Английская Википедия:French conjugation
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:French language Шаблон:Broader French conjugation refers to the variation in the endings of French verbs (inflections) depending on the person (I, you, we, etc), tense (present, future, etc) and mood (indicative, imperative and subjunctive). Most verbs are regular and can be entirely determined by their infinitive form (ex. parler) however irregular verbs require the knowledge of more than just the infinitive form known as the principal parts of which there are seven in French. With the knowledge of these seven principal parts of a verb one can conjugate almost all French verbs. However, a handful of verbs, including être, are highly irregular and the seven principal parts are not sufficient to conjugate the verb fully.
French verbs are conventionally divided into three conjugations (conjugaisons) with the following grouping:
- 1st group: verbs ending in -er (except aller and its derivates).
- 2nd group: verbs ending in -ir, with the gerund ending in -issant
- 3rd group: verbs ending in -re (with the exception of irregular verbs).
- 1st section: verbs ending in -ir, with the gerund ending in -ant
- 2nd section: verbs ending in -oir.
- 3rd section: verbs ending in -re
- aller and its derivates.
The first two groups follow a regular conjugation, whereas the third group is more complex. The third group is considered a closed-class conjugation form,[1] meaning that most new verbs introduced to the French language are of the first group (téléviser, atomiser, radiographier), with the remaining ones being of the second group (alunir).
The verbs aller and its derivates are the only verbs ending in -er belonging to the third group.
Moods and tenses
There are seven different moods in French conjugation: indicative (indicatif), subjunctive (subjonctif), conditional (conditionnel), imperative (impératif), infinitive (infinitif), participle (participe), and gerund (gérondif). The infinitive, participle, and gerundive are not verbal moods.
Tenses are described under the mood to which they belong, and they are grouped as follows. Other tenses are constructed through the use of an auxiliary verb:
- Indicative
- Present (présent)[note 1]
- Present perfect (passé composé): literally "compound past", formed with an auxiliary verb in the present
- Imperfect (imparfait)[note 1]
- Pluperfect (plus-que-parfait): literally "more than perfect", formed with an auxiliary verb in the imperfect
- Simple past (passé simple)[note 1][note 2]
- Past perfect (passé antérieur): formed with an auxiliary verb in the simple past[note 2]
- Simple future (futur simple)[note 1]
- Future perfect (futur antérieur): formed with an auxiliary verb in the simple future
- Subjunctive
- Imperative
- Conditional
- Infinitive
- Present[note 1]
- Past: formed with an auxiliary verb in the present infinitive
- Participle
- Gerund: (constructed by preceding the present participle with the preposition en)
Auxiliary verbs
There are two auxiliary verbs in French: avoir (to have) and être (to be), used to conjugate compound tenses according to these rules:
- Transitive verbs (direct or indirect) in the active voice are conjugated with the verb avoir.
- Intransitive verbs are conjugated with either avoir or être (see French verbs#Temporal auxiliary verbs).
- Reflexive verbs (or "pronominal verbs") are conjugated with être.
- être is used to form the passive voice. Être is itself conjugated according to the tense and mood, and this may require the use of avoir as an additional auxiliary verb, e.g. Il a été mangé (It was eaten).
Compound tenses are conjugated with an auxiliary followed by the past participle, ex: j'ai fait (I did), je suis tombé (I fell). When être is used, the participle is inflected according to the gender and number of the subject. The participle is inflected with the use of the verb avoir according to the direct object, but only if the direct object precedes the participle, ex:
- il a marché, elle a marché, nous avons marché (he walked, she walked, we walked)
- il est tombé, elle est tombée, nous sommes tombés, elles sont tombées (he fell, she fell, we fell, they (fem.) fell)
- Il a acheté une voiture. Voilà la voiture qu'il a achetée. (He bought a car. Here is the car he bought)
As stand-alone verbs, the conjugation of the two auxiliaries is listed in the table below:
Avoir
This verb has different stems for different tenses. These are imperfect av- Шаблон:IPA; present subjunctive ai- Шаблон:IPA; future and conditional aur- Шаблон:IPA; simple past and past subjunctive e- (not pronounced: eus, eusse are pronounced as bare inflections Шаблон:IPA). Although the stem changes, the inflections of these tenses are as a regular -oir verb.
In the present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Simple Past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
| j' | ai Шаблон:IPA |
eus Шаблон:IPA |
avais Шаблон:IPA |
aurai Шаблон:IPA |
aie Шаблон:IPA |
eusse Шаблон:IPA |
aurais Шаблон:IPA |
|
| tu | as Шаблон:IPA |
auras Шаблон:IPA |
aies Шаблон:IPA |
eusses Шаблон:IPA |
aie* Шаблон:IPA | |||
| il/elle/on | a Шаблон:IPA |
eut Шаблон:IPA |
avait Шаблон:IPA |
aura Шаблон:IPA |
ait Шаблон:IPA |
eût Шаблон:IPA |
aurait Шаблон:IPA |
|
| nous | avons Шаблон:IPA |
eûmes Шаблон:IPA |
avions Шаблон:IPA |
aurons Шаблон:IPA |
ayons Шаблон:IPA |
eussions Шаблон:IPA |
aurions Шаблон:IPA |
ayons* Шаблон:IPA |
| vous | avez Шаблон:IPA |
eûtes Шаблон:IPA |
aviez Шаблон:IPA |
aurez Шаблон:IPA |
ayez Шаблон:IPA |
eussiez Шаблон:IPA |
auriez Шаблон:IPA |
ayez* Шаблон:IPA |
| ils/elles | ont Шаблон:IPA |
eurent Шаблон:IPA |
avaient Шаблон:IPA |
auront Шаблон:IPA |
aient Шаблон:IPA |
eussent Шаблон:IPA |
auraient Шаблон:IPA |
|
* Notice that the imperative form uses the subjunctive conjugation.
