Английская Википедия:Fritz Duquesne
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox military person
Frederick "Fritz" Joubert Duquesne (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell; sometimes Du Quesne; 21 September 1877Шаблон:Snd24 May 1956) was a South African Boer and German soldier, big-game hunter, journalist, and spy. Many of the claims Duquesne made about himself are in dispute; over his lifetime he used multiple identities, reinvented his past at will, claimed family ties to aristocratic clans and famous people and even asserted the right to military titles and medals with no third-party verification.Шаблон:Refn
Duquesne fought on the side of the Boers in the Second Boer War and as a secret agent for Germany during both World Wars. He gathered human intelligence, led spy rings and carried out sabotage missions as a covert field asset in South Africa, the United Kingdom, Central and South America, and the United States. Duquesne went by many aliases, fictionalized his identity and background on multiple occasions, and operated as a con man. As a Boer spy he was known as the "Black Panther", in World War II he operated under the code name DUNN, and in FBI files he is frequently referred to as "The Duke". He was captured, convicted, and escaped several prisons.
During the Second Boer War, Duquesne was captured and imprisoned three times by the British and once by the Portuguese, and each time he escaped. On one occasion he infiltrated the British Army, became a British officer and led an attempt to sabotage Cape Town and to assassinate the commander of the British forces, Lord Kitchener. His team was given up by an informant and all were captured and sentenced to death. He later became known as "the man who killed Kitchener" since he claimed to have guided a German U-boat to sink HMS Hampshire on which Lord Kitchener was en route to Russia in 1916, although forensics of the ship do not support this claim.
After a failed attempt to escape prison in Cape Town, Duquesne was sent to prison in Bermuda, but he escaped to the US and became an American citizen. In World War I, he became a spy and ring leader for Imperial Germany, sabotaging and destroying British merchant ships in South America with concealed bombs. After he was caught by federal agents in New York in 1917, Duquesne feigned paralysis for two years and cut the bars of his cell to make his escape, thereby avoiding deportation to the UK where he faced execution for the deaths of British sailors.
In 1932, Duquesne was again captured in New York by federal agents and charged with both homicide and for being an escaped prisoner, only this time he was set free after British authorities declined to pursue the wartime crimes. The last time Duquesne was captured and imprisoned was in 1941, when he and thirty-two other members of the Duquesne Spy Ring working for Nazi Germany were caught by William G. Sebold, a double agent with the FBI who half-pretended to be spying for the Germans. Duquesne was later convicted in the largest espionage conviction in American history.
Between wars, Duquesne served as an adviser on big-game hunting to US President Theodore Roosevelt, as a publicist in the movie business, as a journalist, as a fictional Australian war hero and as head of the New Food Society in New York. During the Second Boer War he had been under orders to kill Frederick Russell Burnham, Chief of Scouts in the British Army, but in 1910 he worked with both Burnham and then Rep. Robert Broussard to lobby the United States Congress to fund the importation of hippopotamuses into the Louisiana bayous to solve a severe meat shortage.
