont
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French aircraft during World War I, flying over German held territory (1915)
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Nieuport-Delage NiD.29 C.1 fighter used in the early post-WWI period.

Founding fighter formations

On 21 February 1916, the Verdun Offensive began. New weapons demand new tactics. Commandant Charles de Tricornet de Rose was the original French pilot, having learned to fly in March 1911. This experienced flier was given a free hand to select pilots and airplanes for a new unit tasked with keeping German observation craft from over the French lines. The ad hoc unit commandeered all available Morane-Saulniers and Nieuport 11s, as well as the 15 best pilots regardless of posting. This ad hoc unit patrolling the skies over Verdun was the first French Шаблон:Lang. The Шаблон:Lang was successful despite Tricornet's death in a mishap. Under the leadership of new commander Captain Auguste de Reverand, such flying aces as Georges Guynemer, Charles Nungesser, and Albert Deullin began their careers.[9]

Encouraged by the success of their original Шаблон:Lang, the French massed several squadrons for the Battle of the Somme. The burgeoning French aircraft inventory afforded the formation of Шаблон:Lang under Captain Felix Brocard. The Шаблон:Lang was formed on 1 July 1916 with a posting of four Nieuport squadrons: Squadron N.3, N.26, N.73, and N.103. Three other squadrons--Squadron N.37, N.62, and N.65 were temporarily attached at various times.[9]

On 19 October 1916, three fixed Шаблон:Lang were established, each to consist of four squadron. Numbered 11, 12, and 13, they were only the first three Шаблон:Lang.[9]

Concentrating airpower

During March 1917, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang were formed. Again, each new Шаблон:Lang was assigned four Nieuport fighter squadrons; again, each was sent to support a different French field army.[9]

On 10 January 1918, Шаблон:Lang was formed from four SPAD squadrons. In February, five more Шаблон:Lang were founded from SPAD squadrons: Шаблон:Lang number 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21. The various Nieuport models were now being phased out as the new SPADs filled the inventories of the French.[10]

With the Шаблон:Lang success, the French were encouraged to amass airpower into still larger tactical units. On 4 February 1918, Шаблон:Lang was created out of Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang. It was followed by Шаблон:Lang, formed on the 27th from Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang. Each Шаблон:Lang would be stocked with 72 fighters.[11]

The Шаблон:Lang were not the end of the French accumulation of air power. On 14 May 1918, they were grouped into the Шаблон:Lang. As bombing aircraft were also being concentrated into larger units, the new division would also contain Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. The bombing units were both equipped with 45 Breguet 14 bombers. The last addition to the new division was five protection squadrons, operating 75 Caudron R.11 gunships to fly escort for the Breguets.[11]

On 25 June 1918, Шаблон:Lang was founded. Шаблон:Lang followed soon thereafter. A couple of night bombardment Шаблон:Lang were also founded.[12]

Committing the Division Aerienne

Then, on 15 July 1918, the Division was committed to the Second Battle of the Marne. From then on, whether in whole or in part, the Шаблон:Lang fought until war's end. By the time of the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, the French could commit 27 fighter squadrons to the effort, along with reconnaissance and bombing squadrons. The 1,137 airplanes dedicated to the battle were the most numerous used in a World War I battle.[13]

When the 11 November 1918 armistice came, French air power had expanded to 336 squadrons, 74 of which were SPAD fighter squadrons. France had 3,608 planes in service.[7] Confirmed claims of 2,049 destroyed enemy airplanes included 307 that had been brought down within French lines. French airmen had also destroyed 357 observation balloons.[13] However, 5,500 pilots and observers were killed out of the 17,300 engaged in the conflict, amounting to 31%.[14] A 1919 newspaper article reported that the French Air Force had suffered losses of 61%.[15]

Interwar period

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Dewoitine D.510 monoplane fighters from the mid-1930s

Military aeronautics was established as a "special arm" by the law of 8 December 1922.[16] It remained under the auspices of the French Army. It was not until 2 July 1934, that the "special arm" became an independent service and was totally independent.

The initial air arm was the cradle of French military parachuting, responsible for the first formation of the Air Infantry Groups (Шаблон:Lang) in the 1930s, out of which the Air Parachute Commandos (Шаблон:Lang) descended.

The French Air Force maintained a continuous presence across the French colonial empire, particularly from the 1920s to 1943.

World War II

The French Air Force played an important role in WWII, most notably during the Battle of France in 1940. The Vichy French Air Force had later a significant presence in the French Levant.

The engagement of the Free French Air Forces from 1940 to 1943, and then the engagement of the aviators of the French Liberation Army, were also important episodes in the history of the French Air Force. The sacrifices of Commandant René Mouchotte and Lieutenant Marcel Beau illustrated their devotion.

1945–present

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A North American T-28 Trojan, used against guerrillas during the Algerian War

After 1945, France rebuilt its aircraft industry. The French Air Force participated in several colonial wars during the Empire such as French Indochina after the Second World War. Since 1945, the French Air Force was notably engaged in Indochina (1945–1954).

The French Air Force was active in Algeria from 1952 until 1962 and Suez (1956), later Mauritania and Chad, the Persian Gulf (1990–1991), ex-Yugoslavia and more recently in Afghanistan, Mali and Iraq.

From 1964 until 1971 the French Air Force had the unique responsibility for the French nuclear arm via Dassault Mirage IV or ballistic missiles of Air Base 200 Apt-Saint-Christol on the Plateau d'Albion.

Файл:Dassault Mirage IIIC, France - Air Force AN0695826.jpg
Mirage IIIC of EC 2/10 "Seine" pictured in 1980 armed with a Matra R.530

Accordingly, from 1962, the French political leadership shifted its military emphasis to nuclear deterrence, implementing a complete reorganisation of the Air Force, with the creation of four air regions and seven major specialised commands, among which were the Strategic Air Forces Command, COTAM, the Air Command of Aerial Defense Forces (Шаблон:Lang, CAFDA), and the Шаблон:Lang (FATac).[17] In 1964, the Second Tactical Air Command was created in Nancy to take command of air units stationed in France but not assigned to NATO. The Military Air Transport Command had previously been formed in February 1962 from the Шаблон:Lang. Also created in 1964 was the Шаблон:Lang (EFCA), seemingly grouping all FCA units. The Dassault Mirage IV, the principal French strategic bomber, was designed to strike Soviet positions as part of the French nuclear triad.