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: avoir Шаблон:IPA
- Present participle: ayant Шаблон:IPA
- Gerundive: en ayant Шаблон:IPA
- Verbal adjective: ayant(s) Шаблон:IPA, ayante(s) Шаблон:IPA
- Past participle: eu(e)(s) Шаблон:IPA
Auxiliary verb: avoir
Être
This verb has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: imperfect ét- Шаблон:IPA; present subjunctive soi- Шаблон:IPA; future and conditional ser- Шаблон:IPA; simple past and past subjunctive in f- Шаблон:IPA. The inflections of these tenses are as a regular -oir verb (that is, as an -re verb but with the vowel u Шаблон:IPA in the f- forms). For example, subjunctive soyons, soyez is pronounced with the y sound (Шаблон:IPA) of other -re and -oir verbs.
In the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
| je | suis Шаблон:IPA |
fus Шаблон:IPA |
étais Шаблон:IPA |
serai Шаблон:IPA |
sois Шаблон:IPA |
fusse Шаблон:IPA |
serais Шаблон:IPA |
|
| tu | es Шаблон:IPA |
seras Шаблон:IPA |
fusses Шаблон:IPA |
sois* Шаблон:IPA | ||||
| il/elle/on | est Шаблон:IPA |
fut Шаблон:IPA |
était Шаблон:IPA |
sera Шаблон:IPA |
soit Шаблон:IPA |
fût Шаблон:IPA |
serait Шаблон:IPA |
|
| nous | sommes Шаблон:IPA |
fûmes Шаблон:IPA |
étions Шаблон:IPA |
serons Шаблон:IPA |
soyons Шаблон:IPA |
fussions Шаблон:IPA |
serions Шаблон:IPA |
soyons* Шаблон:IPA |
| vous | êtes Шаблон:IPA |
fûtes Шаблон:IPA |
étiez Шаблон:IPA |
serez Шаблон:IPA |
soyez Шаблон:IPA |
fussiez Шаблон:IPA |
seriez Шаблон:IPA |
soyez* Шаблон:IPA |
| ils/elles | sont Шаблон:IPA |
furent Шаблон:IPA |
étaient Шаблон:IPA |
seront Шаблон:IPA |
soient Шаблон:IPA |
fussent Шаблон:IPA |
seraient Шаблон:IPA |
|
* The imperative form uses the subjunctive conjugation.
The non-finite forms use the stem êt- Шаблон:IPA (before a consonant)/ét- Шаблон:IPA (before a vowel):
- Infinitive: être
- Present participle: étant
- Gerundive: en étant
- Verbal adjective: étant(e)(s)
- Past participle: été
Auxiliary verb: avoir
First-group verbs (-er verbs)
Шаблон:AnchorFrench verbs ending in -er, which constitute the largest class, inflect somewhat differently from other verbs. Between the stem and the inflectional endings that are common across most verbs, there may be a vowel, which in the case of the -er verbs is a silent -e- (in the simple present singular), -é or -ai Шаблон:IPA (in the past participle and the je form of the simple past), and -a- Шаблон:IPA (in the rest of simple past singular and in the past subjunctive). In addition, the orthographic -t found in the -ir and -re verbs in the singular of the simple present and past is not found in this conjugation, so that the final consonants are -Ø, -s, -Ø rather than -s, -s, -t.
Parler
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: parler Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA
- Present participle: parlant Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA
- Gerundive: en parlant Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA
- Verbal adjective: parlant(s) Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA, parlante(s) Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA
- Past participle: parlé(e)(s) Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA
Auxiliary verb: avoir (arriver, entrer, monter, passer, rester, rentrer, retourner, and tomber use être)
Exceptional contexts:
- When the first-person singular present tense form of the indicative or subjunctive is found in inversion, the writer must change the final e to either é (traditional usage) or è (rectified modern usage), in order to link the two words : « Parlè-je ? », Шаблон:IPA, "Am I speaking?" (This is a very rare construction, however.)
- When the second-person singular form of the imperative is followed by its object y or en, a final s is added: « Parles-en ! », Шаблон:IPA, "Talk about it!"
Exceptional verbs:
- The verb aller, though it ends in -er is completely irregular and belongs to the third group.
- In -cer verbs, the c becomes a ç before endings that start with a or o, to indicate that it is still pronounced /s/ (je déplace - nous déplaçons); similarly, in -ger verbs, the g becomes ge before such endings, to indicate that it is pronounced /ʒ/ (je mange - nous mangeons).
