Английская Википедия:French phonology

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Шаблон:Self reference Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:IPA notice Шаблон:French language

French phonology is the sound system of French. This article discusses mainly the phonology of all the varieties of Standard French. Notable phonological features include its uvular r, nasal vowels, and three processes affecting word-final sounds:

  • liaison, a specific instance of sandhi in which word-final consonants are not pronounced unless they are followed by a word beginning with a vowel;
  • elision, in which certain instances of Шаблон:IPAslink (schwa) are elided (such as when final before an initial vowel);
  • Шаблон:Wikt-lang (resyllabification) in which word-final and word-initial consonants may be moved across a syllable boundary, with syllables crossing word boundaries:

An example of the above is this:

Consonants

Consonant phonemes of French
Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar/
Uvular
Nasal Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link)
Plosive Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Fricative Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Approximant Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Файл:Uvular rhotics in Europe.png
Distribution of guttural r (such as Шаблон:IPA) in Europe in the mid-20th century.[1] Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

Phonetic notes:

Example wordsШаблон:Sfnp
Voiceless Voiced
IPA Example Gloss IPA Example Gloss
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'louse' Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'mud'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'all', 'anything' (possibility) Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'sweet' (food, feelings), 'gentle' (person), 'mild' (weather)
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'neck' Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'taste'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'crazy' Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'you'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'under', 'on' (drugs), 'in' (packaging), 'within' (times) Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'shoo'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'cabbage', 'lovely' (person, pet) Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'cheek'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'soft', 'weak' (stronger: person, actions)
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'we, us'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'gnu' (dated, Шаблон:IPA in modern French)
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'kung-fu'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'wolf'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'wheel'

Geminates

Although double consonant letters appear in the orthographic form of many French words, geminate consonants are relatively rare in the pronunciation of such words. The following cases can be identified.Шаблон:Sfnp

The geminate pronunciation Шаблон:IPA is found in the future and conditional forms of the verbs Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('to run') and Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('to die'). The conditional form il mourrait Шаблон:IPA ('he would die'), for example, contrasts with the imperfect form il mourait Шаблон:IPA ('he was dying'). In some other words, most modern speakers have reduced Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA, such as "il pourrait" ('he could'). Other verbs that have a double Шаблон:Angbr orthographically in the future and conditional are pronounced with a simple Шаблон:IPA: il pourra ('he will be able to'), il verra ('he will see').

When the prefix Шаблон:Wikt-lang combines with a base that begins with n, the resulting word is sometimes pronounced with a geminate Шаблон:IPA and similarly for the variants of the same prefix im-, il-, ir-:

Other cases of optional gemination can be found in words like Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('syllable'), Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('grammar'), and Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('illusion'). The pronunciation of such words, in many cases, a spelling pronunciation varies by speaker and gives rise to widely varying stylistic effects.[3] In particular, the gemination of consonants other than the liquids and nasals Шаблон:IPA is "generally considered affected or pedantic".Шаблон:Sfnp Examples of stylistically marked pronunciations include Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('addition') and Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('intelligence').

Gemination of doubled Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr is typical of the Languedoc region, as opposed to other southern accents.

A few cases of gemination do not correspond to double consonant letters in the orthography.Шаблон:Sfnp The deletion of word-internal schwas (see below), for example, can give rise to sequences of identical consonants: là-dedans Шаблон:IPA ('inside'), l'honnêteté Шаблон:IPA ('honesty'). The elided form of the object pronoun l' ('him/her/it') is also realised as a geminate Шаблон:IPA when it appears after another l to avoid misunderstanding:

Gemination is obligatory in such contexts.

Finally, a word pronounced with emphatic stress can exhibit gemination of its first syllable-initial consonant:

Liaison

Шаблон:Main

Many words in French can be analyzed as having a "latent" final consonant that is pronounced only in certain syntactic contexts when the next word begins with a vowel. For example, the word Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('two') is pronounced Шаблон:IPA in isolation or before a consonant-initial word (deux jours Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA 'two days'), but in deux ans Шаблон:IPA (→ Шаблон:IPA 'two years'), the linking or liaison consonant Шаблон:IPA is pronounced.

Vowels

Файл:French vowel chart.svg
Vowels of Parisian French, from Шаблон:Harvcoltxt. Some speakers merge Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA (especially in the northern half of France) and Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA. In the latter case, the outcome is an open central Шаблон:IPAblink between the two (not shown on the chart).