Early life
Frederick Joubert Duquesne was born to a Boer family of French Huguenot origin in East London, Cape Colony, in 1877. He later moved with his parents, Abraham Duquesne and Minna Joubert, to Nylstroom in the South African Republic, where they started a farm.Шаблон:Sfn Abraham made his living as a hunter who also frequently traveled to sell skins, tusks and horns, and he hired local indigenous peoples to work the farm.Шаблон:Sfn He had two younger siblings, his sister Elsbet and his brother Pedro.Шаблон:Sfn He was a descendant of the French Huguenot naval commander Abraham Duquesne (1610–1688) and claimed his uncle was Piet Joubert (1831–1900), a hero in the First Boer War and Commandant-General of the South African Republic, although his family relationship is disputed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
As a youth, Duquesne became a hunter like his father.Шаблон:Sfn His hunting skills proved useful not only in the African veld, but also later in life when he would publish articles about and give lectures on big-game hunting.Шаблон:Sfn It was during one of his early hunting trips that Duquesne became interested in panthers.Шаблон:Sfn He observed a black panther patiently waiting motionless for the perfect time to strike while a cautious African buffalo approached and drank from a nearby water hole.Шаблон:Sfn The panther became his totem and its hunting style also became his.Шаблон:Sfn In the Second Boer War, Duquesne became known as the "Black Panther", and as a spy in the 1930s he stamped "all of his communiques to Germany with the figure of a cat, back arched and fur raised in anger."Шаблон:Sfn
At age 12, Duquesne killed a Zulu who attacked his mother.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He used the man's assegai short sword to stab him in the stomach.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Not long after the killing, a war party from a Bantu-speaking tribe attacked the area near Nylstroom, and the Duquesne family was forced to retreat to the nearby river.Шаблон:Sfn The family, along with six other settler families, fought a long gun battle against the Impi and Duquesne shot and killed several.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn When the fighting ended, his uncle Koos, his wife and their baby were all dead.Шаблон:Sfn
When he was aged 13, Duquesne was sent to school in England.Шаблон:Sfn After graduation, biographer Clement Wood states that Duquesne went to Oxford University for a year and then attended the Académie Militaire Royale in Brussels; however, his attendance records at these two institutions have never been found.Шаблон:Sfn Also, Duquesne himself writes that after he finished school in England he was sent to Europe to study engineering, but on the ship he met an embezzler named Christian de Vries and the two decided to take a trip around the world.Шаблон:Sfn
Second Anglo-Boer War
After the British invaded South Africa in 1899, Duquesne returned home to join the Boer commandos as a lieutenant attached to the staff of Commandant General Piet Joubert in Pretoria.Шаблон:Sfn He was wounded with a bullet through his right shoulder at the Siege of Ladysmith, but was promoted to the rank of captain in the artillery.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Duquesne was captured by the English at the Battle of Colenso, but escaped in Durban.Шаблон:Sfn
During the British invasion of Pretoria, some of the gold from the central bank was sent by train to the small town of Machadodorp, then by road to the neutral harbor of Lourenço Marques in Portuguese East Africa (now Maputo, Mozambique) to be shipped to the Netherlands for the use of President Paul Kruger and other Boer exiles fleeing the Transvaal.Шаблон:Sfn A final tally showed about 1.5 million pounds (680,000 kilos) of gold bullion was removed from the South African Mint and National Bank between 29 May and 4 June 1900.Шаблон:Sfn Duquesne was in command of one of these large shipments of gold sent by wagon; however, this gold never made it to its destination.Шаблон:Sfn While in the bushveld of Portuguese East Africa, a violent disagreement broke out among the Boers.Шаблон:Sfn After the struggle, only two wounded Boers, Duquesne and the tottys (indigenous porters) remained alive.Шаблон:Sfn Duquesne ordered the tottys to hide the gold in the Caves of Leopards for safekeeping, to burn the wagons and kill the wounded.Шаблон:Sfn He gave the tottys all the oxen, except for one which he rode away.Шаблон:Sfn Historian Art Ronnie writes that the buried gold, commonly referred to as "Kruger's Millions" is only a legend;Шаблон:Sfn however, recently, there are reports about discoveries in South Africa of this missing gold.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Duquesne joined the Boer forces again for the Battle of Bergendal, but his unit had to fall back to Portuguese East Africa. Many were captured by the Portuguese and sent to an internment camp in Caldas da Rainha near Lisbon.Шаблон:Sfn For Duquesne, this would become the watershed event, as Ronnie states, "life would never be the same for him ... In a few months, he would be launched on a forty-year career as a professional spy and counterfeit hero – a man who would constantly reinvent himself to suit the needs of the moment."Шаблон:Sfn