- In -oyer and -uyer verbs, the y becomes an i before endings that start with a silent e (nous envoyons - j'envoie); in -ayer verbs, the writer may or may not change the y to an i before such endings (je paye - je paie). Additionally, the future and conditional forms of envoyer start with enverr- rather than envoyer-; and similarly with renvoyer.
- In -é.er verbs, the é becomes an è before silent endings, and optionally in the future and conditional tenses.
- In -e.er verbs other than most -eler and -eter verbs, the e becomes an è before endings that start with a silent e (including the future and conditional endings). For example: peler (to peel) -> je pèle (present) / je pèlerai (futur) / je pèlerais (conditional).
- In most -eler and -eter verbs, the writer must either change the e to an è before endings that start with a silent e, or change the l or t to ll or tt. In the rest of these verbs, only one or the other form is allowed. For example: appeler (to call) -> j'appelle (present) / j'appellerai (futur) / j'appellerais (conditional).
- The verbal adjective of following verbs is irregular: adhérer - adhérent(e)(s); coïncider - coïncident(e)(s); confluer - confluent(e)(s); affluer - affluent(e)(s); converger - convergent(e)(s); déterger - détergent(e)(s); différer - différent(e)(s); exceller - excellent(e)(s); diverger - divergent(e)(s); négliger - négligent(e)(s); précéder - précédent(e)(s); violer - violent(e)(s); influer - influent(e)(s); communiquer - communicant(e)(s); suffoquer - suffocant(e)(s); provoquer - provocant(e)(s); naviguer - navigant(e)(s); déléguer - délégant(e)(s); fatiguer - fatigant(e)(s); intriguer - intrigant(e)(s).
Second-group verbs (-ir verbs / gerund ending in -issant)
The -ir verbs differ from the -er verbs in the following points:
- The vowel of the inflections is always -i-, for example -isse in the past subjunctive rather than the -asse of the -er verbs.
- A few of the singular inflections themselves change, though this is purely orthographic and does not affect the pronunciation: in the simple present and past, these are -s, -s, -t rather than -Ø, -s, -Ø. (The change in pronunciation is due to the change of vowel from e, ai, a to -i-.)
- In the simple present, imperfect, the present subjunctive, and the gerund, a suffix -iss- Шаблон:IPA appears between the root and the inflectional endings. In the simple present singular, this suffix has disappeared and the endings are -is, -is, -it.
choisir
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: choisir Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA
- Present participle: choisissant Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA
- Gerundive: en choisissant Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA
- Verbal adjective: choisissant(s) Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA, choisissante(s) Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA
- Past participle: choisi(e)(s) Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA
Auxiliary verb: avoir (partir uses être)
Third group
Most verbs of the third group end in -re. A few end in -ir and three end in -er. There are more irregularities in the third group than in the first two.
There is no single pattern that is followed by third group verbs, but rather a number of different paradigms. The verb perdre and its endings are frequently presented as an example for the third group conjugations. See the irregular verb section for more details.
perdre
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Simple Past | Imperfect | Simple Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
| je | perds Шаблон:IPA |
perdis Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
perdais Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
perdrai Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
perde Шаблон:IPA |
perdisse Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
perdrais Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
|
| tu | perdras Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
perdes Шаблон:IPA |
perdisses Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
perds Шаблон:IPA | ||||
| il/elle | perd Шаблон:IPA/ |
perdit Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
perdait Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
perdra Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
perde Шаблон:IPA |
perdît Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
perdrait Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
|
| nous | perdons /pɛʁdШаблон:IPA |
perdîmes /pɛʁdШаблон:IPA |
perdions /peʁdШаблон:IPA |
perdrons /pɛʁdШаблон:IPA |
perdions /pɛʁdШаблон:IPA |
perdissions /pɛʁdШаблон:IPA |
perdrions /pɛʁdШаблон:IPA |
perdons /pɛʁdШаблон:IPA |
| vous | perdez /pɛʁdШаблон:IPA |
perdîtes /peʁdШаблон:IPA |
perdiez /peʁdШаблон:IPA |
perdrez /pɛʁdШаблон:IPA |
perdiez /pɛʁdШаблон:IPA |
perdissiez /pɛʁdШаблон:IPA |
perdriez /pɛʁdШаблон:IPA |
perdez /pɛʁdШаблон:IPA |
| ils/elles | perdent Шаблон:IPAd/ |
perdirent Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
perdaient Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
perdront Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
perdent Шаблон:IPA |
perdissent Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
perdraient Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA |
|
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: perdre Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA
- Present participle: perdant Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA
- Gerundive: en perdant Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA
- Verbal adjective: perdant(s) Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA, perdante(s) Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA
- Past participle: perd-u(e)(s) Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA
Auxiliary verb: avoir
Irregular verbs and their paradigms
First sub-conjugation: Verbs with seven principal parts
Most irregular French verbs can be described with seven principal parts. In reality, few if any verbs have separate stems for all seven parts; instead, they tend to "inherit" the same stem as another part. Note that the endings for these verbs are basically the same as for regular -ir verbs; in fact, regular -ir verbs can be fit into this scheme by treating the -iss- variants as different principal parts.
| Principal part | How to get the stem | "Inherited" (regular) value of stem |
|---|---|---|
| infinitive | Remove ending -er, -ir, -oir, -re | — |
| First singular present indicative | Remove ending -s, -e | Infinitive stem |
| First plural present indicative | Remove ending -ons | Infinitive stem |
| Third plural present indicative | Remove ending -ent | First plural present stem |
| (First singular) future | Remove ending -ai | Full infinitive stem (minus any -e) |
| (Masculine singular) past participle | Full word | Infinitive stem, plus -i (plus -u if ends -re) |
| (First singular) simple past | Remove ending -s, -ai | Past participle (minus any -s or -t) |
The following table shows how the paradigm of an irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that a few verbs construct the present indicative (especially the singular) differently.