In 1985, the Air Force had four major flying commands, the Strategic Air Forces Command, the Tactical Air Forces Command, the Military Air Transport Command, and CAFDA (air defence).[18]

Файл:Two French air force Dassault Mirage F1C aircraft.jpg
A 1986 view of a Mirage F1 from the Escadron de Chasse 2/30 Normandie-Niemen and another from the Escadron de Chasse 3/30 Lorraine, both armed with Matra R.530 missiles. Squadron insignias are visible on the two aircraft.

CFAS had two squadrons of S2 and S-3 IRBMs at the Plateau d'Albion, six squadrons of Mirage IVAs (at Mont de Marsan, Cazaux, Orange, Istres, St Dizier, and EB 3/94 at Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base), and three squadrons of C-135F, as well as a training/reconnaissance unit, CIFAS 328, at Bordeaux. The tactical air command included wings EC 3, EC 4, EC 7, EC 11, EC 13, and ER 33, with a total of 19 squadrons of Mirage III, Jaguars, two squadrons flying the Mirage 5F (EC 2/13 and EC 3/13, both at Colmar), and a squadron flying the Mirage F.1CR. CoTAM counted 28 squadrons, of which ten were fixed-wing transport squadrons, and the remainder helicopter and liaison squadrons, at least five of which were overseas. CAFDA numbered 14 squadrons mostly flying the Mirage F.1C. Two other commands had flying units, the Air Force Training Command, and the Air Force Transmissions Command, with four squadrons and three trials units.

Dassault Aviation led the way mainly with delta-wing designs, which formed the basis for the Dassault Mirage III series of fighter jets. The Mirage demonstrated its abilities in the Six-Day War, Yom Kippur War, Falklands War, and Gulf War, becoming one of the most popular jet fighters of its day and being widely sold.

In 1994, the Шаблон:Lang command was reestablished under a different form.

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Mirage 2000 in flight
Файл:Logo de l'Armée de l'air de 1989 à 2010.svg
Logo between 1989 and 2010

The French Air Force entered a phase of inventory replacement and expansion. The Air Force ordered the Airbus A400M military transport aircraft, then in development. By November 2016, 11 had already been delivered to ET00.061 at Orleans-Bricy, and integration of the new Dassault Rafale multi-role jet fighter was underway; the first 20-aircraft squadron became operational in 2006 at Saint-Dizier.

In 2009, France rejoined the NATO Military Command Structure, having been absent since 1966.[19] France was a leading nation, alongside the United States, United Kingdom and Italy in implementing the UN sponsored no-fly zone in Libya (NATO Operation Unified Protector), deploying 20 fighter aircraft to Benghazi in defense of rebel-held positions and the civilian population.[20]

The last remaining squadron of Dassault Mirage F1s retired the aircraft in July 2014 and replaced them with Dassault Rafales.

Файл:Logo of the French Air Force (Armee de l'Air).svg
Logo between 2010 and 2020

On 13 July 2019, President Emmanuel Macron announced the creation of a space command, which would come into being within the French Air Force by September 2019, and the transformation of the French Air Force into the French Air and Space Force.[21] According to Defense Minister Florence Parly, France reserves the right to arm French satellites with lasers for defensive purposes.[22]

The official renaming occurred on 24 July 2020, with the new Air and Space Force logo unveiled on 11 September 2020.[1]

Structure

Файл:André Lanata - Cérémonie présentation et de passation du drapeau à la promotion 2016 X 2016.jpg
Général d'armée aérienne André Lanata, former chief of staff of the French Air Force

The Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force (CEMAAE) determines French Air and Space Force doctrines application and advises the Chief of the Defence Staff (CEMA) on the deployment, manner, and use of the Air and Space Force. They are responsible for the preparation and logistic support of the French Air and Space Force. The CEMAA is assisted by a Deputy Chief, the Шаблон:Lang. Finally, the CEMAA is assisted by the Inspectorate of the French Air and Space Force (IAA) and by the French Air and Space Force Health Service Inspection (ISSAA).

The Air and Space Force is organized in accordance with Chapter 4, Title II, Book II of the Third Part of the French Defense Code (Шаблон:Lang-fr), which replaced decree n° 91-672 dated 14 July 1991.

Under the authority of the Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force (CEMAAE) in Paris, the Air and Space Force includes:

The Air and Space Force headquarters, employing 150 personnel, are located alongside the Chief of the Defence Staff's offices (EMA) and the Army and Navy headquarters at the Balard armed forces complex in Paris. The new site replaced the former Paris Air Base (BA 117) which served as air staff headquarters until 25 June 2015.

Commands

The French Air and Space Force has had three commands: two grand operational commands (CDAOA and CFAS) and one organic command (CFA).