At Caldas da Rainha, Duquesne charmed the daughter of one of the guards; she helped him escape to Paris, and to Aldershot in Britain. He infiltrated the British Army, then was posted to South Africa in 1901 as an officer. During this period, he marched through his hometown of Nylstroom, discovering that his parents' farm had been destroyed under Lord Kitchener's scorched earth policy.Шаблон:Sfn Duquesne also discovered that his sister had been raped and murdered by British troops, and his mother was interned in the Nylstroom concentration camp operated as part of Kitchener's policy.Шаблон:Sfn Ronnie writes: "the fate of his country and of his family would breed in him an all-consuming hatred of England" and "would turn him into what (a biographer of Duquesne) Clement Wood called: a walking living breathing searing killing destroying torch of hate".Шаблон:Sfn
As a British officer, Duquesne returned to Cape Town with secret plans to sabotage British installations and to assassinate Kitchener. He recruited twenty Boer men, but the group were betrayed by the wife of one. On 11 October 1901, while attending a dinner for Sir Walter Hely-Hutchinson, the Cape Colony governor, Duquesne was arrested in dress uniform for "conspiracy against the English and on (the charge of) espionage."Шаблон:Sfn He was court-martialled as a lieutenant in the British Army and sentenced to be shot along with his co-conspirators.Шаблон:Sfn The other twenty members of his team were quickly executed, but as a plea bargain, Duquesne's sentence was reduced to life in prison. In exchange, Duquesne agreed to divulge secret Boer codes and to translate several Boer dispatches.Шаблон:Sfn According to Ronnie, "for the rest of his life he swore he never betrayed the Boer cause but created new codes to mislead the English."Шаблон:Sfn
Duquesne was imprisoned in Cape Town in the Castle of Good Hope, a fortification built by the Dutch in 1666. The walls of the castle were extremely thick, yet night after night, Duquesne dug away the cement around the stones with an iron spoon. He nearly escaped one night, but a large stone slipped and pinned him in his tunnel. The next morning, a guard found him unconscious but uninjured.Шаблон:Sfn
Duquesne was one of many Boer prisoners sent to the Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda, an archipelago known for its frequent storm-wracked conditions, shark infested waters and dangerous reefs.Шаблон:Sfn According to Ronnie, Bermuda was an "impossible, hopeless, and impregnable prison of pink beaches and sunlit waters from which no prisoner could escape – or so believed the English."Шаблон:Sfn Duquesne escaped from several other prisoner-of-war camps, and on the night of 25 June 1902, he slipped out of his tent, climbed a barbed-wire fence, and swam 1.5 miles (2.4 km) past patrol boats and bright spot lights. He used a distant lighthouse for navigation until he arrived on the main island.Шаблон:Sfn He then went to the home of Anna Maria Outerbridge, a leader of a Boer Relief Committee.Шаблон:Sfn Outerbridge helped him escape to the port of St. George's. Another Boer Relief Committee member, Captain W. E. Meyer, arranged for his transportation off the island.Шаблон:Sfn Within the week, Duquesne was a passenger on a ship heading to the United States.Шаблон:Sfn
In the United States
After entering the country in Baltimore, Duquesne proceeded to New York City. He found employment as a journalist for the New York Herald and other newspapers by writing adventure stories.Шаблон:Sfn The Second Boer War ended in 1902 with the Boers signing the Treaty of Vereeniging, but with his family dead, Duquesne never returned to South Africa. While in New York, he published a novel in the French newspaper Le Petit Bleu, and two other novels published in South Africa.Шаблон:Sfn In 1908, he was written up in Men of America as a travelling correspondent sent to locations such as Port Arthur (now the Chinese Lüshunkou District) to report on the Russo-Japanese War, Morocco to report on the Riff Rebellion and to the Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) to accompany Sir Arthur Jones on an expedition.Шаблон:Sfn In June 1910 he married Alice Wortley, an American, but their marriage ended in divorce eight years later.Шаблон:Sfn
During the Second Boer War, Duquesne was under orders to assassinate Frederick Russell Burnham, the American acting as Chief of Scouts for the British Army. After the war, Burnham remained active in counter-espionage for the British, and much of it involved keeping track of Duquesne.Шаблон:Sfn In 1910 he and Representative Robert Broussard founded the New Food Supply Society to import useful African wildlife into the US as a solution to a serious American meat shortage, and Broussard selected Duquesne as an expert.Шаблон:Sfn In support of this plan, Broussard introduced H.R. 23261, also known as the American Hippo Bill, attempting the appropriation of $250,000 to import hippopotamus into the Louisiana bayous as a food source and to control the water hyacinth then clogging Southern river systems.Шаблон:Sfn Former US President Theodore Roosevelt backed the plan, as did the US Department of Agriculture, as well as editorial writers in The Washington PostШаблон:Sfn and The New York Times,Шаблон:Sfn which praised the taste of hippopotamus as "lake cow bacon".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Duquesne's expert testimony on this subject before the House Committee on Agriculture is recorded in the Congressional Record.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The bill fell just short of passing, and the New Foods organization was disbanded.