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
| je | 1S+s | PAST+s | 1P+ais | FUT+ai | 3P+e | PAST+sse | FUT+ais | |
| tu | FUT+as | 3P+es | PAST+sses | (same as pres. indic. 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel, else 2nd. sg.) | ||||
| il/elle | 1S+t1 | PAST+t | 1P+ait | FUT+a | 3P+e | PAST+ˆt | FUT+ait | |
| nous | 1P+ons | PAST+ˆmes | 1P+ions | FUT+ons | 1P+ions | PAST+ssions | FUT+ions | (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.) |
| vous | 1P+ez | PAST+ˆtes | 1P+iez | FUT+ez | 1P+iez | PAST+ssiez | FUT+iez | (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.) |
| ils/elles | 3P+ent | PAST+rent | 1P+aient | FUT+ont | 3P+ent | PAST+ssent | FUT+aient | |
1 The -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
- Present participle: 1P-ant
- Gerundive: en 1P-ant
- Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s)
- Past participle: PP(e)(s)
The following table gives principal parts for a number of irregular verbs. There are a number of fair-sized groups of verbs that are conjugated alike; these are listed first. There are some additional irregularities in the present indicative, which are listed below. Nearly all irregularities affect the singular, and are purely issues of spelling. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)
| INF: Infinitive | Meaning | FUT: Future | Present Indicative | PP: Past Participle | PAST: Simple Past | Notes | Similar verbs | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1S: 1st Sing (2nd Sing, 3rd Sing) | 1P: 1st Plur (2nd Plur) | 3P: 3rd Plur | |||||||
| chois-ir | "to choose" | choisir-ai | choisi-s | choisiss-ons | choisiss-ent | choisi | choisi-s | How a regular -ir verb would be represented by its principal parts | About 300 verbs in -ir |
| haïr | "to hate" | haïr-ai | hai-s / haï-s1 | haïss-ons | haïss-ent | haï | haï-s | The same as a regular -ir verb but in Sing. pres. indic. the diaeresis drops out | |
| part-ir | "to leave" | partir-ai | par-s | part-ons | part-ent | parti | parti-s | Sing. pres. indic. stem drops last consonant of basic stem: je pars, dors, mens, sors, sens, sers Шаблон:IPA | se départir "divest", repartir "leave again", dormir "sleep", s'endormir "fall asleep", se rendormir "fall back asleep", mentir "lie (tell lies)", démentir "contradict", sentir "feel", consentir "agree", pressentir "foresee", ressentir "feel", servir "serve", desservir "clear away", resservir "serve again", sortir "go out", ressortir "come back" |
| vêt-ir | "to dress" | vêtir-ai | vêt-s, vêt2 | vêt-ons | vêt-ent | vêtu | vêti-s | The same as partir, except for the past participle | dévêtir "undress", revêtir "cover" |
| requér-ir | "to require, demand" | requerr-ai | requier-s | requér-ons | requièr-ent | requis | requi-s | ||
| ven-ir | "to come" | viendr-ai | vien-s | ven-ons | vienn-ent | venu | vin-s | Note simple past plural vînmes, vîntes, vinrent Шаблон:IPA | revenir "return", devenir "become", se souvenir "remember", parvenir "reach", prévenir "tell beforehand"; tenir "hold", retenir "memorize", contretenir "talk", soutenir "sustain", maintenir "maintain", appartenir "belong", etc. |
| mour-ir | "to die" | mourr-ai | meur-s | mour-ons | meur-ent | mort | mouru-s | ||
| cour-ir | "to run" | courr-ai | cour-s | cour-ons | cour-ent | couru | couru-s | ||
| ouvr-ir | "to open" | ouvrir-ai | ouvr-e, ouvr-es, ouvr-e | ouvr-ons | ouvr-ent | ouvert | ouvri-s | Sing. pres. indic. uses endings -e -es -e, as with -er verbs | couvrir "cover", découvrir "discover", offrir "offer", souffrir "suffer" |
| cueill-ir Шаблон:IPA | "to gather" | cueiller-ai | cueill-e, cueill-es, cueill-e | cueill-ons | cueill-ent | cueilli | cueilli-s | Like ouvrir except the future; sing. pres. indic. uses endings -e -es -e, as with -er verbs | |
| asseoir | "to sit" | assiér-ai; assoir-ai | assied-s, assied;2 assoi-s | assey-ons; assoy-ons | assey-ent; assoi-ent | assis | assi-s | Notice that there are two sets of conjugations. | |
| envoy-er | "to send" | enverr-ai | envoi-e3 | envoy-ons3 | envoi-ent3 | envoyé | envoy-ai | 1st group verb | renvoyer "resend" |