Standard French contrasts up to 13 oral vowels and up to 4 nasal vowels. The schwa (in the center of the diagram next to this paragraph) is not necessarily a distinctive sound. Even though it often merges with one of the mid front rounded vowels, its patterning suggests that it is a separate phoneme (see the subsection Schwa below).

The table below primarily lists vowels in contemporary Parisian French, with vowels only present in other dialects in parentheses.

Oral
  Front Central Back
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Small
Close Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Close-mid Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Open-mid Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link) Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Open Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link)
Nasal
Front Back
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Small
Open-mid Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link) Шаблон:IPA link
Open Шаблон:IPA link

While some dialects feature a long Шаблон:IPA distinct from Шаблон:IPA and a distinction between an open front Шаблон:IPA and an open back Шаблон:IPA, Parisian French features only Шаблон:IPA and just one open vowel Шаблон:IPA realised as central Шаблон:IPA. Some dialects also feature a rounded Шаблон:IPA, which has merged with Шаблон:IPA in Paris.

In Metropolitan French, while Шаблон:IPA is phonologically distinct, its phonetic quality tends to coincide with either Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA.

Example words
Vowel Example
IPA Orthography Gloss
Oral vowels
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'if'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'fairy'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'does'
Шаблон:IPA† Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'party'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'known'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'those'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'sister'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'this'/'that'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'under'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'silly'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'fate'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'his'/'her'
Шаблон:IPA† Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'dough'
Nasal vowels
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'without'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'his'
Шаблон:IPA[4] Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'twig'
Шаблон:IPA† Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'brown'
Semi-vowels
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'yesterday'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'eight'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'yes'
† Not distinguished in all dialects.

Close vowels

In contrast with the mid vowels, there is no tense–lax contrast in close vowels. However, non-phonemic lax (near-close) Шаблон:IPA appear in Quebec as allophones of Шаблон:IPA when the vowel is both phonetically short (so not before Шаблон:IPA) and in a closed syllable, so that e.g. petite Шаблон:IPA 'small (Шаблон:Abbr)' differs from petit 'small (Шаблон:Abbr)' Шаблон:IPA not only in the presence of the final Шаблон:IPA but also in the tenseness of the Шаблон:IPA. Laxing always occurs in stressed closed syllables, but it is also found in other environments to various degrees.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

In Metropolitan French, Шаблон:IPA are consistently close Шаблон:IPA,Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp but the exact height of Шаблон:IPA is somewhat debatable as it has been variously described as close Шаблон:IPAblinkШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp and near-close Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp

Mid vowels

Although the mid vowels contrast in certain environments, there is a limited distributional overlap so they often appear in complementary distribution. Generally, close-mid vowels (Шаблон:IPA) are found in open syllables, and open-mid vowels (Шаблон:IPA) are found in closed syllables. However, there are minimal pairs:Шаблон:Sfnp

Beyond the general rule, known as the loi de position among French phonologists,Шаблон:Sfnp there are some exceptions. For instance, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are found in closed syllables ending in Шаблон:IPA, and only Шаблон:IPA is found in closed monosyllables before Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp

The Parisian realization of Шаблон:IPA has been variously described as central Шаблон:IPAblinkШаблон:Sfnp and centralized to Шаблон:IPAblink before Шаблон:IPA,Шаблон:Sfnp in both cases becoming similar to Шаблон:IPA.

The phonemic opposition of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA has been lost in the southern half of France, where these two sounds are found only in complementary distribution. The phonemic oppositions of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA and of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in terminal open syllables have been lost in almost all of France, but not in Belgium or in areas with an Arpitan substrate, where Шаблон:Wikt-lang and Шаблон:Wikt-lang are still opposed as Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.[5]

Open vowels

The phonemic contrast between front Шаблон:IPA and back Шаблон:IPA is sometimes no longer maintained in Parisian French, which leads some researchers to reject the idea of two distinct phonemes.[6] However, the back Шаблон:IPA is always maintained in Northern French, but only in final open syllables,[7] Шаблон:Wikt-lang (lawyer) Шаблон:IPA-frdia, but in final closed syllables, the Шаблон:IPA phoneme is fronted to Шаблон:IPA, but it is always long, Шаблон:Wikt-lang (pasta) Шаблон:IPA. The distinction is still clearly maintained in many dialects such as Quebec French.[8]

While there is much variation among speakers in France, a number of general tendencies can be observed. First of all, the distinction is most often preserved in word-final stressed syllables such as in these minimal pairs:

Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('stain'), vs. Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('task')
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('leg'), vs. Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('paste, pastry')
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('rat'), vs. Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('short')

There are certain environments that prefer one open vowel over the other. For example, Шаблон:IPA is preferred after Шаблон:IPA and before Шаблон:IPA:

Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('three'),
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('gas').Шаблон:Sfnp

The difference in quality is often reinforced by a difference in length (but the difference is contrastive in final closed syllables). The exact distribution of the two vowels varies greatly from speaker to speaker.[9]

Back Шаблон:IPA is much rarer in unstressed syllables, but it can be encountered in some common words:

Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('castle'),
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('past').