| To my friendly enemy, Major Frederick Russell Burnham, the greatest scout of the world, whose eyes were that of an Empire. I once craved the honor of killing him, but failing that, I extend my heartiest admiration. |
| --Letter signed: Fritz Joubert Duquesne, 1933, One warrior to another.Шаблон:Sfn |
During this time, Duquesne became former President Roosevelt's personal shooting instructor and accompanied him on a hunting expedition. He published several newspaper articles on Roosevelt's hunting trip to Africa, safari big game hunting in general and the heroic accomplishments of Caucasian people to bring civilization to black Africans. Duquesne became a naturalized American citizen in December 1913.
First World War
After meeting a German-American industrialist in the Midwest around 1914, Duquesne became a spy for Imperial Germany. He was sent to Brazil as "Frederick Fredericks" under the disguise of "doing scientific research on rubber plants". As an agent for German naval intelligence in South America, he was assigned to disrupt commercial traffic to countries at war with Germany.Шаблон:Sfn Duquesne received and delivered communiques through German embassies, and he was responsible for numerous bombings of British merchant ships.Шаблон:Sfn From his base in Bahia, he planted time bombs disguised as cases of mineral samples on British ships and he was credited with sinking twenty-two of them;Шаблон:Sfn among them were the Salvador and the Pembrokeshire.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Additionally, one of his bombs killed three British sailors and nearly sank the Шаблон:Ss in February 1916, and another started a fire on the Vauban.Шаблон:Sfn
After bombing Tennyson, MI5 (British intelligence) operating in Brazil arrested an accomplice named Bauer who identified Duquesne as both the perpetrator of the crime and the ringleader.Шаблон:Sfn Bauer further revealed that Duquesne was operating under his own name and two aliases, George Fordam and Piet Niacud.Шаблон:Sfn Niacud is the pronunciation of Duquesne reversed. British intelligence confirmed that Duquesne was "a German intelligence officer ... involved in a series of acts of sabotage against British shipping in South American waters during the war".Шаблон:Sfn His cover now blown, Duquesne moved to Buenos Aires, Argentina, and several weeks later placed an article in a newspaper reporting his own death in Bolivia at the hands of Amazonian natives.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Duquesne evaded British intelligence in South America and returned to New York around May 1916.Шаблон:Sfn Using the aliases George Fordam and Frederick Fredericks, he had taken out insurance policies for the cargo he shipped and he now filed claims for the "films" and "mineral samples" lost with the ships he sank off the coast of Brazil, including Tennyson.Шаблон:Sfn The insurance companies were reluctant to pay and began their own investigations, which would go on for another year.