| voir | "to see" | verr-ai | voi-s | voy-ons | voi-ent3 | vu | vi-s | revoir "see again" | |
| recev-oir | "to receive" | recevr-ai | reçoi-s | recev-ons | reçoiv-ent | reçu | reçu-s | Other verbs in -cevoir, e.g. apercevoir "perceive", concevoir "conceive", décevoir "disappoint" | |
| dev-oir | "to owe, must" | devr-ai | doi-s | dev-ons | doiv-ent | dû | du-s | Very similar to recevoir, but adds a circumflex to du to distinguish it from the partitive article du - due, dus and dues remain unchanged | |
| mouv-oir | "to move" | mouvr-ai | meu-s | mouv-ons | meuv-ent | mû | mu-s | Adds a circumflex to mu to distinguish it from the Greek letter mu (μ) - mue, mus and mues remain unchanged | |
| émouv-oir | "to move, affect" | émouvr-ai | émeu-s | émouv-ons | émeuv-ent | ému | ému-s | promouvoir "promote" | |
| choir | "to fall" | choir-ai; cherr-ai | choi-s | choy-ons | choi-ent3 | chu | chu-s | Missing the indicative imperfect and the subjunctive mood (except by chût, in singular 3rd person imperfect subjunctive) | échoir "befall" |
| pleuv-oir | "to rain" | pleuvr-a | pleu-t | (stem pleuv-) | (stem pleuv-) | plu | plu-t | Impersonal (3rd-singular only) | |
| vend-re | "to sell" | vendr-ai | vend-s, vend2 | vend-ons | vend-ent | vendu | vendi-s | So-called "regular -re" verbs; all end in -dre, but not -indre | attendre "wait", défendre "defend", descendre "go down", entendre "hear", étendre "extend", fondre "melt", pendre "hang", perdre "lose", prétendre "pretend", rendre "return, give back", répandre "spill", répondre "respond", etc. |
| batt-re | "to beat" | battr-ai | bat-s, bat2 | batt-ons | batt-ent | battu | batti-s | Close to vendre | |
| romp-re | "to break" | rompr-ai | romp-s | romp-ons | romp-ent | rompu | rompi-s | Very close to vendre | |
| vainc-re | "to conquer" | vaincr-ai | vainc-s, vainc | vainqu-ons | vainqu-ent | vaincu | vainqui-s | Essentially same as vendre, except for c/qu variation | convaincre "convince" |
| craind-re | "to fear" | craindr-ai | crain-s | craign-ons | craign-ent | craint | craign-is | All verbs in -aindre, -eindre, -oindre, e.g. contraindre "compel", plaindre "complain"; atteindre "reach", ceindre "gird", empreindre "stamp", éteindre "turn off", étreindre "hug", feindre "pretend", geindre "whine", peindre "paint", restreindre "restrict", teindre "dye"; joindre "join", oindre "anoint", poindre "dawn", rejoindre "rejoin" | |
| condui-re | "to lead" | conduir-ai | condui-s | conduis-ons | conduis-ent | conduit | conduisi-s | All verbs in -uire e.g. construire "build", cuire "cook", détruire "destroy", instruire "instruct", réduire "reduce", produire "produce", traduire "translate", etc. | |
| trai-re | "to milk" | trair-ai | trai-s | tray-ons3 | trai-ent3 | trai-t | tray-ai | PS is conjugated as in 1st group verbs. | contraire "contract", extraire "extract", soustraire "subtract", retraire "withdraw" |
| prend-re | "to take" | prendr-ai | prend-s, prend2 | pren-ons | prenn-ent | pris | pri-s | comprendre "understand", apprendre "study", reprendre "take again", etc. | |
| mett-re | "to put" | mettr-ai | met-s, met2 | mett-ons | mett-ent | mis | mi-s | promettre "promise", permettre "permit", compromettre "compromise, damage", soumettre "submit, subdue", transmettre "transmit" | |
| écri-re | "to write" | écrir-ai | écri-s | écriv-ons | écriv-ent | écrit | écrivi-s | décrire "describe", inscrire "inscribe" | |
| boi-re | "to drink" | boir-ai | boi-s | buv-ons | boiv-ent | bu | bu-s | ||
| di-re | "to say, tell" | dir-ai | di-s | dis-ons, dites | dis-ent | dit | di-s | Note the 2nd pl. dites | contredire "contradict", interdire "forbid" |
| li-re | "to read" | lir-ai | li-s | lis-ons | lis-ent | lu | lu-s | ||
| suffi-re | "to suffice" | suffir-ai | suffi-s | suffis-ons | suffis-ent | suffi | suffi-s | confire "pickle", circoncire "circumcise", frire "fry" | |
| plai-re | "to please" | plair-ai | plai-s, plaît | plais-ons | plais-ent | plu | plu-s | Note the 3rd sg. plaît | |
| croi-re | "to believe" | croir-ai | croi-s | croy-ons3 | croi-ent3 | cru | cru-s | ||
| brui-re | "to make a low noise" | bruir-ai | brui-t | (stem bruiss-) | bruiss-ent | brui | brui-t | Rare outside of third person, conjugated like choisir (regular -ir verbs) | |