Morphologically complex words derived from words containing stressed Шаблон:IPA do not retain it:

Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('aged', from Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA)
rarissime Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('very rare', from Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA).

Even in the final syllable of a word, back Шаблон:IPA may become Шаблон:IPA if the word in question loses its stress within the extended phonological context:Шаблон:Sfnp

J'ai été au bois Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('I went to the woods'),
J'ai été au bois de Vincennes Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('I went to the Vincennes woods').

Nasal vowels

The phonetic qualities of the back nasal vowels differ from those of the corresponding oral vowels. The contrasting factor that distinguishes Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA is the extra lip rounding of the latter according to some linguists,Шаблон:Sfnp and tongue height according to others.Шаблон:Sfnp Speakers who produce both Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA distinguish them mainly through increased lip rounding of the former, but many speakers use only the latter phoneme, especially most speakers in northern France such as Paris (but not farther north, in Belgium).Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

In some dialects, particularly that of Europe, there is an attested tendency for nasal vowels to shift in a counterclockwise direction: Шаблон:IPA tends to be more open and shifts toward the vowel space of Шаблон:IPA (realised also as Шаблон:IPA), Шаблон:IPA rises and rounds to Шаблон:IPA (realised also as Шаблон:IPA) and Шаблон:IPA shifts to Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. Also, there also is an opposite movement for Шаблон:IPA for which it becomes more open and unrounds to Шаблон:IPA, resulting in a merger of Standard French Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in this case.Шаблон:Sfnp[10] According to one source, the typical phonetic realization of the nasal vowels in Paris is Шаблон:IPA for Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA for Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA for Шаблон:IPA, suggesting that the first two are unrounded open vowels that contrast by backness (like the oral Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in some accents), whereas Шаблон:IPA is much closer than Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp

In Quebec French, two of the vowels shift in a different direction: Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA, more or less as in Europe, but Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA.[11]

In the Provence and Occitanie regions, nasal vowels are often realized as oral vowels before a stop consonant, thus reviving the Шаблон:Angbr otherwise lost in other accents: quarante Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA.

Contrary to the oral Шаблон:IPA, there is no attested tendency for the nasal Шаблон:IPA to become central in any accent.

Schwa

When phonetically realised, schwa (Шаблон:IPAslink), also called e Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('dropped e') and e Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('mute e'), is a mid-central vowel with some rounding.Шаблон:Sfnp Many authors consider its value to be Шаблон:IPAblink,Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp while Geoff Lindsey suggests Шаблон:IPAblink.[12][13] Шаблон:Harvcoltxt state, more specifically, that it merges with Шаблон:IPAslink before high vowels and glides:

Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('clarity'),
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('workshop'),

in phrase-final stressed position:

dis-le ! Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('say it'),

and that it merges with Шаблон:IPAslink elsewhere.Шаблон:Sfnp However, some speakers make a clear distinction, and it exhibits special phonological behavior that warrants considering it a distinct phoneme. Furthermore, the merger occurs mainly in the French of France; in Quebec, Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink are still distinguished.[14]

The main characteristic of French schwa is its "instability": the fact that under certain conditions it has no phonetic realization.

In French versification, word-final schwa is always elided before another vowel and at the ends of verses. It is pronounced before a following consonant-initial word.Шаблон:Sfnp For example, une grande femme fut ici, Шаблон:IPA in ordinary speech, would in verse be pronounced Шаблон:IPA, with the Шаблон:IPA enunciated at the end of each word.

Schwa cannot normally be realised as a front vowel (Шаблон:IPAblink) in closed syllables. In such contexts in inflectional and derivational morphology, schwa usually alternates with the front vowel Шаблон:IPAslink:

Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('to harass'), with
il harcèle Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('[he] harasses').Шаблон:Sfnp

A three-way alternation can be observed, in a few cases, for a number of speakers:

Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('to call'),
j'appelle Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('I call'),
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('brand'), which can also be pronounced Шаблон:IPA.[15]

Instances of orthographic Шаблон:Angbr that do not exhibit the behaviour described above may be better analysed as corresponding to the stable, full vowel Шаблон:IPA. The enclitic pronoun Шаблон:Wikt-lang, for example, always keeps its vowel in contexts like donnez-le-moi Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('give it to me') for which schwa deletion would normally apply (giving *Шаблон:IPA), and it counts as a full syllable for the determination of stress.