In his book The Man Who Killed Kitchener, biographer Clement Wood states that Duquesne left for Europe in June 1916 under orders from German intelligence.Шаблон:Sfn Duquesne posed as the Russian Duke Boris Zakrevsky and joined Lord Kitchener on HMS Hampshire in Scotland.Шаблон:Sfn Once on board, Duquesne signaled the German U-boat that sank the cruiser, thus killing Lord Kitchener.Шаблон:Sfn Duquesne made his own escape using a life raft before the ship was torpedoed and he was rescued by the U-boat.Шаблон:Sfn Duquesne was awarded the Iron Cross for this act, and he appears in several pictures in German uniform wearing an Iron Cross in addition to other medals.Шаблон:Sfn Captain Louis Botha, son of the former prime minister of South Africa General Louis Botha, further writes that "Duquesne was a great friend of the Botha family" and that Duquesne "rose from the status of a Private in the German Army to the rank of Colonel and received the Iron Cross during the great war."Шаблон:Sfn The authenticity of several of these claims has been challenged by modern biographers, and the German records that would confirm or deny at least parts of these accounts are now missing and presumed destroyed during the war.Шаблон:Sfn According to the official story, Hamsphire was lost in a force 9 gale after striking a mine laid by the U-75, a German U-boat.
The next confirmed appearance of Duquesne is in Washington, D.C., in July 1917, not long after the US declared war on Germany.Шаблон:Sfn He had contacted Broussard, who by now was a United States Senator. Unaware that Duquesne was now a German spy, Broussard attempted to help him obtain a position with General George Washington Goethals, the acting US Army Quartermaster and former chief engineer of the Panama Canal, but he was not successful.Шаблон:Sfn Additionally, Duquesne filed patents for an underwater electromagnetic mine which he then attempted to sell to the United States Navy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
As a covert spy, it was necessary for Duquesne to manipulate people, assuming new identities and cover stories. It is known that he was handsome, charismatic, intelligent, fluent in several languages and as FBI Agent Raymond Newkirk observed, "the Duke was a very interesting talker but he always had to be the center of attention."Шаблон:Sfn Duquesne also sometimes took his deceptions further than seems necessary.
With the advent of World War I, Duquesne's stories of great white hunters and African safaris no longer fascinated the American public, and when he returned to New York he was dropped from the lecture circuit.Шаблон:Sfn To get back on stage he needed new material, so with the help of German intelligence he re-invented himself and pretended to be an Allied war hero, Captain Claude Stoughton of the Western Australian Light Horse regiment, a man who claimed to have "seen more war than any man at present" and claimed to have been "bayoneted three times, gassed four times, and stuck once with a hook."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Duquesne appeared before New York audiences dressed in uniform as Stoughton to tell them war stories, promote the sale of Liberty Bonds and to make patriotic speeches for organizations such as the Red Cross.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As historian Jon Mooallem explains it, "Captain Stoughton's career took off. His talks made decent money, his heroism earned him respect, and ladies found him alluring", and "the Black Panther was an adrenaline junkie ... his invented persona had such magnetism and such possibility, in fact, that he began deploying his alter-ego in a wide variety of personal appearances ... it is possible that Duquesne simply liked attention, the performance."Шаблон:Sfn
Duquesne was arrested in New York on 17 November 1917 on charges of fraud for insurance claims. At the time of his arrest, he had in his possession a large file of news clippings related to the bombing of ships, as well as a letter from the Assistant German Vice Consul at Managua in Nicaragua.Шаблон:Sfn The letter indicated that Duquesne was "one who has rendered considerable service to the German cause."Шаблон:Sfn British authorities were also looking at Duquesne as the agent responsible for "murder on the high seas, arson, faking Admiralty documents and conspiring against the Crown", and the American authorities agreed that they would extradite Duquesne to Britain, if the British sent him back afterward to serve his sentence for fraud.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
1919 to 1939
After his arrest in New York, and while awaiting extradition to Britain on murder charges, Duquesne pretended to be paralyzed.Шаблон:Sfn He was sent to the prison ward at Bellevue Hospital.Шаблон:Sfn On 25 May 1919, after nearly two years of feigning paralysis and just days before his extradition, he disguised himself as a woman and escaped by cutting the bars of his cell and climbing over the barrier walls to freedom.Шаблон:Sfn Police Commissioner Richard E. Enright sent out the following bulletin:
This man is partly paralysed in the right leg and always carries a cane. May apply for treatment at a hospital or private physician. He also has a skin disease which is a form of eczema. If located, arrest, hold and wire, Detective Division, Police Headquarters, New York City, and an officer will be sent for him with necessary papers.