| maudi-re | "to curse" | maudir-ai | maudi-t | maudiss-ons | maudiss-ent | maudit | maudi-t | Very close to bruire | |
| ri-re | "to laugh" | rir-ai | ri-s | ri-ons | ri-ent | ri | ri-s | sourire "smile" | |
| conclu-re | "to conclude" | conclur-ai | conclu-s | conclu-ons | conclu-ent | conclu | conclu-s | Other verbs in -clure | |
| viv-re | "to live" | vivr-ai | vi-s | viv-ons | viv-ent | vécu | vécu-s | revivre "come alive again", survivre "survive" | |
| suiv-re | "to follow" | suivr-ai | sui-s | suiv-ons | suiv-ent | suivi | suivi-s | poursuivre "pursue" | |
| connaît-re | "to know" | connaîtr-ai | connai-s, connaît | connaiss-ons | connaiss-ent | connu | connu-s | Note the 3rd sg. connaît | reconnaître "recognize", paraître "seem", apparaître "appear", reparaître "reappear", disparaître "disappear" |
| naît-re | "to be born" | naîtr-ai | nai-s, naît | naiss-ons | naiss-ent | né | naqui-s | Note the 3rd sg. naît | |
| coud-re | "to sew" | coudr-ai | coud-s, coud2 | cous-ons | cous-ent | cousu | cousi-s | ||
| moud-re | "to grind, mill" | moudr-ai | moud-s, moud2 | moul-ons | moul-ent | moulu | moulu-s | ||
| résoud-re | "to solve, resolve" | résoudr-ai | résou-s | résolv-ons | résolv-ent | résolu | résolu-s | ||
| absoud-re | "to solve, absolve" | absoudr-ai | absou-s | absolv-ons | absolv-ent | absous, absoute | absolu-s | The same as résoudre, except for the past participle. Note the masculine absous and feminine absoute | |
| clo-re | "to close" | clor-ai | clo-s, clôt | clos-ons | clos-ent | clos | (missing) | Missing the subjunctive and indicative imperfect, as well as the simple past tens. Note the 3rd sg. clôt | |
1 Only in Quebec French
2 The ending -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).
3 Alternation of "-ai-" and -oi- before consonant or unstressed e, "-ay-" and -oy- before other vowels is automatic in all verbs.
The following table shows an example paradigm of one of these verbs, recevoir "to receive".
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Simple Past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
| je | reçois Шаблон:IPA |
reçus Шаблон:IPA |
recevais Шаблон:IPA |
recevrai Шаблон:IPA |
reçoive Шаблон:IPA |
reçusse Шаблон:IPA |
recevrais Шаблон:IPA |
|
| tu | recevras Шаблон:IPA |
reçoives Шаблон:IPA |
reçusses Шаблон:IPA |
reçois Шаблон:IPA | ||||
| il/elle | reçoit Шаблон:IPA |
reçut Шаблон:IPA |
recevait Шаблон:IPA |
recevra Шаблон:IPA |
reçoive Шаблон:IPA |
reçût Шаблон:IPA |
recevrait Шаблон:IPA |
|
| nous | recevons Шаблон:IPA |
reçûmes Шаблон:IPA |
recevions Шаблон:IPA |
recevrons Шаблон:IPA |
recevions Шаблон:IPA |
reçussions Шаблон:IPA |
recevrions Шаблон:IPA |
recevons Шаблон:IPA |
| vous | recevez Шаблон:IPA |
reçûtes Шаблон:IPA |
receviez Шаблон:IPA |
recevrez Шаблон:IPA |
receviez Шаблон:IPA |
reçussiez Шаблон:IPA |
recevriez Шаблон:IPA |
recevez Шаблон:IPA |
| ils/elles | reçoivent Шаблон:IPA |
reçurent Шаблон:IPA |
recevaient Шаблон:IPA |
recevront Шаблон:IPA |
reçoivent Шаблон:IPA |
reçussent Шаблон:IPA |
recevraient Шаблон:IPA |
|
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: recevoir
- Present participle: recevant
- Gerundive: en recevant
- Verbal adjective: recevant(e)(s)
- Past participle: reçu(e)(s)
Verbs with eleven principal parts
Nine verbs also have an irregular subjunctive stem, used at least for the singular and third plural of the present subjunctive. These verbs can be said to have 11 principal parts, because the subjunctive stem may or may not be used for the first and second plural present subjunctive, the imperative and/or the present participle, in ways that vary from verb to verb.
The following table shows how the paradigm of an 11-principal-part irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that these verbs are generally the most irregular verbs in French, and many of them construct the present indicative (especially the singular) in an idiosyncratic fashion. The verb aller also constructs its past participle and simple past differently, according to the endings for -er verbs.
