Английская Википедия:Friedrich Deckel

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Шаблон:Use dmy dates

Файл:Zeiss Ikon Compur Tessar lens f=105 mm, f-4,5...32 23.06.18 JM.jpg
Zeiss Ikon folding camera equipped with a Tessar lens and a Deckel Compur rim-set shutter. Note the stylized "FD" branding on the right side of the shutter.

Friedrich Deckel GmbH, also known as F.Deckel, was a German company founded by Friedrich Deckel and Christian Bruns in Munich as Bruns & Deckel in 1903. Its most famous product is the Compur line of leaf shutters used on many photographic lenses starting from 1911. Bruns and Deckel previously had worked together at C. A. Steinheil & Söhne; Bruns was an inventor responsible for developing leaf shutters while Deckel was a laboratory mechanic.

Corporate history

By 1910, Zeiss had acquired a 16.8% stake in F.Deckel.[1] Zeiss also owned a significant portion of competitor Шаблон:Interlanguage link (AGC), which was later renamed Prontor after its competing leaf shutter.[1]

Taking advantage of their growing knowledge of factory production methods and machinery, by about 1920 Deckel started producing "extra" machines for sale to the trade, most notably the versatile FP line of industrial milling machines.[2] During World War II, photographic equipment production was paused and F.Deckel made fuel pumps for BMW airplane engines.[1] By the end of the war, Deckel was also said to have produced a total of some 4100 examples of their FP1 milling machine for use in the war effort.[3]

In 1958, Carl Zeiss AG purchased F.Deckel outright and in 1976 closed down the Compur factor in Munich, consolidating production with Prontor at Calmbach.[1] Leaf shutter production continued after the two companies were merged in 1984 until 2002.[4] A portion of the company, responsible for gas monitors, survives as Compur Monitors GmbH.[5] Their FP3 milling machine remained in production until the late years of the 20th Century.[6] Deckel's popular, if expensive, line of industrial tool and cutter grinders remain available for sale under the brand ISOG,[7] a division of Precision Surfacing Solutions.[8]

Leaf shutter developmentШаблон:Anchor

Файл:Agfa Isolette compur-rapid shutter edited.jpg
Clockwork mechanism within a Compur-Rapid leaf shutter; cocking lever at upper left and tripping lever at upper right; lever below cocking lever selects aperture.

Bruns designed Steinheil's first leaf shutter in 1899, followed by an updated version using a leather brake to control shutter speeds.[1]

While at Bruns & Deckel, Bruns developed the Compound leaf shutter in 1905, which had a pneumatic escapement for slow speeds.[1] After Bruns left the company shortly thereafter, it was renamed to F.Deckel; Bruns continued to develop shutters and replaced the pneumatic cylinder with a clockwork escapement in 1910,[9] naming the new shutter Compur as a portmanteau of Compound (from the earlier shutter design) and Uhrwerk (referring to the clockwork mechanism).[1] A consortium of photographic companies, including Carl Zeiss AG, Bausch & Lomb (25% of which was owned by Zeiss), and AGC was formed in 1910 to acquire Bruns's Compur patent, which was provided to Deckel, who produced Compur shutters under license starting in 1911.[1] Zeiss owned significant stakes in both Deckel and Gauthier.[1] The earliest shutters are marked with D.R.P. (Шаблон:Interlanguage link) 258646 D.R.G.M. (Deutsche Reich Gebraumeister) for the original patent.

Leaf shutters are provided in standardized sizes. Compur shutters were marketed with smaller lenses (sizes #00 to #3), while Compound shutters continued to be provided for larger sizes (#4 and #5).[10]

Compur shutter dimensions[11]
Шаблон:Diagonal split header #00 #0 #1 #2 #3
Body diameter Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt
Front lens thread M22.5-0.5 M29.5-0.5 M40-0.75 M45.75-0.75 M58-0.75
Rear lens thread M36-0.75
Depth Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt
Front to iris Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt
Mount flange thread M25.0-0.5 M32.5-0.5 M39-0.75 M50-0.9 M62-0.75
Lens board hole diameter Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt
Maximum iris diameter Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt
Файл:Compur.jpg
Early Compur shutters used a dial at the 12 o'clock position to set the shutter speed; later versions used a ring coaxial with the lens.