The London Daily Mail published the following on 27 May 1919:
Col. Fritz du Quesne, a fugitive from justice, is wanted by His Majesty's government for trial on the following charges: Murder on the high seas; the sinking and burning of British ships; the burning of military stores, warehouses, coaling stations, conspiracy, and the falsification of Admiralty documents.
Duquesne fled to Mexico and Europe, but in 1926 he moved back to New York and assumed a new identity as Frank de Trafford Craven.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He worked for Joseph P. Kennedy's Film Booking Offices of America (FBO Pictures), and later RKO Pictures, as part of the publicity staff.Шаблон:Sfn As part of this job he moved back to Manhattan, where he was well-known under his real name. In 1930, Duquesne moved to the Quigley Publishing Company, a producer of movie magazines, and called himself Major Craven.Шаблон:Sfn
On 23 May 1932, police arrested Duquesne in the Quigley Building in New York.Шаблон:Sfn He was brutally interrogated by police and charged with murder on the high seas.Шаблон:Sfn Duquesne claimed it was a case of mistaken identity and that his name really was Major Craven. Wood had recently published The Man Who Killed Kitchener, so the police asked Wood to identify the man in custody. Wood insisted that the man was not Duquesne but rather Major Craven, whom he had known for five years.Шаблон:Sfn Police did not believe Wood and Agent Thomas J. Tunney was brought in to positively identify Craven as Duquesne, the same man he had arrested in 1917.Шаблон:Sfn Duquesne was charged with homicide and as an escaped prisoner.Шаблон:Sfn He was defended by Arthur Garfield Hays.Шаблон:Sfn After Britain declined to pursue his war crimes, noting that the statute of limitations had expired, the judge threw out the only remaining charge of escape from prison and released Duquesne.Шаблон:Sfn
After his release, Duquesne remained associated with the Quigley family, and he talked for hours about the methods he used to blow up ships.Шаблон:Sfn To verify the stories, Quigley had Duquesne meet with several experts, the most prominent of whom was Fr. Wilfrid Parsons, SJ, editor of the Jesuit magazine, America.Шаблон:Sfn The experts verified his command of languages, that he was widely traveled and a skilled impersonator.Шаблон:Sfn While the chronology was imprecise, everything Duquesne told Quigley that could be verified proved to be correct.Шаблон:Sfn
In the spring of 1934, Duquesne became an intelligence officer for the Order of 76, an American pro-Nazi organization, and in January 1935 he began working for the US government's Works Progress Administration. Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, head of the Abwehr (German military intelligence), knew Duquesne from his work in World War I and instructed his new chief of operations in the US, Col. Nikolaus Ritter, to make contact with Duquesne. Ritter had been friends with Duquesne back in 1931, and the two spies reconnected in New York on 3 December 1937. Ritter employed several other successful agents across the US, most notably Herman Lang, who delivered to the Germans the blueprints for the Norden bombsight, but he also made the mistake of recruiting a man who would later become a double agent, William Sebold. On 8 February 1940, Ritter sent Sebold to New York under the alias of Harry Sawyer and instructed him to set up a shortwave radio-transmitting station to establish contact with the German shortwave station abroad. Sebold was also instructed to use the code name TRAMP and to contact a fellow agent code named DUNN, who was Duquesne.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Second World War – Duquesne Spy Ring