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
| je | 1S+s | PAST+s | 1P+ais | FUT+ai | SUBJ+e | PAST+sse | FUT+ais | |
| tu | 1S+s | PAST+s | 1P+ais | FUT+as | SUBJ+es | PAST+sses | FUT+ais | (same as pres. indic. 2nd. sg.; but use 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel) or SUBJ+e |
| il/elle | 1S+t | PAST+t | 1P+ait | FUT+a | SUBJ+e | PAST+ˆt | FUT+ait | |
| nous | 1P+ons | PAST+ˆmes | 1P+ions | FUT+ons | SUBJ+ions or 1P+ions | PAST+ssions | FUT+ions | (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.) or SUBJ+ons |
| vous | 1P+ez | PAST+ˆtes | 1P+iez | FUT+ez | SUBJ+iez or 1P+iez | PAST+ssiez | FUT+iez | (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.) or SUBJ+ez |
| ils/elles | 3P+ent | PAST+rent | 1P+aient | FUT+ont | SUBJ+ent | PAST+ssent | FUT+aient | |
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
- Present participle: 1P-ant or SUBJ-ant
- Gerundive: en 1P-ant or en SUBJ-ant
- Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s) or SUBJ-ant(e)(s)
- Past participle: PP(e)(s)
The following table gives the principal parts for the 11-principal-part verbs. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)
| INF: Infinitive | Meaning | FUT: Future | Present Indicative | Present Subjunctive | Imperative | Present Participle | PP: Past Participle | PAST: Simple Past | Notes | Similar verbs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1S: 1st Sing (2nd Sing, 3rd Sing) | 1P: 1st Plur (2nd Plur) | 3P: 3rd Plur | SUBJ:1st Sing | 1st Plur | |||||||||
| pouv-oir | "to be able" | pourr-ai | peux/puis, peux, peut | pouv-ons | peuv-ent | puiss-e | follows subj. Шаблон:Small | follows indic. | follows 1P Шаблон:Small | pu | pu-s (reg.) | alternate 1st sing. puis required in questions, use elsewhere is mannered; note that old pres. part. puiss-ant is attested as an adjective "powerful" | |
| sav-oir | "to know" | saur-ai | sai-s | sav-ons | sav-ent | sach-e | follows subj. Шаблон:Small | follows subj. Шаблон:Small | follows subj. Шаблон:Small | su | su-s | ||
| voul-oir | "to want" | voudr-ai | veux, veut | voul-ons | veul-ent | veuill-e | follows indic. Шаблон:Small | follows subj. Шаблон:Small | follows 1P Шаблон:Small | voulu | voulu-s | ||
| val-oir | "to be worth" | vaudr-ai | vaux, vaut | val-ons | val-ent | vaill-e | follows indic. Шаблон:Small | follows indic. Шаблон:Small | follows 1P Шаблон:Small | valu | valu-s | ||
| fall-oir | "to be necessary" | faudr-a | fau-t | (stem fall-) | – | faill-e | – | – | – | fall-u | fallu-t | Impersonal (3rd-singular only) | |
| fai-re | "to do" | fer-ai | fai-s | fais-ons, faites | font | fass-e | follows subj. Шаблон:Small | follows indic. | follows 1P Шаблон:Small | fait | fi-s | 2nd pl. pres. indic. faites (also in imperative) | défaire, refaire, satisfaire |
| av-oir | "to have" | aur-ai | ai, as, a | av-ons | ont | ai-e, ai-es, ai-t; ai-ent | ay-ons, ay-ez | follows subj. Шаблон:Small | follows subj. Шаблон:Small | eu Шаблон:IPA | eu-s | ||
| êt-re | "to be" | ser-ai | suis, es, est | sommes, êtes; stem ét- | sont | soi-s, soi-s, soi-t; soi-ent | soy-ons, soy-ez | follows subj. Шаблон:Small | follows 1P Шаблон:Small | été | fu-s | ||
| all-er | "to go" | ir-ai | vais/vas1, vas, va | all-ons | vont | aill-e | follows indic. Шаблон:Small | follows indic. | follows 1P Шаблон:Small | allé | all-ai | 2nd. sg. imperat. va, but vas-y "go there" | s'en aller "leave" |
Aller
The verb aller means "to go" and is sufficiently irregular that it merits listing its conjugation in full. It is the only verb with the first group ending "er" to have an irregular conjugation. It belongs to none of the three sections of the third group, and is often categorized on its own. The verb has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: past all- Шаблон:IPA (simple past, imperfect, past subjunctive); present subjunctive aill- Шаблон:IPA; conditional and future ir- Шаблон:IPA. The inflections of these tenses are completely regular, and pronounced as in any other -er verb. However, in the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
| je | vais, vas1 Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA1 |
allai Шаблон:IPA |
allais Шаблон:IPA |
irai Шаблон:IPA |
aille Шаблон:IPA |
allasse Шаблон:IPA |
irais Шаблон:IPA |
|
| tu | vas Шаблон:IPA |
allas Шаблон:IPA |
iras Шаблон:IPA |
ailles Шаблон:IPA |
allasses Шаблон:IPA |
va Шаблон:IPA | ||
| il/elle/on | va Шаблон:IPA |
alla Шаблон:IPA |
allait Шаблон:IPA |
ira Шаблон:IPA |
aille Шаблон:IPA |
allât Шаблон:IPA |
irait Шаблон:IPA |
|
| nous | allons Шаблон:IPA |
allâmes Шаблон:IPA |
allions Шаблон:IPA |
irons Шаблон:IPA |
allions Шаблон:IPA |
allassions Шаблон:IPA |
irions Шаблон:IPA |
allons Шаблон:IPA |
| vous | allez Шаблон:IPA |
allâtes Шаблон:IPA |
alliez Шаблон:IPA |
irez Шаблон:IPA |
alliez Шаблон:IPA |
allassiez Шаблон:IPA |
iriez Шаблон:IPA |
allez Шаблон:IPA |
| ils/elles | vont Шаблон:IPA |
allèrent Шаблон:IPA |
allaient Шаблон:IPA |
iront Шаблон:IPA |
aillent Шаблон:IPA |
allassent Шаблон:IPA |
iraient Шаблон:IPA |
|
The non-finite forms are all based on all- Шаблон:IPA:
- Infinitive: aller
- Present participle: allant
- Gerundive: en allant
- Verbal adjective: allant(e)(s)
- Past participle: allé(e)(s)