Cases of word-internal stable Шаблон:Angbr are more subject to variation among speakers, but, for example, un rebelle Шаблон:IPA ('a rebel') must be pronounced with a full vowel in contrast to un rebond Шаблон:IPA → or Шаблон:IPA ('a bounce').Шаблон:Sfnp

Length

Except for the distinction still made by some speakers between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in rare minimal pairs like Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('to put') vs. Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('teacher'), variation in vowel length is entirely allophonic. Vowels can be lengthened in closed, stressed syllables, under the following two conditions:

When such syllables lose their stress, the lengthening effect may be absent. The vowel Шаблон:IPA of Шаблон:Wikt-lang is long in Regarde comme elle saute !, in which the word is phrase-final and therefore stressed, but not in Qu'est-ce qu'elle saute bien !Шаблон:Sfnp In accents wherein Шаблон:IPA is distinguished from Шаблон:IPA, however, it is still pronounced with a long vowel even in an unstressed position, as in fête in C'est une fête importante.Шаблон:Sfnp

The following table presents the pronunciation of a representative sample of words in phrase-final (stressed) position:

Phoneme Vowel value in closed syllable Vowel value in
open syllable
Non-lengthening consonant Lengthening consonant
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA — Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA —
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA —
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA —
Шаблон:IPA — Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA rat Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA

Devoicing

In Parisian French, the close vowels Шаблон:IPA and the mid front Шаблон:IPA at the end of utterances can be devoiced. A devoiced vowel may be followed by a sound similar to the voiceless palatal fricative Шаблон:IPA:

Merci. Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('Thank you.'),
Allez ! Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('Go!').Шаблон:Sfnp

In Quebec French, close vowels are often devoiced when unstressed and surrounded by voiceless consonants:

université Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA ('university').Шаблон:Sfnp

Though a more prominent feature of Quebec French, phrase-medial devoicing is also found in European French.Шаблон:Sfnp

Elision

Шаблон:Main

The final vowel (usually Шаблон:IPA) of a number of monosyllabic function words is elided in syntactic combinations with a following word that begins with a vowel. For example, compare the pronunciation of the unstressed subject pronoun, in je dors Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA ('I am sleeping'), and in j'arrive Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA ('I am arriving').

Glides and diphthongs

The glides Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA appear in syllable onsets immediately followed by a full vowel. In many cases, they alternate systematically with their vowel counterparts Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA such as in the following pairs of verb forms:

nie Шаблон:IPA; Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('deny')
loue Шаблон:IPA; Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('rent')
tue Шаблон:IPA; Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('kill')

The glides in the examples can be analyzed as the result of a glide formation process that turns an underlying high vowel into a glide when followed by another vowel: Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA.

This process is usually blocked after a complex onset of the form obstruent + liquid (a stop or a fricative followed by Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA). For example, while the pair loue/louer shows an alternation between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, the same suffix added to cloue Шаблон:IPA, a word with a complex onset, does not trigger the glide formation: clouer Шаблон:IPA ('to nail'). Some sequences of glide + vowel can be found after obstruent-liquid onsets, however. The main examples are Шаблон:IPA, as in pluie Шаблон:IPA ('rain'), Шаблон:IPA, as in proie Шаблон:IPA ('prey'), and Шаблон:IPA, as in groin Шаблон:IPA ('snout').[16] They can be dealt with in different ways, as by adding appropriate contextual conditions to the glide formation rule or by assuming that the phonemic inventory of French includes underlying glides or rising diphthongs like Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

Glide formation normally does not occur across morpheme boundaries in compounds like semi-aride ('semi-arid').Шаблон:Sfnp However, in colloquial registers, si elle Шаблон:IPA ('if she') can be pronounced just like Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('sky'), or tu as Шаблон:IPA ('you have') like tua Шаблон:IPA ('[(s)he] killed').Шаблон:Sfnp

The glide Шаблон:IPA can also occur in syllable coda position, after a vowel, as in Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('sun'). There again, one can formulate a derivation from an underlying full vowel Шаблон:IPA, but the analysis is not always adequate because of the existence of possible minimal pairs like Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('country') / Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('paycheck') and Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('abbey') / Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA ('bee').[17] Schane (1968) proposes an abstract analysis deriving postvocalic Шаблон:IPA from an underlying lateral by palatalization and glide conversion (Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA).Шаблон:Sfnp