  • Commandement de la Défense Aérienne et des Opérations Aériennes (English: Air Defense and Air Operations Command (CDAOA)), is responsible for surveillance of French airspace, as well as all aerial operations in progress. It does not possess aircraft. Instead it exercises operational control over units of the Air Forces Command (CFA).[24]
  • Strategic Air Forces Command (CFAS), is responsible for the air force's nuclear strike units (Dassault Rafale B armed with ASMP-A missiles), as well as the tanker / strategic transport aircraft (C-135FR, Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker).
    • Command HQ (Commandement des CFAS), based at Vélizy-Villacoublay Air Base (BA 107)
    • 4th Fighter Wing (4e Escadre de chasse (4e EC)), based at Saint-Dizier – Robinson Air Base (BA 113)
      • Wing Command (Commandement d'escadre 00.113)
      • Fighter Squadron 01.004 "Gascogne" (Escadron de chasse 01.004 Gascogne), tactical nuclear strike fighter squadron, flying Rafale B variant
      • Fighter Squadron 02.004 "La Fayette" (Escadron de Chasse 02.004 La Fayette), tactical nuclear strike fighter squadron, flying Rafale variant
      • Rafale Conversion Squadron 03.004 "Aquitaine" (Escadron de transformation Rafale 03.004 Aquitaine), joint air force – navy OCU flying Rafale B/C/M variants
      • Aeronautical Technical Support Squadron 15.004 "Haute-Marne" (Escadron de soutien technique aéronautique 15.004 Haute-Marne)
    • 31st Aerial Refuel and Strategic Transport Wing (31e Escadre aérienne de ravitaillement et de transport stratégiques (31e EARTS)), based at Istres-Le Tubé Air Base (BA 125).
      • Wing Command (Commandement d'escadre 00.113)
      • Aerial Refuel and Strategic Transport Squadron 01.031 "Bretagne" (Escadron de ravitaillement en vol et de transport stratégique 01.031 Bretagne), flying the Airbus A330 MRTT
      • Operational Conversion Squadron 03.031 "Phénix" (Escadron de transformation Phénix 03.031 Landes), A330MRTT OCU
      • Aerial Refuel Squadron 04.031 "Sologne" (Escadron de ravitaillement en vol 4/31 Sologne), winding down operations of the C-135FR
      • Transport Squadron 03.060 "Esterel" (Escadron de transport 3/60 Esterel), presidential air transport with the Airbus A330
      • Aeronautical Technical Support Squadron 15.031 "Camargue" (Escadron de soutien technique aéronautique 15.031 Camargue)
      • Specialised Technical Support Squadron 15.093 (Escadron de soutien technique spécialisé 15.093)
  • Air Forces Command (CFA)), Bordeaux-Mérignac Air Base, as an organic command, prepares units to fulfill operational missions. From September 2013, the former organic commands CFA and CSFA were merged into CFA. CFA is organized in six brigades:
    • Fighter Brigade – (Шаблон:Lang-fr (BAAC)), is responsible for all air defense, air-to-ground and reconnaissance aircraft (including Dassault Rafale, Mirage 2000-5F, Mirage 2000B/C/D, Transall C-160 Gabriel). In February 2016 it was commanded by Brigadier General (Air) Philippe Lavigne.[27]
    • Projection and Support Air Force Brigade (Шаблон:Lang-fr (BAAP)), is responsible for all tactical transport and liaison aircraft (aircraft and helicopters: Transall, C-160, Hercules C-130, A310/319, Dassault Falcon 50/900, Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma, Eurocopter Fennec, Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma, SOCATA TBM);
    • Airspace Control Brigade (Шаблон:Lang-fr (BACE)), is responsible for (Airborne early warning and control aircraft, and ground radar, ground-based air defense systems and missile defence, communication networks) airspace surveillance, constituting the Système de Commandement et de Conduite des Opérations Aérospatiales). Since 2007 the command, control and information systems network of the air and space force have been is integrated into the Joint Directorate of Infrastructure Networks and Information Systems (DIRISI))
      • airborne airspace surveillance units:
        • 36th Airborne Command and Control Wing (36e escadre de commandement et de conduite aéroportés (36e EC2A)), based at Avord Air Base (BA 702)
          • 36th Airborne Command and Control Squadron "Berry" (36e escadron de détection et de contrôle aéroportés Berry), flying the Boeing E-3F Sentry
      • ground-based airspace surveillance units:
        • GRAVES System
        • 3 surveillance and air defence radar installations equipped with the Ground Master 406 radar: années 2010 trois Ground Master 406, le premier installé en Guyane, le second sur la base aérienne de Nice en 2017 et le troisième sur la Base aérienne 942 and at Lyon-Mont Verdun Air Base (BA 942) in 2019.
        • 12 surveillance and air defence radar installations equipped with the Ground Master 403T radar in metropolitan France, re-equipped in the 2019 – 2022 period.
      • airspace controle of military air bases:
        • units for local aerospace surveillance of the immediate environs of air bases (CLA) ;
        • approach radars and landing aide systems
      • surface-to-air missile units (each ADSA squadron is composed of two batteries of SAMP/T and one battery of Crotale NG SAMs):
        • Air Defence Surface-to-Air Wing – 1st Air Defence Artillery Regiment (Escadre sol-air de défense aérienne – 1er régiment d'artillerie de l'air), based at Avord Air Base (BA 702)
          • Air Defence Surface-to-Air Squadron 02.950 "Sancerre" (Escadron de défense sol-air 02.950 "Sancerre")
          • Technical Support Surface-to-Air Squadron (Escadron de soutien technique sol-air 2E.950)
          • Air Defence Surface-to-Air Training Center (Centre de formation de la défense sol-air 14.950)
        • Air Defence Surface-to-Air Squadron 01.950 "Crau" (Escadron de défense sol-air 01.950 "Crau") (Base aérienne 125 Istres-Le Tubé)
        • Air Defence Surface-to-Air Squadron 05.950 "Barrois" (Escadron de défense sol-air 05.950 "Barrois") (Base aérienne 113 Saint-Dizier-Robinson)
        • Air Defence Surface-to-Air Squadron 12.950 "Tursan" (Escadron de défense sol-air 12.950 "Tursan") (Base aérienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan)
      • surface-to-air signals units in metropolitan France (METEOR system, in process of replacement by the SRSA system)
    • Air Force Special Forces Brigade (Brigade des forces spéciales air (BFSA)). In the 2020 – 2021 period the French Air and Space Force overhauled the force structure of its security and firefighting and rescue units, which were previously grouped together in the Air Force Security and Intervention Forces Brigade (Шаблон:Lang-fr (BAFSI)).[28]
      • aerial units:
      • air force commando units:
        • Air Force Parachutist Commando 10 (CPA n°10) – the Air Force's primary special operations unit, based at Orléans – Bricy Air Base
        • Air Force Parachutist Commando 30 (CPA n°30) – previously the Air Force's primary combat search and rescue unit, refocused to special operations, based at Orléans – Bricy Air Base
      • force protection units:
        • Air Force Parachutist Commando 20 (CPA n°20) – the Air Force's primary security unit. Composed of two operational companies and a reserve platoon for a total of up to 400 personnel: Compagnie Bretagne (protection force), Compagnie Normandie (protection force) and Section de réservistes (protection force reservists and instructors).
        • Escadrons de protection (EP).
      • specialised training units:
        • Air Force Parachute Training Center 51.566 (C.A.S.V. 51.566 Le Centre Air de Saut en Vol), based at Orléans – Bricy Air Base
        • Operational Training Center for Air Force [Land] Combatants (Centre de Préparation Opérationnel des Combattants de l'Armée de l'air (CPOCAA)) – training unit for the CPA 10 and 30, based at Orange-Caritat Air Base
          • Detachment (détachement du CPOCAA), based at Orléans – Bricy Air Base
        • le Centre de formation à la survie et au sauvetage (CFSS) ;Centre de formation à la survie et au sauvetage 61.566 (CFSS). base aérienne 120 de Cazaux.
        • Detachment for officer training for land combat (détachement CFA) at the École de l'air et de l'espace
    • Air Force Firefighters Brigade (Brigade des pompiers de l’air (BPA)), formed in 2021. It brings together the rescue and firefighting personnel (called incident technicians and grouped into squadrons of company size) of the Air Force into 25 units of around 1 500 personnel. HQ is in Cazaux Air Base (BA 120);[29]
    • Air Force Aerial Weapon Systems Brigade (Шаблон:Lang-fr (BASAA)) provides the maintenance and repair of aerial weapons and target systems.
    • Air Force Maneuver Support Brigade (Шаблон:Lang-fr (BAAMA)) provides the ground-based engineer and logistics personnel (including expeditionary) needed for the sustainment of air operations.,[30] based at Bordeaux–Mérignac Air Base (BA 106):
      • Expeditionary Command and Control Air Force Wing 00.550 (Escadre aérienne de commandement et de conduite projetable 00.550 (EAC2P 00.550)), based at Évreux-Fauville Air Base (BA 105) and formed on August 27, 2015, on the basis of the former Groupement tactique des systèmes d’information et de communication (GTSICAéro).
        • Wing Command (Commandement d'escadre 00.550)
        • Tactical Telecommunications Systems Squadron 11.550 (Escadron des systèmes de télécommunication tactiques 11.550)
        • Tactical Surveillance Systems Squadron 12.550 (Escadron des systèmes de surveillance tactiques 12.550)
        • Tactical Information Systems Squadron 13.550 (Escadron des systèmes d’information tactiques 13.550)
        • Tactical Training and Expertise Squadron 14.550 (Escadron d'expertise et d'instruction tactiques 14.550)
      • Operational Support Air Force Wing 00.513 (Escadre aérienne d'appui aux opérations 00.513 (EAAO 00.513)), based at Bordeaux-Mérignac Air Base (BA 106) and formed on November 24, 2021, on the basis of the former Groupement aérien d’appui aux opérations (GAAO).
        • Wing Command (Commandement d'escadre 00.513)
        • Operational Infrastructure Squadron 11.513 (Escadron d'infrastructure en opérations 11.513)
        • Operational Infrastructure Squadron 13.513 (Escadron d'infrastructure en opérations 13.513)
        • Operational Infrastructure Squadron 15.513 (Escadron d'infrastructure en opérations 15.513)
        • Expeditionary Training Squadron 17.513 (Escadron d'instruction au déploiement 17.513)
      • 25th Air Force Engineer Regiment (25ème Régiment du Génie de l’Air), army regiment permanently attached to the air force. Based at Istres-Le Tubé Air Base (BA 125).
        • 2nd Operational Air Force Engineer Company (2e Compagnie opérationnelle du génie de l’air (2e COGA)), based at Mont-de-Marsan Air Base (BA 118).
        • 4th Operational Air Force Engineer Company (4e Compagnie opérationnelle du génie de l’air (4e COGA)), based at Avord Air Base (BA 702).
      • Aeronautical Installations Air Force Groupment (Groupement aérien des installations aéronautiques (GAIA)), based at Bordeaux-Mérignac Air Base (BA 106)
  • French Space Command (Шаблон:Lang-fr (CDE)),[31] HQ at Toulouse Space Centre
    • Operational Preparation and Employment Division (Division préparation opérationnelle et emploi (DPOE)), Hexagone Balard, Paris
    • Space Operations Air Force Brigade (Brigade aérienne des opérations spatiales (BAOS)), based at Toulouse Space Center. By 2025 the CMOS and the COSMOS will relocate to Toulouse Space Center as well. In preparation for this the French Air and Space Force has formed the military installation FA 101 (Formation administrative (FA 101)) on the premises of the space center.[32]
      • Space Operations Command and Control Center (Centre de Commandement et de Contrôle des opérations spatiales (C3OS)), based at Toulouse Space Center
      • Satellite Observation Military Center 01.092 "Bourgogne" (Шаблон:Lang-fr), based at Creil-Senlis Air Base (BA 110)
      • Operational Center for Military Surveillance of Space Objects (Шаблон:Lang-fr), based at Lyon – Mont Verdun Air Base (BA 942)