As introduced, the Compur leaf shutter used a dial to set shutter speeds; the early dial-set versions were succeeded by the rim-set version in 1927,[1] which moved the shutter speed control to the outer rim of the shutter.[12] A self-timer mechanism was added in 1928, which was labelled Compur S.[13][14]

The Compur leaf shutter initially provided speeds of up to Шаблон:Frac sec; the later models (denoted by Compur-Rapid) extended the fastest shutter speed to Шаблон:Frac (#00) and Шаблон:Frac (#0) in 1935.[13] AGC released the similar Prontor leaf shutter design in 1935.[1] The fastest speed should be selected prior to cocking the shutter, as a stiff secondary spring is engaged with the fastest speeds; other speeds may be selected after the shutter is cocked. In addition, the self-timer cannot be used with the fastest shutter speed.[15] Early versions use three leaf blades, while Compur-Rapid versions used five.[11] Flash synchronization was added via a coaxial PC terminal on the rim of the shutter in 1951, which bore the Synchro-Compur branding. Synchro-Compur shutters have an additional lever painted green, which allows the user to select electronic flash synchronization ("X") or flashbulb sync ("M").[15] Some Compur shutters have a trailing -P, indicating these shutters offer "press to focus" functionality. A separate button is provided that allows the photographer to open the shutter leaves to check focus on the ground glass without changing the shutter speed setting or tripping the shutter.[11]

In the early 1970s, Deckel introduced electronically controlled shutters, branded as Compur-electronic. The 4.5 V PX21 battery required to operate these shutters is now out of production.[11]

Exposure value

Шаблон:Main F.Deckel developed the exposure value (EV) scale, also known as the Light Value Scale, which is a single number that measures scene illumination on a base-2 logarithmic scale. Each EV corresponds to several combinations of shutter speed and aperture settings that provide the proper exposure for the illumination of the scene.[16] The EV scale was first used on Synchro-Compur shutters displayed at Photokina 1954.[17]

Deckel-mount lensesШаблон:Anchor

In the late 1950s, Deckel introduced a bayonet lens mount which was used mainly with 35mm leaf-shutter cameras built in Germany, including the Kodak Retina IIIS, Kodak Retina Reflex S, Braun Paxette Reflex, and Voigtländer Bessamatic. DKL-mount lenses for the Kodak cameras were made by both Schneider-Kreuznach and Rodenstock, while Voigtländer made their own lenses for the Bessamatic line. DKL-mount lenses became less popular as focal-plane shutter cameras became more prevalent in the 1960s, and production ceased by the early 1970s.

The original bayonet was introduced in 1956 with the Voigtländer Vitessa T, followed by the Braun Colorette Super II in 1957, which shared the Шаблон:Cvt flange focal distance with the earlier Exakta system. Although the DKL-mount system is ostensibly compatible across manufacturers, camera manufacturers introduced variations in the mounting lug profiles and inclusion of an aperture control ring to physically prevent the attachment of lenses from other DKL-mount systems.[18] For instance, the Schneider-Kreuznach and Rodenstock lenses made for the Kodak Retina S-mount do not fit Voigtländer cameras directly; a small physical modification to the mounting lugs will make them compatible. This was intended to prevent Voigtländer photographers from using less expensive Retina lenses.[19]

DKL lens mount cameras include seven distinct variants (the earliest models released, Voigtländer Vitessa T and Braun Colorette Super II, share the same physical mount):