Vowel Onset glide Examples
/j/ /ɥ/ /w/
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA paillasse, Éluard, poire
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA acariâtre, tuas, jouas
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA vaillant, exténuant, Assouan
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA janvier, muer, jouer
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA lierre, duel, mouette
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA bien, juin, soin
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA yin, huile, ouïr
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Millau, duo, statuquo
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Niort, quatuor, wok
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA lion, tuons, jouons
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA mieux, fructueux, boueux
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA antérieur, sueur, loueur
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:IPA caillou, Wuhan
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A feuillu

Stress

Word stress is not distinctive in French, so two words cannot be distinguished based on stress placement alone. Grammatical stress is always on the final full syllable (syllable with a vowel other than schwa) of a word. Monosyllables with schwa as their only vowel (Шаблон:Wikt-lang, Шаблон:Wikt-lang, Шаблон:Wikt-lang, etc.) are generally clitics but otherwise may receive stress.Шаблон:Sfnp

The difference between stressed and unstressed syllables in French is less marked than in English. Vowels in unstressed syllables keep their full quality, regardless of whether the rhythm of the speaker is syllable-timed or mora-timed (see isochrony).[18] Moreover, words lose their stress to varying degrees when pronounced in phrases and sentences. In general, only the last word in a phonological phrase retains its full grammatical stress (on its last full syllable).Шаблон:Sfnp

Emphatic stress

Emphatic stress is used to call attention to a specific element in a given context such as to express a contrast or to reinforce the emotive content of a word. In French, this stress falls on the first consonant-initial syllable of the word in question. The characteristics associated with emphatic stress include increased amplitude and pitch of the vowel and gemination of the onset consonant, as mentioned above.Шаблон:Sfnp Emphatic stress does not replace, but occurs in tandem with, grammatical stress.Шаблон:Sfnp

  • C'est parfaitement vrai. Шаблон:IPA ('It's perfectly true.'; no emphatic stress)
  • C'est parfaitement vrai. Шаблон:IPA (emphatic stress on parfaitement)

For words that begin with a vowel, emphatic stress falls on the first syllable that begins with a consonant or on the initial syllable with the insertion of a glottal stop or a liaison consonant.

Intonation

Шаблон:Main

French intonation differs substantially from that of English.Шаблон:Sfnp There are four primary patterns:

  • The continuation pattern is a rise in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a rhythm group (typically a phrase).
  • The finality pattern is a sharp fall in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a declarative statement.
  • The yes/no intonation is a sharp rise in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a yes/no question.
  • The information question intonation is a rapid fall-off from a high pitch on the first word of a non-yes/no question, often followed by a small rise in pitch on the last syllable of the question.

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Language phonologies

de:Französische Sprache#Aussprache

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Map based on Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  2. ↑ Phonological Variation in French: Illustrations from Three Continents, edited by Randall Scott Gess, Chantal Lyche, Trudel Meisenburg.
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp, cited in Шаблон:Harvp.
  4. ↑ John C. Wells prefers the symbol Шаблон:IPA, as the vowel has become more open in recent times and is noticeably different from oral Шаблон:IPA: [1]
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ "Some phoneticians claim that there are two distinct as in French, but evidence from speaker to speaker and sometimes within the speech of a single speaker is too contradictory to give empirical support to this claim".Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Postériorisation du / a / Шаблон:Webarchive
  9. ↑ "For example, some have the front Шаблон:IPA in Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'breaks', and the back Шаблон:IPA in Шаблон:Wikt-lang 'cup', but for others the reverse is true. There are also, of course, those who use the same vowel, either Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, in both words".Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ Oral articulation of nasal vowel in French
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Timbre du schwa en français et variation régionale : un étude comparative retrieved 14 July 2013
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt for Шаблон:IPAblink, TLFi, s.v. appellation for Шаблон:IPA.
  16. ↑ The Шаблон:IPA correspond to orthographic Шаблон:Angbr, as in roi Шаблон:IPA ('king'), which contrasts with disyllabic troua Шаблон:IPA ('[he] punctured').
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt. The words pays and abbaye are more frequently pronounced Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.
  18. ↑ Mora-timed speech is frequent in French, especially in Canada, where it is very much the norm.Шаблон:Citation needed
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