Английская Википедия:Friedrich Sorge

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox person Friedrich Adolph Sorge (9 November 1828 – 26 October 1906) was a German communist political leader who emigrated to the United States, where he played an important role in the labor movement, including the foundation of the Socialist Labor Party of America.

Early years

Friedrich Adolph Sorge was born on 9 November 1828 in Bethau, Kingdom of Prussia, son of the Reverend Georg Sorge and Hedwig Lange.Шаблон:Sfn His father was a free-thinking person, and often gave shelter to Polish revolutionaries travelling from France and Belgium to Poland.Шаблон:Sfn He was 19 when the revolutions of 1848 in the German states began. He joined a group of armed revolutionaries in Saxony, but they were quickly suppressed by Pomeranian troops and Sorge was forced to take refuge in Switzerland. He returned to Germany and joined the Karlsruhe Freikorp. His unit fought the Prussians in Baden and the Palatinate, losing both times. In June 1849 Sorge again took refuge in Switzerland.Шаблон:Sfn

Sorge was condemned to death in Germany for his role in the revolution. In 1851 he was expelled by the Swiss and moved to Belgium. In March 1852 he was expelled from Belgium and moved to London, where he caught cholera. After recovering he boarded a ship for New York, arriving in June 1852.Шаблон:Sfn He became a music teacher, married and settled in Hoboken, New Jersey.Шаблон:Sfn In 1857 he joined Albert Komp and Abraham Jacobi in forming the New York Communist Club, which was an educational society involved in the anti-slavery movement.Шаблон:Sfn

Socialist leader

Sorge became an active socialist in 1865, after the end of the American Civil War, and soon became the leading proponent of Karl Marx's views in the United States.Шаблон:Sfn In December 1869 he founded Section I of New York of the International Workingmen's Association (IWMA, often called the First International), with 46 members. In December 1870 he established the Central Committee of the North American IWMA. In September 1871 Section I of the IWMA organized a demonstration of 20,000 workers, including black workers, demanding an eight-hour day and supporting the Paris Commune.Шаблон:Sfn

From 1872 to 1874 Sorge was general secretary of the First International's worldwide organization.Шаблон:Sfn His appointment followed the split between Marx and the anarchists led by Mikhail Bakunin, and a decision in September 1872 by the Hague Congress to transfer the IWA General Council to New York. While he was secretary, the IWMA continued to decline in both America and Europe.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1877 Sorge led a Marxist-oriented group in Newark that founded the Socialist Labor Party of America. Joseph Patrick McDonnell, editor of the New York Labor Standard gave significant assistance to Sorge. Sorge and McDonnell organized a textile strike in Paterson, New Jersey in 1878.Шаблон:Sfn The party, following a European Marxist line, did not succeed in gaining much support, since most workers looked to the mainstream political parties to support their goals.Шаблон:Sfn Sorge organized the International Labor Union of Hoboken in 1883.Шаблон:Sfn

Later years

Sorge and Marx corresponded regularly from the 1860s until Marx died in 1883.Шаблон:Sfn Friedrich Engels visited Sorge in Hoboken in 1888, after Sorge had retired from politics. Sorge contributed articles to the German Marxist journal Die Neue Zeit from 1891 to 1895, discussing the history of socialism in the United States.Шаблон:Sfn According to Edward Aveling, Sorge was "one who was, perhaps, of all men the closest intimate in the later years of both Marx and Engels." Selig Perlman called him the father of modern socialism in America.Шаблон:Sfn

Sorge continued to teach music into his old age.Шаблон:Sfn He died on 26 October 1906 in Hoboken, New Jersey.Шаблон:Sfn The Soviet spy Richard Sorge was his grandnephew.Шаблон:Sfn

Writings

• "Report of the North American Federal Council to the Hague Congress," (German section) in Documents of the First International: The Hague Congress...Minutes and Documents

Sources

Citations Шаблон:Reflist Sources Шаблон:Refbegin

• Шаблон:Cite web
  • Herreshoff, American Disciples of Marx, pp. 57–59, 70-71
  • Kai Schoenhals, "Introduction," Friedrich A. Sorge's Labor Movement in the United States: A History of the American Working Class from 1890 to 1896, pp ix-xi.
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