Английская Википедия:Friant-class cruiser
Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article
Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship class overviewШаблон:Infobox ship characteristicsThe Friant class comprised three protected cruisers of the French Navy built in the early 1890s; the three ships were Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, and Шаблон:Ship. They were ordered as part of a naval construction program directed at France's rivals, Italy and Germany, particularly after Italy made progress in modernizing its own fleet. The plan was also intended to remedy a deficiency in cruisers that had been revealed during training exercises in the 1880s. As such, the Friant-class cruisers were intended to operate as fleet scouts and in the French colonial empire. The ships were armed with a main battery of six Шаблон:Cvt guns supported by four Шаблон:Cvt guns and they had a top speed of Шаблон:Convert.
Friant and Chasseloup-Laubaut initially served with the Northern Squadron, while Bugeaud operated in the cruiser force of the Mediterranean Squadron, France's main battle fleet. Bugeaud became the flagship of the Levant Division in 1898, which operated as part of the International Squadron that intervened in the Cretan Revolt of 1897–1898. All three members of the class were sent to East Asia in response to the Boxer Uprising in Qing China by 1901, and they remained in the region through the mid-1900s. Bugeaud was badly worn out by her time in the Far East, and she was sold for scrap in 1907. That year, Chasseloup-Laubat visited the United States during the Jamestown Exposition.
Chasseloup-Laubat was reduced to a storage hulk in 1911, but Friant remained in active service through the start of World War I in August 1914. She operated with cruiser squadrons patrolling for German commerce raiders early in the war and was later sent to patrol the formerly-German colony of Kamerun. Chasseloup-Laubat was converted into a distilling ship to support the main French fleet at Corfu while Friant ended the war having been rebuilt into a repair ship. The latter vessel was sold for scrap in 1920, while Chasseloup-Laubat ultimately foundered in 1926 after having been abandoned in the bay of Nouadhibou, French Mauritania.
Background
In the late 1880s, the Italian Шаблон:Lang (Royal Navy) accelerated construction of ships for its fleet and reorganized the most modern ironclad battleships—the Шаблон:Sclass and Шаблон:Sclasses—into a fast squadron suitable for offensive operations. These developments provoked a strong response in the French press. The Budget Committee in the French Chamber of Deputies began to press for a "two-power standard" in 1888, which would see the French fleet enlarged to equal the combined Italian and German fleets, then France's two main rivals on the continent. This initially came to nothing, as the supporters of the Шаблон:Lang doctrine called for a fleet largely based on squadrons of torpedo boats to defend the French coasts rather than an expensive fleet of ironclads. This view had significant support in the Chamber of Deputies.Шаблон:Sfn
The next year, a war scare with Italy led to further demands to strengthen the fleet. The visit of a German squadron of four ironclads to Italy compounded French concerns about a combined Italo-German fleet that would dramatically outnumber their own. Training exercises held in France that year demonstrated that the slower French fleet would be unable to prevent the faster Italian squadron from bombarding the French coast at will, in part because it lacked enough cruisers (and doctrine to use them) to scout for the enemy ships.Шаблон:Sfn
To correct the weaknesses of the French fleet, on 22 November 1890, the Superior Naval Council authorized a new construction program directed not at simple parity with the Italian and German fleets, but numerical superiority. In addition to twenty-four new battleships, a total of seventy cruisers were to be built for use in home waters and overseas in the French colonial empire. The Friant class were the first group of protected cruisers to be authorized under the program.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Design
On 28 March 1890, the French naval minister, Édouard Barbey, requested a new design for an improved version of the cruiser Шаблон:Ship from Delphin Albert Lhomme, the supervisor of construction at Toulon. The new ship was to be larger, which would permit several improvements over the earlier ship, including a longer cruising radius, more powerful armament, and improved armor protection. Barbey specified the new ship was to be able to cruise for Шаблон:Convert at a speed of Шаблон:Convert under normal conditions, the armament was to consist of a main battery of six Шаблон:Cvt guns, and water-tube boilers were to be used instead of the fire-tube boilers used in earlier French cruisers. The ship would have a minimum speed of Шаблон:Convert under normal conditions and Шаблон:Convert using forced draft. He set the displacement at around Шаблон:Cvt. To these specifications, Lhomme added a secondary battery of four Шаблон:Cvt guns.Шаблон:Sfn
