Английская Википедия:Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Шаблон:Other people Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Infobox royalty Géza (Шаблон:Circa 940 – 997), also Gejza, was Grand Prince of the Hungarians from the early 970s. He was the son of Grand Prince Taksony and his OrientalШаблон:MdashKhazar, Pecheneg or Volga BulgarianШаблон:Mdashwife. He married Sarolt, a daughter of an Eastern Orthodox Hungarian chieftain. After ascending the throne, Géza made peace with the Holy Roman Empire. Within Hungary, he consolidated his authority with extreme cruelty, according to the unanimous narration of nearly contemporaneous sources. He was the first Hungarian monarch to support Christian missionaries from Western Europe. Although he was baptised (his baptismal name was Stephen), his Christian faith remained shallow and he continued to perform acts of pagan worship. He was succeeded by his son Stephen, who was crowned the first King of Hungary in 1000 or 1001.

Early life

Géza was the elder son of Taksony, Grand Prince of the Hungarians.Шаблон:Sfn His mother was his father's wife "from the land of the Cumans", according to the anonymous author of the Gesta Hungarorum.Шаблон:Sfn This anachronistic reference to the Cumans suggests that she was of Khazar, Pecheneg or Volga Bulgarian origin.Шаблон:Sfn The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, who listed the descendants of Grand Prince Árpád around 950, did not mention Géza.Шаблон:Sfn Even so, Gyula Kristó wrote that Géza was born around 940 and the emperor ignored him because of his youth.Шаблон:Sfn The genuine form of his name was either "Gyeücsa" or "Gyeusa", which is possibly a diminutive form of the Turkic title yabgu.Шаблон:Sfn Géza's father arranged his marriage with SaroltШаблон:Mdasha daughter of a Hungarian chieftain called Gyula, Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn who ruled Transylvania independently of the grand princeШаблон:Sfn and had converted to Christianity in Constantinople.Шаблон:Sfn Sarolt seems to have also adhered to Eastern Orthodox Christianity, according to Bruno of Querfurt's remark on her "languid and muddled Christianity".Шаблон:Sfn

Reign

Géza succeeded his father around 972.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He adopted a centralizing policy, which gave rise to his fame as a merciless ruler.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The longer version of his son's Life even states that Géza's hands were "defiled with blood".Шаблон:Sfn Pál Engel wrote that Géza carried out a "large-scale purge"Шаблон:Sfn against his relatives, which explains the lack of references to other members of the Árpád dynasty from around 972. Koppány, who continued to rule the southern parts of Transdanubia, is the only exception to this dearth of references.Шаблон:Sfn A marriage alliance between the German and Byzantine dynasties brought about a rapprochement between the two powers neighboring Hungary in 972.Шаблон:Sfn Géza decided to make peace with the Holy Roman Empire.Шаблон:Sfn First, a monk named Bruno sent by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor arrived in Hungary around 972.Шаблон:Sfn Hungarian "legates" were present at a conference held by the emperor in Quedlinburg in 973.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Nádasdy Mausoleum - Géza.jpg

Géza, Grand Prince of Hungary (Nádasdy Mausoleum, 1664)

Файл:Géza nagyfejedelem szobra (Székesfehérvár).jpg

Statue of Grand Prince Géza in Székesfehérvár

A record on one Bishop Prunwart in the Abbey of Saint Gall mentions his success in baptising many Hungarians, including their "king".Шаблон:Sfn The nearly contemporaneous Thietmar of Merseburg confirms that the conversion to Christianity of the pagan Hungarians started under Géza,Шаблон:Sfn who became the first Christian ruler of Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn His baptismal name was Stephen.Шаблон:Sfn However, Géza continued to observe pagan cults, which proves that his conversion to Christianity was never complete.Шаблон:Sfn Kristó and other historians have said that the first Roman Catholic diocese in Hungary, with its seat in Veszprém, was set up in Géza's reign,Шаблон:Sfn but their view has not been unanimously accepted.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A charter issued during his son's reign states that Géza was the founder of the Benedictine Pannonhalma Archabbey.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Taking advantage of internal conflicts which emerged in the Holy Roman Empire after Emperor Otto II's death, Géza invaded Bavaria and took the fortress of Melk in 983.Шаблон:Sfn In 991, the Bavarians launched a counter-attack which forced Géza to withdraw Hungarian forces from the territories east of the Vienna Woods.Шаблон:Sfn Furthermore, he renounced the lands east of the river Leitha in his peace treaty of 996 with Henry IV of Bavaria.Шаблон:Sfn Géza also arranged the marriage of his son and heir Stephen to Henry IV's sister Giselle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Even before this marriage alliance, Géza convoked the Hungarian leaders to an assembly and forced them to take an oath confirming his son's right to succeed him.Шаблон:Sfn

Family

Sarolt gave birth to at least three of Géza's children: Stephen, who succeeded his father on the throne, and two unnamed daughters.Шаблон:Sfn Sarolt survived Géza, which suggests that she was also the mother of Géza's daughters.Шаблон:Sfn Based on the Polish-Hungarian Chronicle,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Szabolcs de Vajay wrote that the daughters' mother was Géza's alleged second wife Adelaide of Poland, but this has not been widely accepted.Шаблон:Sfn Adelaide is only mentioned in the Polish–Hungarian Chronicle, which describes her as the sister of Mieszko I of Poland, but specialists have often questioned her existence.Шаблон:Sfn The chronicle attributes Géza's conversion to Adelaide's influence.Шаблон:Sfn

The following family tree presents Géza's ancestry and his offspring.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Tree chart/start Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart/end *Whether Menumorut is an actual or an invented person is debated by modern scholars.
**A Khazar or Pecheneg lady.
***Samuel Aba might have been Géza's grandson instead of his son-in-law.
****The Aba family descending from them still flourished in the 14th century.

Sources

Primary sources

• Hartvic, Life of King Stephen of Hungary (Translated by Nora Berend) (2001). In: Head, Thomas (2001); Medieval Hagiography: An Anthology; Routledge; Шаблон:ISBN.
• Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg (Translated and annotated by David A. Warner) (2001). Manchester University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.

Secondary sources

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book

Шаблон:Refend Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:S-start Шаблон:S-hou Шаблон:S-reg |- Шаблон:S-bef Шаблон:S-ttl Шаблон:S-aft Шаблон:S-end Шаблон:Hungarian kings Шаблон:Authority control