Once the FBI discovered through Sebold that Duquesne was again in New York operating as a German spy, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover provided a background briefing to US President Franklin Roosevelt.Шаблон:Sfn The dossier from that time gave a summary of Duquesne's prior history and stated that, "no information, whatsoever, concerning the whereabouts and activities of Duquesne since June 6, 1932, is possessed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation."Шаблон:Sfn FBI Agent Newkirk, using the name Ray McManus, was now assigned to DUNN and rented a room immediately above Duquesne's apartment near Central Park, using a hidden microphone to record his conversations.Шаблон:Sfn However, monitoring Duquesne's activities proved to be difficult. As Newkirk described it, "The Duke had been a spy all of his life and automatically used all of the tricks in the book to avoid anyone following him ... He would take a local train, change to an express, change back to a local, go through a revolving door and keep going on right around, take an elevator up a floor, get off, walk back to the ground, and take off in a different entrance of the building."Шаблон:Sfn Duquesne also informed Sebold that he was certain he was under surveillance, and he even confronted one FBI agent and demanded that he stop tracking him, a story confirmed by Newkirk.Шаблон:Sfn
The FBI leased three adjacent rooms in Times Square.Шаблон:Sfn One room would serve as Sebold's office from which he would receive intelligence reports from German spies that would later be censored by the FBI and partially transmitted by Sebold to Germany.Шаблон:Sfn The other two rooms were used by German-speaking FBI agents who would listen in with headphones and record the meetings using a motion picture camera behind a two-way wall mirror.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The first time Duquesne arrived at Sebold's office, he surprised the FBI agents by conducting an examination of the office, opening chests, looking in corners and around mirrors, and pointedly asking Sebold, "Where are the mics?"Шаблон:Sfn Once he believed he was safe, Duquesne raised his pants leg and removed documents from his sock, such as: a sketch and photo of the M1 Garand semi-automatic rifle, a drawing of a new light tank design, a photo of a US Navy Mosquito boat, a photo of a grenade launcher, and reports on US tanks he had observed at bases at West Point and in Tennessee.Шаблон:Sfn Duquesne also described sabotage techniques he had used in earlier wars such as small bombs with slow fuses he could drop through a hole in his pants pocket, and he commented on where he might use these devices again.Шаблон:Sfn
Arrest and conviction
On 28 June 1941, following a two-year investigation, the FBI arrested Duquesne and thirty-two German spies on charges of relaying secret information on US weaponry and shipping movements to Germany.Шаблон:Sfn On 2 January 1942, less than a month after the US entered the war, all members of the Duquesne Spy Ring were sentenced to serve a total of more than 300 years in prison.Шаблон:Sfn They were found guilty in what historian Peter Duffy said in 2014 is "still to this day the largest espionage case in the history of the United States."Шаблон:Sfn One German spymaster later commented that the ring's roundup delivered 'the death blow' to their espionage efforts in the US. Hoover called his FBI swoop on Duquesne's ring the greatest spy roundup in US history.Шаблон:Sfn In a 1942 memo to his superiors, Admiral Canaris of the Abwehr reported on the importance of several of his captured spies by noting their valued contributions, and he writes that Duquesne "delivered valuable reports and important technical material in the original, including US gas masks, radio-controlled apparatus, leak-proof fuel tanks, television instruments, small bombs for airplanes versus airplanes, air separator, and propeller-driving mechanisms. Items delivered were labeled 'valuable', and several 'good' and 'very good'."Шаблон:Sfn
The 64-year-old Duquesne did not escape this time. He was sentenced to eighteen years in prison, with a two-year concurrent sentence and $2,000 fine for violation of the Foreign Agents Registration Act.Шаблон:Sfn He began his sentence in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in Kansas, along with fellow German spy Herman Lang.Шаблон:Sfn During his time in prison, he was mistreated and beaten by other inmates. In 1945, Duquesne was transferred to the Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri, due to his failing physical and mental health.Шаблон:Sfn In 1954 he was released owing to ill health, having served fourteen years.Шаблон:Sfn His last known lecture was in 1954 at the Adventurers' Club of New York, titled "My Life – in and out of Prison".Шаблон:Sfn
Death
