Английская Википедия:Général
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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Refimprove
Шаблон:Lang is the French word for general. There are two main categories of generals: the general officers (Шаблон:Lang), which are the highest-ranking commanding officers in the armed forces, and the specialist officers with flag rank (Шаблон:Lang), which are high-level officers in the other uniformed services.
General officers
Army
History
The French army of the monarchy had several ranks of general officer:
- Шаблон:Lang ("brigadier of the armies of the King"): a rank in a grey area of seniority, conferred on certain colonels who were in command of a brigade (cf. the grey area of the naval "commodore" rank given to certain captains, the equivalent of army full colonels, who had been in command of a group of ships and over the captains of the group's other ships). These officers wore a colonel's uniform with a star on the shoulder straps. This rank was abolished in 1788.
- Шаблон:Lang ("field marshal"(major general)): the first substantive rank of general. The Шаблон:Lang wore a special uniform, blue and red, with a single bar of gold lace, and in the late 18th century also received two stars on the shoulder straps. With the abolition of the rank of Шаблон:Lang in 1788, it became the lowest general officer rank, but its insignia of two stars remained unchanged. The rank was redesignated Général de brigade in 1793 which retained the two star insignia. This explains why French generals' insignia starts with two stars.
- Шаблон:Lang: the highest military rank. Шаблон:Lang wore the same uniform as the Шаблон:Lang, but with two bars of gold lace, and in the late 18th century also received three stars on the shoulder straps.
- Шаблон:Lang: an appointment conferred on a Шаблон:Lang who was commander-in-chief of a campaign.
- Шаблон:Lang: not a military rank, but a dignity of the Crown.
During the French Revolution, the ranks of Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang were renamed Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, and the appointment of Шаблон:Lang was renamed Шаблон:Lang. In 1793, the dignity of Шаблон:Lang was abolished.
Napoléon Bonaparte reinstated the dignity of Шаблон:Lang, now named Шаблон:Lang. In 1814, the ranks of Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang reverted to Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, but were changed back again in 1848.
The Third Republic of the 1880s reorganised the ranks of Шаблон:Lang:
- Шаблон:Lang, wearing two stars.
- Шаблон:Lang, wearing three stars.
World War I
- Шаблон:Lang (divisional general holding higher command), wearing three star and a holizontal bar above or below it. Considering the personnel balance with general officers of other countries during World War I. measures were taken to give commanders of an army corps and higher units the status and treatment corresponding to the Four-star rank.
Established in 1921
- Шаблон:Lang (général commanding an army corps), an appointment conferred on certain Шаблон:Lang, wearing four stars. This appointment became the position and style (Шаблон:Lang) of Шаблон:Lang in 1936.
- Général membre du conseil supérieur de la guerre (general - member of the superior council of war, a body of the Ministry of War which had the functions of a general staff), wearing five stars. The experience of the First World War transformed the structure of the French Army. The superior council of war was abolished and an appointment of Шаблон:Lang (general commanding an army) was created. This appointment became the position and style (Шаблон:Lang) of Шаблон:Lang in 1936. The dignity of Шаблон:Lang was reinstated and given to the commanders-in-chief of the conflict, such as Joseph Joffre, Ferdinand Foch and Philippe Pétain.
Ranks as of 2013
In France, army generals are named after the type of unit they command.
| NATO rank |
Rank insignia | Name | Description | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shoulder[1] | Sleeve[1] | Camouflage[1] | French | English translation | ||
| OF-9 | Файл:Army-FRA-OF-09.svg | Файл:France-Army-OF-9 Sleeve.svg | Файл:France-Army-OF-9 LowVis.svg | Шаблон:Lang | Army general | In command of an army. |
| OF-8 | Файл:Army-FRA-OF-08.svg | Файл:France-Army-OF-8 Sleeve.svg | Файл:France-Army-OF-8 LowVis.svg | Шаблон:Lang | Army corps general | In command of an army corps.Шаблон:Efn |
| OF-7 | Файл:Army-FRA-OF-07.svg | Файл:France-Army-OF-7 Sleeve.svg | Файл:France-Army-OF-7 LowVis.svg | Шаблон:Lang | Divisional general | In command of a division. |
| OF-6 | Файл:Army-FRA-OF-06.svg | Файл:France-Army-OF-6 Sleeve.svg | Файл:France-Army-OF-6 LowVis.svg | Шаблон:Lang | Brigadier general | In command of a brigade, or of a Шаблон:Lang in the Gendarmerie. |
Air force
| NATO rank |
Rank insignia | Name | Description | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shoulder[2] | Sleeve | French | English translation | ||
| OF-9 | Файл:French Air Force-général d'armée aérienne.svg | Файл:France-Airforce-OF-9 Sleeve.svg | Шаблон:Lang | Army air general | In command of an air force. |
| OF-8 | Файл:French Air Force-général de corps aérien.svg | Файл:France-Airforce-OF-8 Sleeve.svg | Шаблон:Lang | Air corps general | In command of an air force corps. |
| OF-7 | Файл:French Air Force-général de division aérienne.svg | Файл:France-Airforce-OF-7 Sleeve.svg | Шаблон:Lang | Divisional air general | In command of a division. |
| OF-6 | Файл:French Air Force-général de brigade aérienne.svg | Файл:France-Airforce-OF-6 Sleeve.svg | Шаблон:Lang | Air brigade general | In command of a brigade, or of a Шаблон:Lang in the Gendarmerie. |
Specialist officers
Armament
- Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Translation)
- Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Translation)
- Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Translation)
- Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Translation)
Maritime Administration
Military Administration
Military engineering
Notes
References