On 21 August, Lhomme submitted his proposal, which Barbey forwarded to the Шаблон:Lang (Council of Works) six days later for review. During a meeting on 28 October, the Шаблон:Lang approved the design, but significant revisions were to follow as work on the vessels began. Already on 17 November, Barbey ordered that the originally planned M1881/84 pattern of 164.7 mm gun was to be replaced with the newly designed M1891 pattern, which had a longer barrel and were fitted with gun shields. These improvements made the guns heavier, which in turn necessitated alterations to the superstructure to reduce topweight. As the ships neared completion, the naval minister, Auguste Alfred Lefèvre, made the decision on 12 March 1894 to cut down the originally intended military masts and replace the upper portion with lighter pole masts. The fighting top was to be retained, but it was determined that it would have to be removed to improve stability, which Gustave Besnard, by then the naval minister, ordered on 16 February 1895. The military masts were removed altogether, and Шаблон:Cvt of ballast was added to the ships. He also instructed the shipyards to delete the originally planned torpedo tubes from the stern and broadside positions, leaving only a pair of tubes in the bow.Шаблон:Sfn
The first two ships, Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:Ship, were ordered in late 1890, and the third, Шаблон:Ship, was ordered in early 1891. They were fitted with three different types of water-tube boilers to compare their performance in service. They all proved to be somewhat of a disappointment, as all three could not match Davout in speed despite having greater horsepower. This was primarily the result of poor combustion in the boilers, particularly the Niclausse boilers installed aboard Friant. The ships' hull form, while inspired by DavoutШаблон:'s, had poor lines at the bow that caused the ships to trim down by around Шаблон:Cvt when cruising at high speeds. Additionally, weights in the ships were poorly distributed along their length, which contributed to poor handling.Шаблон:Sfn
General characteristics and machinery
The ships of the Friant class were Шаблон:Cvt long between perpendiculars, Шаблон:Cvt long at the waterline, and Шаблон:Cvt long overall. They had a beam of Шаблон:Cvt and an average draft of Шаблон:Cvt, which increased to Шаблон:Cvt aft. They displaced Шаблон:Cvt as designed. The ships' hulls featured a pronounced ram bow (that was not reinforced for use in ramming attacks) and a tumblehome shape,Шаблон:Sfn which were common characteristics of major French warships of the period. They had a forecastle deck that extended for almost the entire length of the ship, terminating with a short quarterdeck aft and a sloped stern. Their superstructure consisted of a main conning tower with a bridge forward and a smaller, secondary conning tower aft. Each ship was originally to be fitted with a pair of heavy military masts with fighting tops, but stability problems with Friant forced them to be replaced with lighter pole masts carrying only observation positions. Steering was controlled by a single rudder.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Chasseloup-Laubat was fitted with bilge keels to improve her stability.Шаблон:Sfn Their crew consisted of 331 to 339 officers and enlisted men.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The ships' propulsion system consisted of a pair of 3-cylinder, triple-expansion steam engines driving two screw propellers. Steam was provided by twenty coal-burning water-tube boilers of the Niclausse type for Friant and the Lagrafel d'Allest type for Chasseloup-Laubat, while Bugeaud received twenty-four Belleville boilers. All of the ships' boiler rooms were ducted into three funnels. Their machinery was rated to produce Шаблон:Convert for a top speed of Шаблон:Convert. During sea trials, all three ships exceeded these figures, reaching between Шаблон:Convert from Шаблон:Cvt.Шаблон:Sfn Coal storage amounted to Шаблон:Cvt normally and up to Шаблон:Cvt, which provided a cruising range of Шаблон:Convert at a speed of Шаблон:Convert, though Friant could steam for Шаблон:Cvt at Шаблон:Convert; the historian Stephen Roberts notes that this was "possibly with max coal".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Armament and armor
The ships were armed with a main battery of six [[Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1893|Шаблон:Cvt]] 45-caliber guns. They were placed in individual pivot mounts; one was on the forecastle, two were in sponsons abreast the conning tower, another pair were in sponsons just forward of the aft conning tower, and the last was on the stern.Шаблон:Sfn They were supplied with a variety of shells, including solid, Шаблон:Cvt cast iron projectiles, and explosive armor-piercing (AP) and semi-armor-piercing (SAP) shells that weighed Шаблон:Cvt and Шаблон:Cvt, respectively. The guns fired with a muzzle velocity of Шаблон:Cvt.Шаблон:Sfn