Duquesne died at City Hospital on Welfare Island (now Roosevelt Island), in New York City on 24 May 1956, at the age of 78.Шаблон:Sfn Cremated at Fresh Pond Crematory and Columbarium 29 May 1956, Case #110916,[1] he was buried in New York's Potters Field.[2]
Film Accounts
- Life of Fritz Duquesne, 1920, by Flint Saturday night publishing company.Шаблон:Sfn
- Unseen Enemy, released in 1942, is a feature film based on Duquesne and his life as a German secret agent living in the U.S. in the 1930s. Arthur D. Howden, an acquaintance and fencing opponent of Duquesne, wrote the original script in 1939, two years before Duquesne's arrest and conviction by the FBI.Шаблон:Sfn
- The House on 92nd Street, which won screenwriter Charles G. Booth an Academy Award for the best original motion picture story in 1945. Based on the FBI Duquesne Spy Ring case with major changes story and characters. Duquesne was the inspiration for the part of Col. Hammershon, played by Leo G. Carroll.Шаблон:Sfn
- Duquesne Case: Secret. (public domain) J Edgar Hoover narrates this 1941 documentary in which the members of the Duquesne Spy Ring are secretly filmed talking with Harry Sawyer (FBI Agent William Sebold) while exchanging money and blueprints. Duquesne looks around the room before removing military diagrams hidden in his sock. Hoover narrates: "Colonel Duquesne", "the most cautious of them all."Шаблон:Sfn
- The Duquesne Case, Deutsche Welle Newsreel, c. 1950. (German; also translated into English, albeit poorly, and posted to YouTube).Шаблон:Citation needed
- The Man Who Would Kill Kitchener, by François Verster, a 26-minute documentary film on the life of Fritz Joubert Duquesne that won six Stone awards in 1999 and is actively being extended to 52 minutes for international audiences.Шаблон:Sfn
- In the television episode Myth Hunters: Legend of Kruger's Millions (Season 2, Episode 9, 2014), Duquesne is played by the actor Charlie Richards.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
- In June 2014, RatPac Entertainment and Class 5 Films acquired the non-fiction article American Hippopotamus, by Jon Mooallem, about the meat shortage in the U.S. in 1910 and the attempts made by Duquesne, Burnham, and Congressman Robert Broussard to import hippopotamuses into the Louisiana bayous and to convince Americans to eat them. The movie will highlight the Burnham – Duquesne rivalry. Edward Norton, William Migliore and Brett Ratner will produce this feature film.Шаблон:Sfn
- In the 2021 film The King's Man, the character of Maximillian Morton (Matthew Goode) also known as the Shepherd is based on Frederick Duquesne himself.
Works
Duquesne authored the following works:
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- Шаблон:Cite news
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- Шаблон:Cite news
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- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite news
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- Шаблон:Cite news
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- "Why Vote for Roosevelt?", a pamphlet by: "A Democrat Capt. Fritz Duquesne", 1912. LC call number: JK2388 1912 .D8
- "The Bullmoosers", sheet music by: "Captain Fritz Duquesne"Шаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:Cite journal
Notes
Footnotes Шаблон:Reflist
Source notes Шаблон:Reflist
References
Author
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- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
Other references
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
External links
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Fritz Duquesne
- 1877 births
- 1956 deaths
- Afrikaner people
- American spies for Imperial Germany
- American people convicted of spying for Nazi Germany
- American reporters and correspondents
- British Army personnel who were court-martialled
- Escapees from British military detention
- Escapees from United States federal government detention
- People from East London, South Africa
- People from Roosevelt Island
- Prisoners sentenced to death by the British military
- South African collaborators with Nazi Germany
- South African emigrants to the United States
- South African escapees
- South African hunters
- South African fraudsters
- South African Republic military personnel of the Second Boer War
- South African prisoners sentenced to death
- South African spies
- Stockbrokers
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