These last two brigades belonged until 2013 to the Air Force Support Command (CSFA), which maintained the arms systems, equipment, information and communication systems (SIC) as well as infrastructure. The CSFA supported the human element, the military logistics (supply and transport), wherever, previously, forces of the French Air and Space Force operated or trained. These two brigades are now subordinate to the CFA.

The official designation of the service was changed in July 2019 from Air Army (Шаблон:Lang) to Air and Space Army (Шаблон:Lang), when the previous joint Inter-Service Space Command (Шаблон:Lang (CIE)) under the French General Staff was transformed into the Space Command (Шаблон:Lang (CDE)) and absorbed into the Air and Space Force as its fourth command.

All air regions were disestablished on 1 January 2008. In the 1960s, there were five air regions (RA). The number was then reduced to four by a decree of 30 June 1962 with the disestablishment of the 5th Aerial Region (French North Africa). The decree of 14 July 1991 reduced the air regions to three: « RA Atlantic », « RA Mediterranean » and «  RA North-East ». On 1 July 2000 was placed into effect an organization consisting of « RA North » (RAN) and « RA South » (RAS). The territorial division was abolished by decree n°2007-601 of 26 April 2007.[33][34]

From 2008 to 2010 the French Air Force underwent the "Air 2010" streamlining process. The main targets of this project were to simplify the command structure, to regroup all military and civil air force functions and to rationalise and optimise all air force units. Five major commands, were formed, instead of the former 13, and several commands and units were disbanded.[35]

Support services

The Directorate of Human Resources of the Air and Space Force (DRH-AAE) recruits, trains, manages, administers, and converts personnel of the Air and Space Force. Since January 2008, the DRH-AAE groups the former Air Force directorate of military personnel (DPMMA) and some tasks of the former Air Force Training Command. The directorate is responsible for Air and Space Force recruitment via the recruiting bureau.

French joint defence service organisations, supporting the air and space force, include:[23]

  • The Integrated Structure of Maintaining Operational Conditioning of Aeronautical Defense Materials (Шаблон:Lang-fr) (SIMMAD).
  • The Service industriel de l'aéronautique (Шаблон:Lang-fr) (SIAE), a 4700-person maintenance organization, internal to the French air force, in charge of 20% of the heavy maintenance of French armed forces, the other 80% being the responsibility of private aeronautics companies.
  • The " Air Commissariat " (Шаблон:Lang-fr) between 1947 and 2007, then " Financial and General Administration Service " (Шаблон:Lang-fr) from 2008 until 2009, and finally the " Commissariat Service of the Armed Forces " (SCA) (Шаблон:Lang-fr) since 2010, have successively been designated as administrative services of the French Air and Space Force. The Commissioners as well as Civilians of this service carry out : operations support, individual legal rights, judicial, internal control accountability, financial and purchase executions, and support and protection of the combatant.[36]

Wings

Commanded by a Lieutenant-colonel or Colonel, the Шаблон:Lang is a formation that assembles various units and personnel dedicated to the same mission. In 1932, the "regiment" designation was replaced with "Escadre", which until 1994 was a unit consisting of the following:

  • units (escadrons or groups) generally equipped with the same type of aircraft or at least assuring the same type of mission
  • units of maintenance and support.

