Английская Википедия:French ironclad Dévastation
Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:Other ships
Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship careerШаблон:Infobox ship characteristicsThe Dévastation was an Шаблон:Sclass battleship of the French Navy of central battery (casemate) design. She was used as a school ship for manoeuvres.
Design
The Шаблон:Sclass were authorized under the naval construction Program of 1872, which began with the ironclad Шаблон:Ship that year. Shortly thereafter, Italy began work on the very large Шаблон:Sclasss in the early 1870s, but the French initially ignored the development and instead chose to base the design for its next ironclad on that of Redoutable. The new ship was to be enlarged significantly to incorporate a more powerful armament. The resulting design was ordered for two vessels, Dévastation and Courbet, which were the largest central battery ships ever built by any navy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They are sometimes called the Courbet class, as she had begun construction first, though Dévastation was launched and completed earlier.Шаблон:Sfn
Dévastation was Шаблон:Cvt long overall, with a beam of Шаблон:Cvt and a draft of Шаблон:Cvt. She displaced Шаблон:Cvt. As was standard for French capital ships of the period, she had a pronounced ram bow. She was fitted with three pole masts equipped with spotting tops for her main battery guns. The crew numbered 689 officers and enlisted men. Her propulsion machinery consisted of two compound steam engines with steam provided by twelve coal-burning fire-tube boilers. Her engines were rated to produce Шаблон:Convert for a top speed of Шаблон:Cvt. The ship had a cruising radius of Шаблон:Convert at an economical speed of Шаблон:Convert. To supplement the steam engines, she was equipped with a three-masted full-ship rig, though this was quickly reduced to a barque rig.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Her main battery consisted of four Шаблон:Cvt, 18-caliber guns mounted in a central, armored casemate. Two guns could fire ahead on a limited arc and two could fire astern. These were supported by a secondary battery four Шаблон:Cvt guns and a tertiary battery of six Шаблон:Cvt guns.Шаблон:Sfn The 240 mm guns were in open, unarmored barbettes on the upper deck; two were placed abreast the funnels, the third forward, and the fourth gun was located aft.Шаблон:Sfn For defense against torpedo boats, she carried eight Шаблон:Cvt 1-pounder Hotchkiss revolver cannon, all in individual mounts. Her armament was rounded out with five Шаблон:Cvt torpedo tubes in above-water launchers.Шаблон:Sfn
The ship was protected with wrought iron armor; her belt was Шаблон:Cvt thick and extended for the entire length of the hull. The armored casemate for the main battery were Шаблон:Cvt thick. On either end of the battery, an armor deck that was Шаблон:Cvt thick protected the ship's internal spaces; it was connected to the upper edge of the armor belt.Шаблон:Sfn
Service history
Construction – 1889
The keel for Dévastation was laid down in Toulon 20 December 1875, and she was launched on 19 August 1879. The ship was placed in limited commission for sea trials in October 1881, and on full commission for active service on 15 July 1882. During her trials, her crew found the vessel difficult to steer, owing to the combination of a single rudder and two propellers and her flat bottom. She proved to be a stable gun platform, however. Between December 1882 and June 1883, hydraulic mountings for the main battery guns were installed to make them easier for the crew to work. The ship finally joined the main French fleet on 31 January 1885.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1886, the ship was assigned to the training squadron,Шаблон:Sfn and on 2–3 March 1886, she took part in experiments with torpedo boats to determine the effectiveness of various attack angles. Later on the 3rd, Dévastation and the ironclads Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Redoutable, Шаблон:Ship, and Шаблон:Ship conducted shooting practice using the old ironclad Шаблон:Ship as a target. They fired at a range of Шаблон:Cvt and scored 22 percent hits with cast iron practice shells, though they conducted the test under unrealistic conditions, with Armide anchored in a calm sea.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The year's large-scale maneuvers were held off Toulon from 10 to 17 May, and they tested the effectiveness of torpedo boats in defending the coastline from a squadron of ironclads, whether cruisers and torpedo boats could break through a blockade of ironclads, and whether a flotilla of torpedo boats could intercept ironclads at sea.Шаблон:Sfn
Another major set of exercises was held from 2 to 12 June at Ajaccio on the island of Corsica; Dévastation and several other ironclads simulated a fleet attacking the port, which was defended by a coastal defense ship, three cruisers, and twenty torpedo boats. The ironclad squadron thereafter sailed to Oran, French Algeria, for another round of maneuvers that began on 25 June. During these exercises, the ironclads simulated an enemy fleet passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to attack the French Mediterranean coast; torpedo boats attempted to intercept them off Majorca. From the year's maneuvers, the French concluded that the torpedo boats of the day were not sufficiently powerful enough to achieve any of the goals that had been assigned to them, particularly further from coast, but nevertheless still posed significant threats to blockading warships. These lessons spurred the development of larger torpedo boats better able to operate at sea.Шаблон:Sfn