The ships' offensive armament was augmented by a secondary battery of four [[Canon de 100 mm Modèle 1891|Шаблон:Cvt Modèle 1891 guns]], which were carried in pivot mounts in the conning towers, one on each side per tower.Шаблон:Sfn The guns fired Шаблон:Cvt cast iron and Шаблон:Cvt AP shells with a muzzle velocity of Шаблон:Cvt.Шаблон:Sfn All of the primary and secondary guns were fitted with gun shields to protect their crews. The offensive weaponry was rounded out by two Шаблон:Cvt torpedo tubes that were carried in their hulls above the waterline, one on either side.Шаблон:Sfn
For close-range defense against torpedo boats, they carried a battery of numerous small-caliber, quick-firing guns. This comprised four [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss|Шаблон:Cvt 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns]] and eleven [[QF 1-pounder pom-pom|Шаблон:Cvt 1-pounder guns]], all in individual mounts. The former were carried in pairs in the forward and aft conning towers on the upper deck; the latter were distributed around the ships, including atop the sponsons for the main guns and higher in the superstructure.Шаблон:Sfn
Armor protection consisted of a curved armor deck that was Шаблон:Cvt thick on the flat, which increased to Шаблон:Cvt on the sloped sides, where it provided a measure of vertical protection. Above the deck at the sides, a cofferdam filled with cellulose was intended to contain flooding from damage below the waterline. Below the main deck, a thin splinter deck covered the propulsion machinery spaces to protect them from shell fragments. Their forward conning towers had Шаблон:Cvt thick plating on the sides. The gun shields were Шаблон:Cvt thick.Шаблон:Sfn
Construction
| Name | Laid downШаблон:Sfn | LaunchedШаблон:Sfn | CompletedШаблон:Sfn | ShipyardШаблон:Sfn |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Ship | 1891 | 17 April 1893 | April 1895 | Шаблон:Lang, Brest |
| Шаблон:Ship | June 1891 | 29 August 1893 | May 1896 | Шаблон:Lang, Cherbourg |
| Шаблон:Ship | June 1891 | 17 April 1893 | 1895 | Шаблон:Lang, Cherbourg |
Service history
Friant and Chasseloup-Laubat spent their first years in service assigned to the Northern Squadron, based in the English Channel.Шаблон:Sfn Bugeaud was instead assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron, France's primary battle fleet.Шаблон:Sfn In both units, the ships were primarily occupied with training exercises. In 1898, Bugeaud transferred to serve as the flagship of the Levant Division in the eastern Mediterranean. During that time, she participated in the International Squadron, composed of ships from several of the Great Powers, that intervened in the Cretan Revolt of 1897–1898.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Bugeaud was deployed to East Asia by early 1900 in response to the Boxer Uprising,Шаблон:Sfn and the other two members of the class had followed her there by 1901,Шаблон:Sfn and they remained in the region after the conflict ended.Шаблон:Sfn After returning to France in the mid-1900s, Friant received new boilers and thereafter returned to fleet operations.Шаблон:Sfn Meanwhile, the poor shipyard facilities in the Far East prevented sufficient maintenance being done for Bugeaud, and she was in a poor state by 1907. Unable to economically repair her, the French Navy struck the ship from the naval register and sold her for scrap.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn That year, Chasseloup-Laubat took part in a visit to the United States for the Jamestown Exposition.Шаблон:Sfn She was later hulked in 1911 and disarmed in 1913.Шаблон:Sfn
At the start of World War I in August 1914, Friant was on station in France's colonies in the Americas.Шаблон:Sfn She was initially assigned to a cruiser squadron to patrol the western end of the English Channel.Шаблон:Sfn In September, she was moved to French Morocco to join a group of cruisers patrolling for German commerce raiders.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn At some point after the start of the conflict, Chasseloup-Laubat was converted into a distilling ship to support the main French fleet at Corfu.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Friant was later moved to the Gulf of Guinea to patrol Germany's colony of Kamerun in western Africa.Шаблон:Sfn She ended the war having been converted into a repair ship based in Morocco and later at Mudros to support a flotilla of submarines. She was struck from the naval register in 1920 and sold to ship breakers.Шаблон:Sfn Chasseloup-Laubat was sent to Port Etienne, French Mauritania, to supply the colony with water and eventually sank in 1926 in the bay of Nouadhibou after having been abandoned.Шаблон:Sfn
Notes
References
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
Шаблон:Friant class cruiser Шаблон:French protected cruisers Шаблон:WWI French ships
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Friant-class cruisers
- Cruiser classes
- Ships built in France
- World War I cruisers of France
- Ship classes of the French Navy
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
._Pi%C3%A8ce_de_100_de_marine_-_Fonds_Berthel%C3%A9_-_49Fi1270_(cropped).jpg){kind=link}