Шаблон:Lang (wings) were dissolved from 1993 as part of the Шаблон:Lang reorganisation, were reestablished in 2014.[37] The problems caused by having the aircraft maintenance units not responsible to the flying squadrons they supported eventually forced the change.

Four Шаблон:Lang were reformed in the first phase:[37]

In the second phase, the French Air Force announced in August 2015 the creation of six additional wings:[37]

Also established was the Шаблон:Lang at Évreux-Fauville Air Base on 27 August 2015.

The French Air and Space Force announced in August 2015 that unit numbering, moves of affected aircraft, and the transfer of historic material (flags, traditions and names) would be completed in 2016.[37]

Another air force wing was added on September 5, 2019:

Squadrons and flights

Commanded by a lieutenant-colonel, the Escadron is the basic operational unit. This term replaced that of Group as of 1949 with the aim to standardize usage with the allies of NATO who were using the term 'squadron'. However, the term Group did not entirely disappear: the term was retained for the Aerial Group 56 Mix Vaucluse, specialized in Special Operations or Group – Groupe de Ravitaillement en Vol 02.091 Bretagne (Шаблон:Lang-fr) which is still carrying the same designation since 2004.Шаблон:Citation needed

A fighter squadron (Шаблон:Lang) can number some twenty machines, spread in general in three Escadrilles. A Transport Escadron (Шаблон:Lang) can theoretically count a dozen Transall C-160, however, numbers are usually much less for heavier aircraft (three Airbus A310-300 and two Airbus A340-200 for the Transport Escadron 3/60 Estérel (Шаблон:Lang-fr)).Шаблон:Citation needed

The squadrons have retained the designations of the former Escadres disbanded during the 1990s. For instance: Transport Escadron 1/64 Béarn (Шаблон:Lang-fr) (more specifically Transport Escadron 01.064 Béarn), which belonged to the 64th Transport Escadre (Шаблон:Lang-fr) during the dissolution of the later (recreated in August 2015). Not all escadrons (Squadrons) are necessarily attached to an Escadre.Шаблон:Citation needed

The Escadrille (flight) has both an administrative and operational function, even of the essential operational control is done at the level of the Esacdron. A pilot is assigned to the Escadrille, however the equipment and material devices, on the other hand, are assigned to the Escadron. Since the ESTA (Aeronautic Technical Support Escadrons) came into being, material devices and the mechanics have been assigned directly to the base then put at disposition of the based Escadrons.Шаблон:Citation needed

The Escadrilles adopted the traditions of the prestigious units out of which most (SPA and SAL),Шаблон:NoteTag are those traditions of the First World War.Шаблон:Citation needed

Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air

The Шаблон:Lang comprise:[38]

Protection Squadrons protect airbases inside and outside the national territory, and in exterior operations as well.

The CPAs carry out common missions, as well as specialized tasks including intervention and reinforcement of protection at the profit of sensible points " air " inside and outside the national territory.

Air bases

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Bases-aeriennes-france.jpg
Air bases in Metropolitan France

Flying activity in France is carried out by a network of bases, platforms and French air and space defence radar systems. It is supported by bases, which are supervised and maintained by staff, operational centres, warehouses, workshops, and schools. Both in France and abroad, bases have similar infrastructure to provide standardised support.

The French Air and Space Force has, as of 1 August 2014:

  • Within the metropolitan territory of France, 27 airbases, out of the which 18 aeronautical platform with perceived runways and 5 Bases non-platform, two schools, 3 air detachments and " one attached air element " (EAR).
  • Beyond the metropole/Europe, 7 Aerial Bases or permanent detachments in overseas or country.
Файл:Rafale - RIAT 2009 (3751416421).jpg
A French Air and Space Force Dassault Rafale B at RIAT in 2009
Файл:Air Defence Squadron Tursan Bastille Day 2013 Paris t114447.jpg
Crotale missile-launchers of the Air Defense Ground-to-Air Squadron of the French Air and Space Force

Some French airbases house radar units (e.g. Lyon, Mont-Verdun, Drachenbronn, Cinq-Mars-la-Pile, Nice, Mont-Agel) to carry out air defence radar surveillance and air traffic control. Others house material warehouses or command posts. Temporary and semi-permanent foreign deployments include transport aircraft at Dushanbe (Tajikistan, Operation Héraclès), and fighter aircraft in N'Djamena (Tchad, Opération Épervier), among others.

As swift as the French Air and Space Force operates, the closure of aerial bases is more constant and immediate, having known a strong acceleration since the 1950s. An air base commander has authority over all units stationed on their base. Depending on the units' tasks, this means that they are responsible for approximately 600 to 2500 personnel.

On average, a base, made up of about 1500 personnel (nearly 3500 people including family), provides a yearly economic boost to its area of about 60 million euros. Consequently, determining the sites for air bases constitutes a major part of regional planning.[39]

Файл:Orange-Caritat Air Base.jpg
Orange-Caritat Air Base

Overseas

Файл:LFPY AIRPORT BRETIGNY FROM FLIGHT ORY-NCE A320 F-GHQJ (17144270049).jpg
Brétigny-sur-Orge Air Base

More than ten bases have been closed since 2009. Doullens Air Base (BA 922) was a former command and reporting centre; Toulouse - Francazal Air Base (BA 101), was closed on 1 September 2009; Colmar-Meyenheim Air Base (BA 132) was closed on 16 June 2010; Metz-Frescaty Air Base (BA 128) was closed on 30 June 2011; Brétigny-sur-Orge Air Base (BA 217), closed 26 June 2012; Cambrai - Épinoy Air Base (BA 103), was closed on 28 June 2012; Reims – Champagne Air Base (June 2012); Drachenbronn Air Base (BA 901) closed on 17 July 2015; Dijon Air Base (BA 102), was vacated on 30 June 2016;[41] Creil Air Base (BA 110) vacated on 31 August 2016; and Taverny Air Base (DA 921), the former Strategic Air Forces Command headquarters.