DKL-mount variants[18]
colspan=2 Шаблон:Diagonal split header ENNA Rodenstock Schneider Kreuznach Шаблон:Ill Шаблон:Ill Voigtländer
Balda Baldamatic III Шаблон:No X Шаблон:No X Шаблон:Yes C: Curtagon 2.8/35, Xenon 1.9/50, Xenar 2.8/50, Tele-Xenar 4/135 Шаблон:No X Шаблон:No X Шаблон:No X
Braun Colorette Super IIШаблон:Efn Шаблон:No X Шаблон:Yes C: Eurygon 4/35, Ysarex 2.8/50, Rotelar 4/85 & 4/135 Шаблон:Yes C Radiogon 4/35, Xenar 2.8/50, Tele-Arton 4/85 Шаблон:No X Шаблон:Yes C: Culmigon 4.5/35, Culminar 2.8/50 Шаблон:No X
Paxette Reflex Шаблон:Yes C: Lithagon 3.5/35 Шаблон:Yes C: Rotelar 4/135 Шаблон:Yes C: Xenar 2.8/50 Шаблон:Yes C: Ultralit 2.8/50 Шаблон:Yes C: Culmigon 4.5/35, Quinon 1.9/50 Шаблон:No X
Iloca Electric Шаблон:No X Шаблон:Yes C: Eurygon 4/35, Heligon 1.9/50, Ysarex 2.8/50, Rotelar 4/135 Шаблон:No X Шаблон:No X Шаблон:Yes C: Culmigon 4.5/35, Quinon 1.9/50, Culminar 2.8/50 Шаблон:No X
Kodak Retina IIIS, Retina Reflex S / III / IV, Instamatic Reflex Шаблон:No X Шаблон:Yes C: Eurygon 2.8/30, Eurygon 4/35, Heligon 1.9/50, Ysarex 2.8/50, Rotelar 4/85 & 4/135 Шаблон:Yes C: Curtagon 4/28 & 2.8/35, Xenon 1.9/50, Xenar 2.8/45 & 2.8/50, Tele-Arton 4/85, Tele-Xenar 4/135 & 4.8/200 Шаблон:No X Шаблон:Yes C: Culminar 2.8/50 Шаблон:No X
Voigtländer Bessamatic, Ultramatic Шаблон:No X Шаблон:No X Шаблон:No X Шаблон:No X Шаблон:No X Шаблон:Yes C: Skoparex 3.4/35, Skopagon 2/40, Color-Skopar X 2.8/50, Color-Lanthar 2.8/50, Septon 2/50, Dynarex 3.4/90 & 4.8/100, Super-Dynarex 4/135, 4/200, & 5.6/350, Zoomar 2.8/36~82
Vitessa TШаблон:Efn Шаблон:No X Шаблон:No X Шаблон:No X Шаблон:No X Шаблон:No X Шаблон:Yes C: Skoparet 3.4/35, Color-Skopar 2.8/50, Dynaret 4.8/100, Super-Dynaret 4/135
Wirgin Edixa electronica Шаблон:No X Шаблон:No X Шаблон:Yes C: Curtagon 4/28 & 2.8/35, Xenon 1.9/50, Xenar 2.8/50, Tele-Xenar 4/135 Шаблон:No X Шаблон:Yes C: Culminar 2.8/50, Quinon 1.9/50 Шаблон:No X
DKL-mount lenses
Focal length Aperture Manufacturer Name Construction Min. Focus Accessory size Notes / Refs.
Wide-angle lenses
28 mm Шаблон:F/ Schneider-Kreuznach Retina Curtagon 7e/6g Шаблон:Cvt 60 mm [20][21][22]Шаблон:Rp[19]
30 mm Шаблон:F/ Rodenstock Retina Eurygon 7e/6g ? 60 mm [20][19][23]Шаблон:Rp
35 mm Шаблон:F/ Schneider-Kreuznach Retina Curtagon 6e/6gШаблон:Efn Шаблон:Cvt 32 mm [20][21][22]Шаблон:Rp[19]
35 mm Шаблон:F/ Voigtländer Skoparex 6e/5g Шаблон:CvtШаблон:Efn 40.5 mm [24][25]
35 mm Шаблон:F/ Rodenstock Retina Eurygon 5e/5g ? [20][26][23]Шаблон:Rp
35 mm Шаблон:F/ Schneider-Kreuznach Radiogon 5e/4g ? ? [27]Шаблон:Rp
40 mm Шаблон:F/ Voigtländer Skopagon 9e/6g Шаблон:CvtШаблон:Efn 54 mm [24][25]
Standard / Normal lenses
Focal length Aperture Manufacturer Name Construction Min. Focus Accessory size Notes
45 mm Шаблон:F/ Schneider-Kreuznach Xenar 4e/3g