Auxiliary verb: être
1 In Classical French and even in certain dialects (like in Cajun and some Quebec dialects) je vas is used.
Inflectional endings of the three verb groups
| 1st group | 2nd group | 3rd group | 1st group | 2nd group | 3rd group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicatif (Présent) | Subjonctif (Présent) | ||||||||
| je | e1 | is | s (x)2 | e3 | e | isse | e | ||
| tu | es | es3 | es | isses | es | ||||
| il | e | it | t (d) | e3 | e | isse | e | ||
| nous | ons | issons | ons | ions | issions | ions | |||
| vous | ez | issez | ez | iez | issiez | iez | |||
| ils | ent | issent | ent | ent | issent | ent | |||
| Indicatif (Imparfait) | Subjonctif (Imparfait) | ||||||||
| je | ais | issais | ais | asse | isse | isse4 | usse | ||
| tu | asses | isses | isses4 | usses | |||||
| il | ait | issait | ait | ât | ît | ît4 | ût | ||
| nous | ions | issions | ions | assions | issions | issions4 | ussions | ||
| vous | iez | issiez | iez | assiez | issiez | issiez4 | ussiez | ||
| ils | aient | issaient | aient | assent | issent | issent4 | ussent | ||
| Indicatif (Passé simple) | Impératif (Présent) | ||||||||
| je | ai | is | is4 | us | |||||
| tu | as | e | is | s | e3 | ||||
| il | a | it | it4 | ut | |||||
| nous | âmes | îmes | îmes4 | ûmes | ons | issons | ons | ons | |
| vous | âtes | îtes | îtes4 | ûtes | ez | issez | ez | ez | |
| ils | èrent | irent | irent4 | urent | |||||
| Indicatif (Futur simple) | Conditionnel (Présent) | ||||||||
| je | erai | irai | rai | erais | irais | rais | |||
| tu | eras | iras | ras | ||||||
| il | era | ira | ra | erait | irait | rait | |||
| nous | erons | irons | rons | erions | irions | rions | |||
| vous | erez | irez | rez | eriez | iriez | riez | |||
| ils | eront | iront | ront | eraient | iraient | raient | |||
1. In an interrogative sentence, the final e is written é (traditional spelling) or è (rectified spelling), and is pronounced as an open è Шаблон:IPA. Additionally, the e in je becomes silent. For example: je marche Шаблон:IPA (I walk), marchè-je? Шаблон:IPA (do I walk?)
2. Only in je/tu peux (I/you can), je/tu veux (I/you want), and je/tu vaux (I am/you are 'worth').
. Verbs in -dre have a final d for the 3rd singular person, except for those ending in -indre and -soudre which take a final t. The verbs vaincre (defeat) and convaincre (convince) are conjugated as vainc and convainc, respectively, in 3rd singular person.
3. The only verbs having this ending are: assaillir (assail), couvrir (cover), cueillir (pluck), défaillir (default), offrir (offer), ouvrir (open), souffrir (suffer), tressaillir (shiver), and in the imperative only, avoir (have), savoir (know), and vouloir (want).
4. Except for je vins (I came), je tins (I held), etc..., que je vinsse (that I come), que je tinsse (that I hold), etc...
See also
- Bescherelle, a reference book for (usually French) verb conjugation
Notes
References
- Larousse de la conjugaison, 1980.
External links
- Verb2Verbe - French/English verb conjugation with translations
- Language Atlas - overview of all the different types of conjugations and corresponding Anki files
- A two-page PDF reference guide of the 681 most common French/English verbs
- Le Conjugueur - online conjugation for all French verbs
- Bescherelle - conjugation & conjugation books.
- WordReference - French conjugation (Beta)
- Conjugation-FR - French conjugation
- Open source XML database of French verb conjugation rules. RegEx based.
- French verb practice at UT Austin
- schoLINGUA - Conjugation trainer - over 12,000 French verbs
- Comment-conjuguer.fr - online conjugation for all French verbs and conjugation rules
- ↑ Le nouveau Bescherelle: L'art de conjuguer, 1972, pp. 10
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