Inventory

Aircraft

Шаблон:See also

Файл:Dassault Rafale B.jpg
Dassault Rafale B
Файл:Mirage-060808-F-6489S-011.jpg
Dassault Mirage 2000-5F
Файл:Boeing E-3F Sentry (3).jpg
Boeing E-3F Sentry
Файл:Airbus A330 MRTT F-UJCG - French Air Force.jpg
Airbus A330 MRTT Phénix
Файл:French Air Force, F-RBAN, Airbus A400M-180 (49580307822).jpg
Airbus A400M Atlas
Файл:F-RARF - A330-200 - French Airforce - EVX - Training BA105 CTM1275 - 04365.jpg
Airbus A330-200 presidential aircraft
Файл:Dassault Falcon 2000EX France - Air Force F-RAFC, LUX Luxembourg (Findel), Luxembourg PP1370627014.jpg
Dassault Falcon 2000EX
Файл:French Air Force EC725 lift off.jpg
Airbus H225M Caracal
Файл:Dassault Mirage 2000B, France - Air Force AN1383478.jpg
Dassault Mirage 2000B conversion trainer
Файл:138th Attack Squadron - General Atomics MQ-9B Reaper 09-4066.jpg
General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper UAV
Aircraft Origin Type Introduced In service Notes
Combat Aircraft
Dassault Rafale B/C France Multirole fighter 2006 100
  • Additional units on order (185 Rafale in total planned for the Air Force)
  • The Rafale B replaced the Mirage 2000N in the pre-strategic nuclear strike role
  • 40 additional units (Rafale M) in naval service[4][42]
  • The Rafale has enjoyed continuous evolution since its introduction through cyclical modernization programs. The F2 standard was the first to be delivered to the French Air Force and was introduced in 2006 (the F1 standard representing the first 10 Rafale production units delivered to the French Navy as an emergency replacement for its F-8 Crusader carrier-based fighters, which were running out of steam). The Rafale F3 entered operational service in 2009 and the F3-R standard in 2018. The Rafale F4 is scheduled to enter operational service in 2025 and the Rafale F5 in the early 2030s.[43]
Dassault Mirage 2000D France Tactical bomber 1995 66
  • 48 units being modernized (mid-life upgrade program launched in 2016), with first modernized aircraft being delivered in January 2021
  • 36 modernized units in service as of 2023[44]
Dassault Mirage 2000-5F France Multirole fighter 1993 26[45]
AWACS
Boeing E-3F Sentry United States AEW&C 1990 4
  • Fitted with the newer CFM56-2 engines
  • All upgraded to the Block 40/45 standard, with the first modernized unit delivered in July 2014[46]
  • To be succeeded by the Alliance Future Surveillance and Control (AFSC) in the early 2030s
Reconnaissance
Dassault Falcon Archange France SIGINT / ELINT / EW TBD 0
ASLR VADOR United States ISTAR / SIGINT 2022 2
  • Based on the Beechcraft Super King Air 350 and equipped with sensors dedicated to both image-based intelligence and electromagnetic intelligence (sensors developed by Thales and Sabena Technics). Also scheduled to integrate Safran's Euroflir 410 optronic ball.
  • 1 additional unit on order
  • Purchase of 8 units in total originally planned but reduced to 3 in 2023. The leasing of additional ISTAR and SIGINT aircraft to complement the 3 VADOR and as an interim solution until the Archange's service entry is now the preferred option.[48]
Tanker
Airbus A330 MRTT Phénix Europe Aerial refueling / Airborne command and control node / Transport 2018 12 15 planned in total (3 civilian Airbus A330-200 purchased in 2020 will be converted to complement the 12 MRTT ordered by 2025)[49]
Lockheed KC-130J United States Aerial refueling / Transport 2019 2[50]
Boeing C135FR/KC135 United States Aerial refueling 1964 3 The original C135FR were retired between October 2020 and December 2023. The remaining 3 KC135 should remain in service until 2025[51]
Transport
Airbus A400M Atlas Europe Tactical airlifter with strategic capabilities / Aerial refueling 2013 23 27 additional units on order[52]
Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules United States Tactical airlifter 2018 2[53]
Lockheed C-130 Hercules United States Tactical airlifter 1987 14 To be replaced by the Future Medium-size Tactical Cargo (FMTC) aircraft[54]
CASA CN235 Spain Tactical airlifter 1993 27 To be replaced by the FMTC aircraft[55]
Airbus A330-200 Europe VIP transport 2010
2020 		4
  • The first unit, in service since November 2010, is the main transport aircraft of the French President and part of the presidential fleet (7 aircraft in total)
  • 3 additional units were ordered in August 2020 and delivered between November 2020 and November 2022. They will be converted into MRTT aircraft by 2025 in order to complement the 12 A330 MRTT purchased[49]
Dassault Falcon 7X France VIP transport 2009 2
  • Part of presidential fleet
  • In service since 2009 and 2010 respectively[56]
Dassault Falcon 2000EX/LX France VIP transport 2011 2 Part of the presidential fleet
Dassault Falcon 900 France VIP transport 1991 2 Part of the presidential fleet
Socata TBM 700 France Liaison aircraft 1990 15
DHC-6 Twin Otter Canada Liaison aircraft 1978 5
Helicopter
Airbus Helicopters H225M Caracal Europe Transport / CSAR helicopter 2006 10
  • 32 H225M Caracal and H225 units scheduled to be in service by 2030 and all 36 planned by 2035
  • 10 Caracal in service as of 2021, with additional units on order[57]
  • All Caracal helicopters in service with the French Army (8 units) will also be transferred to the Air and Space Force after delivery of 18 NH90 Forces Spéciales to the army's 4th Special Forces Helicopter Regiment.
Airbus Helicopters H225 Europe Transport / SAR helicopter 2016 2 Additional units on order
Airbus Helicopters H215 Super Puma France VIP transport helicopter 1984 3
  • Dedicated to presidential and governmental transport
  • Being replaced by the Airbus H225
Aérospatiale SA330 Puma France Medium utility helicopter 1974 18 Being replaced by the H225M Caracal
Eurocopter AS555 Fennec Europe Light utility helicopter 1990 40 To be replaced by the Airbus Helicopters H160M Guépard
Airbus Helicopters H160M Guépard Europe Medium multirole helicopter TBD 0 40 units out of the 180 planned for the French Armed Forces are destined for the Air and Space Force.
Trainer aircraft
Dassault Mirage 2000B-S5 France Conversion trainer 1993 7
Pilatus PC-21 Switzerland Advanced trainer 2018 26 Replaced the Alpha Jet in the advanced trainer role
Embraer EMB 121 Xingu Brazil Multi-engine trainer 1982 22
Beechcraft Super King Air 350 Extended Range United States Multi-engine trainer / Navigation trainer 2020 1 Training outsourced to CAE Aviation
Grob 120A-F Germany Basic trainer 2007 18 Fleet outsourced to Airbus Flight Academy
Cirrus SR20 United States Ab initio trainer 2013 16 Fleet outsourced to Airbus Flight Academy
Cirrus SR22 United States Ab initio trainer 2013 9 Fleet outsourced to Airbus Flight Academy
Diamond HK36 Super Dimona Austria Motor glider 2010 5
Airbus Helicopters H225M Caracal Europe Rotorcraft trainer 2006 1
Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet France
Germany 		Aerobatic display 1978 18 The last six student fighter pilots trained on the Alpha Jet have received their badges in March 2023. The 53 aircraft dedicated to advanced training will thus be retired and replaced by the Pilatus PC-21. However, 18 units remain in service with the Patrouille de France.
Extra EA-300 Germany Aerobatic display 2005 3
UAVs
General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper United States ISTAR / UCAV 2013 12
  • 4 systems (12 drones) in service as of 2023
  • To be replaced by at least 6 Eurodrone systems by 2035 (first system to be delivered by 2030)