(Tessar)		 Шаблон:Cvt [21]
50 mm Шаблон:F/ Rodenstock Retina Heligon ? ? 60 mm [20][22]Шаблон:Rp
50 mm Шаблон:F/ Schneider-Kreuznach Xenon 6e/4g
(Double-Gauss)		 Шаблон:Cvt 60 mm [20][21][22]Шаблон:Rp[27]Шаблон:Rp
50 mm Шаблон:F/ Шаблон:Ill Quinon 6e/4g
(Double-Gauss)		 ? ? [27]Шаблон:Rp
50 mm Шаблон:F/ Voigtländer Septon 7e/5g Шаблон:CvtШаблон:Efn 54 mm [24][28]
50 mm Шаблон:F/ Rodenstock Retina Ysarex 4e/3g
(Tessar)		 ? 32 mm [20][26][22]Шаблон:Rp[23]Шаблон:Rp
50 mm Шаблон:F/ Schneider-Kreuznach Retina Xenar 4e/3g
(Tessar)		 ? 32 mm [20][26][22]Шаблон:Rp
50 mm Шаблон:F/ Шаблон:Ill Culminar 4e/3g
(Tessar)		 ? ? [27]Шаблон:Rp
50 mm Шаблон:F/ Voigtländer Color-Lanthar 3e/3g Шаблон:Cvt 40.5 mm [24][28]
50 mm Шаблон:F/ Voigtländer Color-Skopar X 4e/3g
(Tessar)		 Шаблон:CvtШаблон:Efn 40.5 mm [24][28]
Telephoto lenses
Focal length Aperture Manufacturer Name Construction Min. Focus Accessory size Notes
85 mm Шаблон:F/ Schneider-Kreuznach Retina Tele-Arton 5e/4g Шаблон:Cvt 32 mm [20][21][22]Шаблон:Rp[27]Шаблон:Rp
85 mm Шаблон:F/ Rodenstock Retina Rotelar 5e/4g ? 32 mm [20][26][22]Шаблон:Rp[23]Шаблон:Rp
90 mm Шаблон:F/ Voigtländer Dynarex 5e/4g Шаблон:Cvt 40.5 mm [24][29]
100 mm Шаблон:F/ Voigtländer Dynarex 6e/4g Шаблон:Cvt 54 mm [24][29]
135 mm Шаблон:F/ Schneider-Kreuznach Retina Tele-Xenar 5e Шаблон:Cvt 60 mm [20][21]Шаблон:Efn
135 mm Шаблон:F/ Rodenstock Retina Rotelar 5e/4g ? 60 mm [20][26][23]Шаблон:RpШаблон:Efn
135 mm Шаблон:F/ Voigtländer Super-Dynarex 4e/3g Шаблон:Cvt 40.5 mm [24][30]
200 mm Шаблон:F/ Voigtländer Super-Dynarex 5e/4g Шаблон:Cvt 77 mm [24][30]
200 mm Шаблон:F/ Schneider-Kreuznach Retina Tele-Xenar 7e Шаблон:Cvt [21]
350 mm Шаблон:F/ Voigtländer Super-Dynarex 7e/6g Шаблон:Cvt 95 mm [24][30]
Zoom lenses
Focal length Aperture Manufacturer Name Construction Min. Focus Accessory size Notes
36–82 mm Шаблон:F/ Voigtländer Zoomar 14e/11g Шаблон:Cvt 77 mm [24][31][32]
Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

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  1. ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite patent
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ 20,00 20,01 20,02 20,03 20,04 20,05 20,06 20,07 20,08 20,09 20,10 20,11 Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 21,4 21,5 21,6 Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 22,2 22,3 22,4 22,5 22,6 22,7 Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 23,4 Шаблон:Cite conference
  24. ↑ 24,00 24,01 24,02 24,03 24,04 24,05 24,06 24,07 24,08 24,09 24,10 Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 26,3 26,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 27,3 27,4 Шаблон:Cite book
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
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