Английская Википедия:French ironclad Flandre

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The French ironclad Flandre was one of ten Шаблон:Sclass armored frigates built for the French Navy (Шаблон:Lang) in the 1860s. Commissioned in 1865, she was initially assigned to the Northern Squadron (Шаблон:Lang) and sometimes served as a flagship. The ironclad played a minor role in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, blockading the North Sea coast of Prussia. Flandre was decommissioned after the war and remained in reserve for the next decade and a half. The ship was disarmed in 1884 and was scrapped three years later.

Design and description

Файл:French Provence Class Ironclad 1863.jpg
Starboard elevation line drawing of the class. The shaded area shows the armor protection.

The Provence class was designed as an enlarged version of the Шаблон:Sclasss with thicker armor, more powerful guns, and better seakeeping qualities. The ships had an overall length of Шаблон:Convert, a beam of Шаблон:Convert, and a draft of Шаблон:Convert at deep load. They displaced Шаблон:Convert.[1] Their crew numbered 579–594 officers and enlisted men.[2]

Flandre had a single two-cylinder horizontal-return connecting-rod compound steam engine that drove the propeller shaft,[3] using steam provided by eight boilers. The engine was rated at 1,000 nominal horsepower or Шаблон:Convert[2] and was intended to give the ships a speed in excess of Шаблон:Convert.[4] Flandre was the fastest ship of her class and reached a speed of Шаблон:Convert from Шаблон:Cvt on her sea trials.[2] The Provence-class ships carried enough coal to allow them to steam for Шаблон:Convert at a speed of Шаблон:Convert.[5] They were fitted with a three-masted barque rig that had a sail area of Шаблон:Convert.[3]

Armament and protection

The main battery of the Provence class was intended to be thirty 30-pounder Шаблон:Convert Modèle 1858–60 rifled muzzle-loading (RML) guns,[2] but the first two ships to be completed, Flandre and Шаблон:Ship, were armed with a mix of ten 50-pounder Шаблон:Convert smoothbore guns, twenty-two 164.7 mm Modèle 1864 RMLs and a pair of Шаблон:Convert[1] RML[6] Paixhans guns. Two of the 164.7 mm guns served as chase guns. By 1869–1870, Flandre had been equipped with eight Шаблон:Convert Modèle 1864 RMLs and four 194 mm Modèle 1864 weapons serving as chase guns.[1]

From the upper deck down to below the waterline, the sides of the ships were completely armored with Шаблон:Cvt of wrought iron, backed by Шаблон:Cvt of wood. The sides of the battery itself were protected with Шаблон:Cvt of armor that was backed by Шаблон:Cvt of wood. The conning tower's sides consisted of Шаблон:Convert armor plates.[1]

Construction and career

Файл:Das französische Ostseegeschwader auf seiner Rückreise vor Helgoland 26 September 1870 Illustrirte Zeitung vom 5 November 1870 Von links GUYENNE THETIS FLANDRE OCÈAN SURVEILLANTE.jpg
Flandre, third from the left with sails deployed

Flandre, named after the historic province,[7] was ordered on 16 November 1860 from the Arsenal de Cherbourg. The ship was laid down on 28 January 1861 and launched on 12 June 1864. She was commissioned for trials on 20 February 1865, completed in April[1] and was definitively commissioned (Шаблон:Lang) the following month.[2]

Flandre was assigned to the Ironclad Division (Шаблон:Lang) of the Northern Squadron, based in Cherbourg. She made cruises to Portuguese Madeira and Spanish Tenerife, in the Canary Islands, over the next two years.

Together with the ironclad Шаблон:Ship, the ship visited Plymouth, England, on 17–19 July[3] to take part in the Exhibition of the Royal Agricultural Society.[8] To reciprocate British hospitality, the French invited the Channel Fleet to visit Cherbourg on Emperor Napoleon III's birthday in August. They arrived on 14 August and remained for four days, their crew's exchanging ship visits, touring the dockyard and participating in multiple banquets and balls. The British invited the Ironclad Division and the Mediterranean Squadron (Шаблон:Lang) to visit Portsmouth. The French ships, including Flandre, arrived later that month and remained until 2 September; their crews similarly occupied as the British were earlier.[9] In September–October 1866 Flandre, her sisters Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:Ship and Magenta took part in fleet maneuvers and comparative gunnery trials.[10]

In January 1867, Flandre collided with the British merchantman Brutus in the Atlantic Ocean. Brutus sank with the loss of ten of her fourteen crew.[11] Together with Magnanime and Magenta, Flandre escorted the transports ferrying French troops home after the collapse of the Second French intervention in Mexico in 1867.[12] Two years later she became the flagship of Rear Admiral (Шаблон:Lang) Charles de Dompierre d'Hornoy.[3]

When the Franco-Prussian War began on 19 July 1870, France needed time to complete its mobilization. The ship was assigned to Vice Admiral (Шаблон:Lang) Édouard Bouët-Willaumez's squadron that was tasked to blockade German ports in the Heligoland Bight. It left Cherbourg on 24 July and, failing to find any German ships, proceeded to Danish waters to await further orders. Bouët-Williaumez was ordered on 2 August to split his forces with half, including Flandre, proceeding into the Baltic Sea to blockade the Prussian ports there under his command and the others to return to the Bight. The strong Prussia coastal defenses prevented any attack by the French ships, but the French presence severely inhibited German shipping. Flandre and the ironclad Шаблон:Ship were relieved by the ironclads Rochambeau and Шаблон:Ship in August and returned to Cherbourg where Flandre joined the ships blockading the Bight.[13]

The neutral British had denied the French permission to bunker at Heligoland, so the ships were forced to do so at sea under dangerous conditions. Bad weather and a series of storms beginning in late August prevented the squadron from bunkering and the ships were forced to return to France in early September. By then Prussia was besieging Paris and many of the trained gunners aboard the squadron's ships were transferred to defend the city. The squadron resumed the blockade with reduced crews until December when smaller ships took it over.[14] In a storm on 12 October, the armored frigate Шаблон:Ship lost her rudder and had to be towed back to Cherbourg by Flandre.[15]

The ship was paid off in Cherbourg on 18 March 1871 and was briefly reactivated on 20 October 1873 to test a torpedo-outrigger system. Flandre was rearmed in 1875 with Modèle 1870 guns, but remained in reserve until she was disarmed in November 1884.[16] Flandre stricken from the naval register on 12 November 1886 and scrapped in 1887.[1][17]

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Provence-class ironclad

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 Winfield & Roberts, p. 423
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 Gille, p. 30
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 de Balincourt & Vincent-Bréchignac 1975a, p. 10
  4. ↑ Campbell, p. 287
  5. ↑ Silverstone, p. 62
  6. ↑ Konstam, p. 20
  7. ↑ Silverstone, p. 97
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite newspaper The Times
  9. ↑ Jones, pp. 31–40
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite newspaper The Times
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite newspaper The Times
  12. ↑ Roche, p. 202
  13. ↑ Wilson, pp. 271–274, 276–277
  14. ↑ Wilson, pp. 277–278
  15. ↑ de Balincourt & Vincent-Bréchignac 1975b, p. 30
  16. ↑ de Balincourt & Vincent-Bréchignac 1975a, pp. 10–11, Gille, p. 26
  17. ↑ Roche, p. 203
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