Satellites

Файл:Maquette Composante Spatiale Optique.jpg
Mock-up of a CSO satellite
Файл:Pléiades (satellite).jpg
Mock-up of a Pléiades satellite
Файл:CERES (satellite).jpg
Mock-up of a CERES satellite
Файл:Syracuse 4 models at Paris Air Show 2017.jpg
Mock-up of the two Syracuse IV satellites
Name Origin Type Introduced In service Notes
Airbus Defence and Space / Thales Alenia Space

CSO

France Earth observation constellation 2018 2 satellites
  • Successor of the Helios 2 constellation
  • CSO-1 launched in December 2018 and CSO-2 in December 2020
  • The last satellite, CSO-3, is scheduled to be launched in 2024
  • To be succeeded by a new generation optical intelligence constellation (IRIS) from 2028 onwards[58]
Airbus Defence and Space

Pléiades Neo

France Earth observation constellation 2021 2 satellites
  • Successor of the Pléiades constellation
  • Pléiades Neo 3 and 4 launched in April and August 2021 respectively
  • 4 satellites originally planned but the Pléiades Neo 5 and 6 were lost in December 2022 as a result of the failure of Vega C flight VV22
Airbus Defence and Space

Pléaides

France Earth observation constellation 2011 2 satellites
  • Pléiades 1A launched in December 2011 and Pléiades 1B in December 2012
  • Still operational as of 2023
Airbus Defence and Space

Helios 2

France Earth observation constellation 2004 2 satellites
  • Successor of the Helios 1 constellation (launched in 1995 and decommissioned in 2012)
  • Helios 2A launched in December 2004 and Helios 2B in December 2009
  • Still operational as of 2023
Airbus Defence and Space / Thales Alenia Space

CERES

France Electromagnetic intelligence constellation 2021 3 satellites
  • All 3 CERES satellites launched in November 2021
  • To be succeeded by a new generation electromagnetic intelligence constellation (CELESTE) from 2029 onwards
Thales Alenia Space / Airbus Defence and Space

Syracuse IV

France Telecommunication satellite constellation 2021 2 satellites
  • Successor of the Syracuse III constellation
  • Syracuse 4A launched in October 2021 and Syracuse 4B launched in July 2023.
  • 3 satellites originally planned but in April 2023, it was announced the first two satellites would be more than sufficient and that the last, Syracuse 4C (previously scheduled to be launched by 2025), would be cancelled in favor of financing the European Union's IRIS² satellite internet constellation. It was also announced a program to develop the next generation of communications satellite constellation (Syracuse V) would be launched in the 2024–2030 French Military Planning Law to succeed the Syracuse 4A and Syracuse 4B satellites in the 2030s.
Thales Alenia Space

Syracuse III

France Telecommunication satellite constellation 2005 2 satellites
  • Syracuse 3A launched in October 2005 and Syracuse 3B in August 2006.
  • Still operational as of 2023
Thales Alenia Space

Sicral 2

France
Italy 		Telecommunication satellite 2015 1 satellite Launched in April 2015
Thales Alenia Space

Athena-Fidus

France
Italy 		Telecommunication satellite 2014 1 satellite Launched in February 2014
Galileo Europe Global navigation satellite system 2011 24 satellites Being launched since October 2011

Air defense

Файл:Système SAMP-T (14 juillet 2021) (4).jpg
A SAMP/T launch module deployed
Файл:Salon du Bourget 20090619 115.jpg
Crotale NG
Name Origin Type Introduced In service Notes
Eurosam SAMP/T Mamba France
Italy 		High to medium air defense system 2011 8 batteries
  • First French MAMBA squadron achieved operational status in October 2011
  • To be succeeded by the SAMP/T NG (New Generation)
  • 12 SAMP/T NG batteries planned in total (8 to be in service by 2030 and 12 by 2035)[59]
Thales Crotale NG France Short range air defense system 1990 8–10 units
  • To be replaced by the VL MICA NG medium-range surface-to-air missile system
  • 12 VL MICA NG batteries planned in total (9 to enter service by 2030 et 12 by 2035)[60]
Thales/CS Group PARADE France Modular counter-drone platform 2023 Unknown
  • Development led by Thales and CS Group
  • 6 systems to be delivered to the French Armed Forces in 2023 (the number of systems going to the Air and Space Force is unknown)
  • 15 systems planned in total, with full delivery to be completed by 2030[61]
MC2 Technologies NEROD F5 France Man-portable anti-drone jamming system 2020 Unknown The NEROD F5 is a microwave jammer capable of disrupting and neutralizing all communication protocols used by drones. It neutralizes:
  • the usual or improvised mini and micro drones by acting simultaneously on 4 remote control frequencies among 5 available
  • the satellite navigation system of the targeted drone.[62]

Surveillance systems

The Air and Space Force operates a wide range of air and space surveillance systems. Among them, the:

  • 23 CM
  • ALADIN NGD tactical and air-transportable low- and very-low-altitude coverage radars
  • ARES
  • CENTAURE primary and secondary panoramic radars
  • GRAVES space surveillance system
  • Ground Master 406 and 403 AESA long-range air defense 3D radars
  • Ground Master 200 AESA medium-range air defense 3D radars
  • PAR NG new-generation precision approach radars
  • SAT 3D
  • SATAM
  • TRAC 2400 long-range two-dimensional electronically scanned radars
  • TRS 22XX and TRS 2215 three-dimensional long-range electronically scanned radars

Personnel

Файл:French Armed Forces2.JPEG
Шаблон:Lang at the opening of a war memorial
Файл:Calot armée de l'air.png
Side cap of the French Air and Space Force personnel

Since the end of the Algerian War, the French Air and Space Force has comprised about 17 to 19% of the French Armed Forces.[63] In 1990, at the end of the Cold War, numbers reached 56,400 military personnel under contract, out of which 36,300 were part of conscription and 5,400 civilians.[64]

In 2008, forecasts for personnel of the French Air Force were expected to number 50,000 out of which 44,000 aviators on the horizon in 2014.