In May 1887, Dévastation took part in exercises to practice convoy escort; the French Army kept significant forces in French North Africa, and these units would have to be transported back to Europe in the event of a major conflict. Dévastation, Redoutable, Шаблон:Ship, and Шаблон:Ship were assigned to serve as simulated troop ships, escorted by Courbet, Colbert, Amiral Duperré, and the ironclad Шаблон:Ship. A squadron of cruisers and torpedo boats was tasked with intercepting the convoy. The convoy used bad weather to make the passage, as heavy seas kept the torpedo boats from going to sea.Шаблон:Sfn Dévastation participated in the 1889 fleet exercises in company with eight other ironclads and numerous smaller craft. Dévastation served as part of the simulated enemy force during the maneuvers, which lasted from 30 June to 6 July. The exercises concluded with a simulated amphibious landing at Hyères carried out by the enemy squadron on 6 July, which the defending force was unable to prevent. A second round of exercises was held later that month, beginning on 23 July. The enemy squadron conducted a simulated attack on Toulon that night, but poor weather prevented further operations and the maneuvers were cancelled later on the 24th.Шаблон:Sfn
1890–1927
The next year, she was allocated to the 2nd Division of the Mediterranean Squadron, along with Courbet and Redoutable.Шаблон:Sfn Later in 1890, the ship main battery guns were condemned after an accident aboard Amiral Duperré and a subsequent investigation revealed that all of the 340 mm guns in French service were defective. Dévastation went to Brest to have her guns replaced.Шаблон:Sfn Older Шаблон:Cvt 25-caliber guns that were converted from coastal artillery weapons were installed in place of the defective guns.Шаблон:Sfn The ship returned to service by 1891, and she participated in the fleet maneuvers that year in the 1st Division, along with Courbet and the ironclad Шаблон:Ship. The maneuvers began on 23 June and lasted until 11 July, during which Dévastation operated as part of the simulated hostile force that attempted to attack the southern French coast.Шаблон:Sfn
The ship remained in the Mediterranean Fleet through 1893, along with her sister, Amiral Duperré, the two Шаблон:Sclass ships, and the newer ironclads Шаблон:Ship and the three Шаблон:Sclass vessels.Шаблон:Sfn She participated in the 1893 maneuvers, now as part of the 3rd Division in company with the ironclad Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:Ship. This year, Dévastation served as the divisional flagship, hosting Rear Admiral Gadaud. The maneuvers included an initial period of exercises from 1 to 10 July and then larger-scale maneuvers from 17 to 28 July.Шаблон:Sfn Dévastation remained in service with the Mediterranean Fleet through 1895, by which time the unit consisted of Courbet, the two Amiral Baudins, and the three Marceaus, along with several cruisers and torpedo vessels.Шаблон:Sfn During that year's maneuvers, which began on 1 July, the 1st Squadron conducted a training cruise and practice shooting while the Reserve Squadron mobilized its ships. The main period of exercises saw the fleet divided into three units and Dévastation was assigned to the first unit, which was tasked with effecting a rendezvous at sea with the second squadron and then attacking Ajaccio. The maneuvers concluded on 27 July.Шаблон:Sfn
The composition of the Mediterranean Fleet changed little in 1896, apart from the addition of the new pre-dreadnought battleship Шаблон:Ship.Шаблон:Sfn That year's maneuvers lasted from 6 to 30 July and took place off the coast of French Algeria.Шаблон:Sfn By 1897, Dévastation had been reduced to the Reserve Squadron of the French fleet, which also included the ironclad Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Amiral Duperré, and Friedland.Шаблон:Sfn She remained in the Reserve Squadron in 1898, by which time the French Navy had begun rebuilding several of its older ironclads. As a result, the only other members of the unit were Indomptable and Amiral Duperré.Шаблон:Sfn She took part in the fleet maneuvers that year, which lasted from 5 to 25 July. She served as the flagship of Rear Admiral Godin during the maneuvers.Шаблон:Sfn In December, the ship had her mainmast removed at Brest.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1899, the ship was modernized extensively, receiving new water-tube boilers, a revised armament, and a pair of new masts with fighting tops in place of her original three. The 320 mm guns were replaced with 270 mm 20-caliber M1875 guns in the battery, and the original 270 mm guns in the barbettes were placed with either four,Шаблон:Sfn or two Шаблон:Cvt guns. Her 140 mm guns were replaced with new Шаблон:Cvt guns.Шаблон:Sfn Later that year, she was nominally transferred to the Northern Squadron in the English Channel, along with the two Amiral Baudins, Amiral Duperré, Courbet, and Redoutable, since more modern pre-dreadnought battleships built in the mid-1890s had entered service by that time,Шаблон:Sfn though she remained under construction into 1901. By the time work was completed, she had also had her original propulsion system replaced with triple-expansion steam engines.Шаблон:Sfn Dévastation was recommissioned for sea trials on 10 March 1902, but she was never placed in full commission.Шаблон:Sfn
Dévastation was struck from the naval register on 5 February 1909 and thereafter attached to the 2nd Depot based at Brest. She was used as a training ship for engine room personnel from 1910 to 1911, thereafter being used to support the protected cruiser Шаблон:Ship to train boatswains from 1911 to 1912. Dévastation was removed from service by April 1913 and towed to Landévennec, where she was laid up for a year. In July 1914, she was towed to Lorient for torpedo tests. From October, she was used as a prison ship for prisoners of war taken during World War I. She served in that capacity through the end of the war, into 1919. In May 1921, the French navy sold Dévastation to a Paris-based firm that in turn sold the vessel to shipbreakers in Hamburg, Germany. She was taken under tow on 7 May 1922 along with the old coastal defense ship Шаблон:Ship, but while she was leaving Lorient, Dévastation ran hard aground and could not be immediately freed. A lengthy salvage operation ensued,Шаблон:Sfn and she was eventually refloated on 18 April 1927.[1] The ship was then intentionally grounded at Port-Louis, where she was broken up in situ.Шаблон:Sfn
Notes
References
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Further reading
Шаблон:Dévastation class ironclads Шаблон:1922 shipwrecks
