Английская Википедия:Fusion (phonetics)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Sound change In phonetics and historical linguistics, fusion, or coalescence, is a sound change where two or more segments with distinctive features merge into a single segment. This can occur both on consonants and in vowels. A word like educate is one that may exhibit fusion, e.g. Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. A merger between two segments can also occur between word boundaries, an example being the phrase got ya Шаблон:IPA being pronounced like gotcha Шаблон:IPA. Most cases of fusion lead to allophonic variation, though some sequences of segments may lead to wholly distinct phonemes.
A common form of fusion is found in the development of nasal vowels, which frequently become phonemic when final nasal consonants are lost from a language. This occurred in French and Portuguese. Compare the French words Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA-fr "a white wine" with their English cognates, one, wine, blank, which retain the n's.
Often the resulting sound has the place of articulation of one of the source sounds and the manner of articulation of the other, as in Malay.
Vowel coalescence is extremely common. The resulting vowel is often long, and either between the two original vowels in vowel space, as in Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA in French (compare English day Шаблон:IPA and law Шаблон:IPA), in Hindi (with Шаблон:IPA), and in some varieties of Arabic; or combines features of the vowels, as in Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA.
Compensatory lengthening may be considered an extreme form of fusion.
Examples
Indo-European languages
English
Historically, the alveolar plosives and fricatives have fused with Шаблон:IPA, in a process referred to as yod coalescence. Words like nature and omission have had such consonant clusters, being pronounced like Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. Words ending in the Latin-derived suffixes -tion and -sion, such as fiction and mission, are examples that exhibit yod coalescence.
This sound change was not, however, distributed evenly. Words like module may be realised as either Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. Words that did not experience universal yod coalescence, are always realised as two segments in accents like Received Pronunciation. Most other dialects do pronounce them as one segment, however, like American English.
Words with primary stress on a syllable with such a cluster did not experience coalescence either. Examples include tune Шаблон:IPA and assume Шаблон:IPA. Some dialects exhibit coalescence in these cases, where some coalesce only Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, while others also coalesce Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. In General American, Шаблон:IPA elides entirely when following alveolar consonants, in a process called yod dropping. The previous examples end up as Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. Words that have already coalesced are not affected by this.
Australian English exhibits yod coalescence to an extreme degree, even when the cluster is in a stressed syllable, though there is some sociolectal variation. In an accent with full yod coalescence, tune and assume are pronounced like Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. This can result in homophony between previously distinct words, as between dune and June, which are both pronounced Шаблон:IPA.
Romance languages
Most Romance languages have coalesced sequences of consonants followed by Шаблон:IPA. Sequences of plosives followed by Шаблон:IPA most often became affricates, often being intermediary stages to other manners of articulation. Sonorants in such a sequence (except bilabial consonants) mostly became palatalized.
Greek
Шаблон:Details During the development of Ancient Greek from Proto-Greek, the labiovelar Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA became Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA. Although the labiovelars were already a single consonant, they had two places of articulation, a velar articulation and labial secondary articulation (Шаблон:IPA). However, the development of labiovelars varies from dialect to dialect, and some may have become dental instead. An example is the word Шаблон:Wt "cow" from Proto-Greek Шаблон:Wt.
A vowel coalescence from Ancient Greek to Koine Greek fused many diphthongs, especially those including Шаблон:IPA. E.g. Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA; Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA; Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA.
Celtic languages
Several consonant clusters in Proto-Celtic underwent fusion, most prominently /*ɡ/ to the following consonant in coda position. Examples include Шаблон:Wt to Шаблон:Wt and Шаблон:Wt to Шаблон:Wt in Old Irish.
North Germanic languages
In Norwegian and Swedish, this process occurs whenever the phoneme Шаблон:IPA is followed by an alveolar consonant. The articulation of the resulting fusion becomes retroflex. Examples include the Norwegian Шаблон:Wt Шаблон:IPA and Swedish Шаблон:Wt Шаблон:IPA. This even occurs across word boundaries, as in the sentence "går det bra?" becoming Шаблон:IPA.
This process will continue for as long as there are more alveolar consonants, though when this amount exceeds four, people usually try to break it up or shorten it, usually by replacing Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA, or eliding Шаблон:IPA. An extreme example of this would be the word ordensstraff Шаблон:IPA, having six retroflex consonants in a row.
In colloquial Norwegian, the sequence /rt/ may even coalesce over non-alveolar phonemes, changing their place of articulation to retroflex, even if /r/ normally wouldn't trigger it. Examples include Шаблон:Wt Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Wt Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Wt Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Wt Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA. This process does not occur across word boundaries, e.g. sterk tann is pronounced Шаблон:IPA and not Шаблон:IPA[1]
In dialects where Шаблон:IPA is articulated uvularly, this process invariably takes place on idiolectal level. For example, Шаблон:IPA may be realised as Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. This may appear in regions where /r/ has recently become uvular.[2]
Austronesian languages
Malay
In Malay, the final consonant of the prefix Шаблон:IPA (where N stands for a "placeless nasal", i.e. a nasal with no specified place of articulation) coalesces with a voiceless stop at the beginning of the root to which the prefix is attached. The resulting sound is a nasal that has the place of articulation of the root-initial consonant.[3] For example:
- Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:IPA 'cut' (Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are both pronounced with the lips)
- Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:IPA 'write' (Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are both pronounced with the tip of the tongue)
- Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:IPA 'guess' (Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are both pronounced at the back of the tongue)
Japanese
Vowel coalescence occurs in Owari Japanese. The Diphthongs Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA change to Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA change to Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA changes to Шаблон:IPA. E.g. Шаблон:Wt Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Wt Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Wt Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA. Younger speakers may vary between Standard Japanese diphthongs and dialectal monophthongs.[4]
See also
- Sandhi, sound changes that occur at morpheme or word boundaries
- Unpacking, the opposite of fusion
- Yod-coalescence
References
Sources
- Crowley, Terry. (1997) An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Solhaug, Tor H. (2010) Retroflexion in Norwegian. University of Tromsø. Retrieved 2019-10-12
- ↑ Johnson, Sverre S. (2012) A diachronic account of phonological unnaturalness*. University of Oslo. Cambridge University Press. Шаблон:Doi. Retrieved 2019-10-12
- ↑ Laura Benua, July 1995, Identity Effects in Morphological Truncation. Retrieved 2009-05-03
- ↑ Youngberg, Connor. (2013) Vocalic Coalescence in Owari Japanese Шаблон:Webarchive SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics, vol. 16.