In 2010, the number personnel of the French Air Force was reduced to 51,100 men and women (20%) out of which: 13% officers; 55% sous-officier; 29% air military technicians (MTA); 3% volunteers of national service and aspirant volunteers; 6,500 civilians (14%). They form several functions:

Non-flying personnel

Non-navigating personnel of the French Air and Space Force include and are not limited to : Systems Aerial Mechanics (Шаблон:Lang-fr), Aerial Controllers (Шаблон:Lang-fr), Meteorologists (Шаблон:Lang-fr), Administrative Personnel, Air Parachute Commandos (Шаблон:Lang-fr), in Informatics, in Infrastructures, in Intelligence, Commissioner of the Armies (Шаблон:Lang-fr) (Administrator Task).

Flying personnel

Pilots, Mechanical Navigating Officer (Шаблон:Lang-fr), Navigating Arms Systems Officer (Шаблон:Lang-fr) (NOSA), Combat Air Medic (Шаблон:Lang-fr) (CVA).

Training of personnel

Файл:Ecole Air Bastille Day 2007.jpg
Students of the École de l'air (Air School) during the military parade of July 14th in 2007 on the Champs-Élysées

Officers, within their recruitment and future specialty, are trained at:

Officers of the French Air and Space Force are spread in three corps:

Non-commissioned officers (Sous-Officiers) are trained at:

Military Air Technicians (Шаблон:Lang-fr) having been trained until 1 July 2015 at the Center of Elementary Military Formation (Шаблон:Lang-fr) of the Technical Instruction School of the French Air and Space Force (Шаблон:Lang-fr) of Saintes. Since 1 July 2015, training has taken place at Orange-Caritat Air Base, within the " Operational Combatant Preparation Center of the Air Force " (Шаблон:Lang-fr).

Air traffic controllers are trained at the Center of Instruction Control and Air Defense (Шаблон:Lang-fr).

Ranks

Шаблон:Main

Officers
Шаблон:Ranks and Insignia of NATO Air Forces/OF/BlankШаблон:Ranks and Insignia of NATO Air Forces/OF/France

Шаблон:Gallery

Enlisted
Шаблон:Ranks and Insignia of NATO Air Forces/OR/BlankШаблон:Ranks and Insignia of NATO Air Forces/OR/France

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Notes

Шаблон:NoteFoot

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

  • Olivier, Jean-Marc, (ed.), Histoire de l'armée de l'air et des forces aériennes françaises du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours" [History of the Air Force and French aerial forces since the 18th century to the present], Toulouse, Privat, 2014, 552 p.
  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Diego Ruiz Palmer, "France's Military Command Structures in the 1990s," in Thomas-Durell Young, Command in NATO After the Cold War: Alliance, National and Multinational Considerations, U.S. Army Strategic Studies Institute, June 1997

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:French Air Force Vehicle Шаблон:Allied Air Command Шаблон:Air forces in Europe Шаблон:Air forces Шаблон:Space forces Шаблон:Politics of outer space Шаблон:Authority control

Шаблон:Interwiki extra

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
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Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ "Annuaire statistique de la défense 2013–2014" Шаблон:In lang. 10 July 2014.
  3. ↑ "Annuaire statistiques de la défense 2012–2013". Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang. 4 June 2013.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918, p. 84
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 History of light aviation of the French Army 1794–2008, Lavauzelle, Collection of History, Memory and Patrimony, Général André Martini, 2005, Paris, pages 36,42, Шаблон:ISBN
  8. ↑ Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918, pp. 84–85
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918, p. 85
  10. ↑ Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918, pp. 85–86
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918, p. 86
  12. ↑ Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918, pp. 86–87
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918, p. 87
  14. ↑ Les hydravions Georges Lévy Шаблон:Webarchive, Hydroplanes Georges Lévy, Gérard Hartmann, 2011, The Schneider cup and veteran hydroplanes.
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ Journal Officiel de la République Française of 9 December 1922 Шаблон:Webarchive, Law on the creation of the Aeronautics Arm on 8 December 1922 published in JO on 9 December 1922, BNF-Gallica, gallica.bnf.fr
  17. ↑ Young(ed),"Command in NATO after the Cold War", 96.
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ "Sarkozy confirmed that France will soon return to NATO's integrated command" 17 June 2008
  20. ↑ "Report Hubert Védrine" 12 November 2012 (in English)
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ 'May the force be with vous’: France unveils space weapons plan
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Légifrance, base CDEF(R), numéro R3224-8, Code de la Défense, Art. R.3224-8
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Décret n° 2007-601 du 26 avril 2007, modifiant la première partie du code de la Défense (partie réglementaire), Шаблон:Webarchive, Légifrance, Jacques Chirac, 26 April 2007
  34. ↑ Décret du 26 avril 2007 Шаблон:Webarchive
  35. ↑ "The Military Balance 2013". Шаблон:Webarchive, 14 March 2013.
  36. ↑ [1] Шаблон:Webarchive, Métiers et expertise du SCA, defense.gouv.fr, 11 February 2015.
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 37,2 37,3 Nouvelles escadres aériennes : une cohérence opérationnelle accrue, des valeurs renforcées Шаблон:Webarchive. Site de l'Armée de l'air accessed 16 November 2015.
  38. ↑ [2] Шаблон:Webarchive, Les fusiliers commandos, 10 February 2015, 2 August 2010, defense.gouv.fr; Officier commando de l'air Шаблон:Webarchive
  39. ↑ "France faced with developments in the international and strategic context" Шаблон:Webarchive 3 April 2012 (in English)
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ Scramble Шаблон:Webarchive. Scramblemagazine.nl. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  49. ↑ 49,0 49,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  56. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  57. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  58. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  61. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  63. ↑ Michel L. Martin, Le déclin de l'armée de masse en France. Note sur quelques paramètres organisationnels, Revue française de sociologie, volume 22, number 22-1, year 1981, pages 87–115 0035-2969 1981 num 22 1 3390
  64. ↑ Bilan social 90, Editor : Direction de la fonction militaire et du personnel civil, 1990, total pages 62, passage 6 to 8 format=PDF Шаблон:Webarchive
  65. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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