Английская Википедия:French submarine Redoutable (1928)

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Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship careerШаблон:Infobox ship characteristics

Redoutable was the lead ship of the Шаблон:Sclasss of the French Navy launched in 1928 at Cherbourg, France. It participated in the Second World War, first on the side of the Allies from 1939 to 1940, then on the side of the Axis for the rest of the war. She was scuttled by the French on 27 November 1942 to prevent her capture by the Germans during their advance on Toulon, but was then refloated by the Italians in 1943. On 11 March 1944 she was sunk by bombs from Allied aircraft.

Development

Context

The Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 sought to prevent a future naval arms race by imposing limits on the number and size of certain types of warships that each great power could possess. France sought to expand its submarine forces – which were not limited by the treaty – as an essential tool to defend its coastline and empire.Шаблон:Sfn The 1100-ton Requin-class submarines, designed in 1922, was the initial attempt to meet these requirements; however, the speed of the submarines was notably insufficientШаблон:Sfn and the design overall was considered inferior to the last German submarines launched in 1918.Шаблон:Sfn

The design for the Requin class's successor was commissioned from general engineer of maritime engineering Léon Roquebert. Roquebert was tasked with creating a "grand cruiser" type of submarine, with the role of carrying out surveillance of an adversary's bases, destroying their communications by attacking their ships, while protecting French colonies. They were operate with a surface squadron and provide clearance of enemy vessels for it.Шаблон:Sfn

Construction of the Type I project submarines, starting with Шаблон:Ship, was approved by the superior council of the navy on 1 July 1924. The building programme was expanded the following year with the Type II submarines.Шаблон:Sfn

Characteristics

Шаблон:Convert long, with a beam of Шаблон:Convert and a draught of Шаблон:Convert, Redoutable could dive up to Шаблон:Convert. The submarine had a surfaced displacement of Шаблон:Convert and a submerged displacement of Шаблон:Convert. Propulsion while surfaced was provided by two Шаблон:Convert diesel motors built by the Swiss manufacturer Sulzer. The submarines' electrical propulsion allowed it to attain speeds of Шаблон:Convert while submerged.Шаблон:Sfn Designated as "grand cruise submarines" (Шаблон:Lang-fr), their surfaced range was Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert, and Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert, with a submerged range of Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn Radio communication was through wireless antenna.

Файл:1500 tonnes Pascal Q138-fr.svg

Development plan of Redoutable

Redoutable had significant firepower.Шаблон:Sfn She was equipped with eleven torpedo tubes: four Шаблон:Convert tubes in fixed positions in the bow, a orientable platform for three 550 mm tubes behind the conning tower, and another orientable platform on the stern composed of two 550 mm and two Шаблон:Convert tubes. The 550 mm torpedoes were intended for use against large ships, with the 400 mm torpedoes for smaller boats. Torpedoes were propelled by compressed air at a speed of Шаблон:Convert, exploding on impact.Шаблон:Sfn Torpedoes left a trail on the surface,Шаблон:Sfn which allowed the target to see and avoid the torpedo, as well as trace the torpedo back to its origin. The submarines were also fitted with a Шаблон:Convert deck gun, mounted in front of the conning tower and from 1929, dual anti-aerial [[Hotchkiss M1929 machine gun|Шаблон:Convert]] machine guns.Шаблон:Citation needed

Файл:Casabianca profile view.svg

Another view of Redoutable's profile

Redoutable had a quick diving speed, submerging in between 30 and 40 seconds. She had a reputation of handling well while at sea, both at the surface and while diving.Шаблон:Sfn Her motors were relatively noisy, as was auxiliary propulsion while submerged, and this constituted the principal criticism of that submarine, despite their reliability.Шаблон:Sfn Their speed and powerful armament was balanced against their ability to detect targets, which was essentially by visual sight.Шаблон:Sfn She was equipped with three periscopes – an attack periscope, a surveillance periscope, and an auxiliary periscope – and a hydrophone for passive sonar.Шаблон:Citation needed

History

Construction

Файл:Doumergue Redoutable.jpeg

French President Gaston Doumergue lays the first rivet of Redoutable on 17 July 1925 at Cherbourg, in the presence of military and civilian personnel.

Redoutable was the first of 31 Redoutable-class submarines, also designated as the 1500 ton boats because of their displacement. The class entered service between 1931 and 1939.

Ordered in 1924, Redoutable was laid down on 1 July 1925 at the Arsenal de Cherbourg. She was launched on 24 February 1928 and was commissioned 10 July 1931. In 1932, she encountered problems with her diving systems and returned to Cherbourg for repairs.Шаблон:Sfn

Second World War

Файл:Scuttling-Toulon.svg

The scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon. Redoutable is on the right.

At the start of World War II, she was assigned to the seventh submarine division, based at Cherbourg, along with Vengeur.Шаблон:Sfn From 12 October to 2 November 1939, Redoutable carried out a surveillance mission to the Azores, where a part of the German commercial fleet, suspected of supplying German U-boats in fuel, was located. On the night of November 1 she encountered a cargo ship that was sailing all lights off. As the cargo refused to stop in accordance with the submarine's summons, the submarine fired warning shots with its 100 mm cannon, to which the cargo responded by further firing at the submarine. At that moment, Redoutable captured a message from the British freighter Egba who reported being attacked by a U-boat; The French submarine, understanding that she was attacking an ally, ceased fire and withdrew.Шаблон:Sfn In December 1939, he was sent to search for the German supply ship Altmark (10 000 barrels) in the centre of the Atlantic with Fresnel, Heron and Héros.Шаблон:Sfn

In June 1940, she was patrolling along the Tunisian coast to prevent a possible Italian landing.Шаблон:Sfn She was located in Bizerte when the armistice was signed on 25 June and was placed on guard in Toulon.Шаблон:Sfn

On 9 November 1942, the day after the Allied landing in North Africa, Redoutable was allowed to rearm. It was not completed when the Germans entered Toulon on 27 November and the submarine scuttled with the French fleet.Шаблон:Sfn The ship was refloated on 16 May 1943 to be repaired by the Italians. It was finally sunk by a bombardment on 11 March 1944 with the Pascal and Fresnel.Шаблон:Sfn

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book