Английская Википедия:G. F. Vernon's cricket team in Ceylon and India in 1889–90

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates

Файл:George Vernon.jpg
George Vernon

In the 1889–90 cricket season, an English team managed by George Vernon and captained by Lord Hawke toured Ceylon and India.[1] It was a pioneering tour being the first visit by an English team to India and the second to Ceylon, following the stopover by Ivo Bligh's team to Australia in 1882–83. Vernon's team, known as G. F. Vernon's XI, was entirely composed of players with amateur status and, in the absence of professionals, none of its matches have been recognised as first-class.Шаблон:Refn In all, they played thirteen matches from 28 November 1889 to 1 March 1890, starting with two games in Ceylon before moving on to Calcutta where the Indian part of the tour began in late December.

Of the thirteen matches, Vernon's XI won ten (six by over an innings) and drew two. They were defeated only once, by the Parsis in a match which had great significance for the native communities living under the rule of the British Raj. The matches were all played under the Laws of Cricket which prevailed in England at the time, including the compulsory follow-on and the recently introduced 5-ball over.Шаблон:Refn The tour was a success and it made a significant contribution to the growth and development of cricket in the sub-continent.

Preparations

In the 21 March 1889 issue of Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game, the news section includes a piece about "the probable visit of a party of English amateurs to India at the fall of this year".[2] Arrangements were reported to be "progressing most satisfactorily" with contacts in Calcutta saying the idea of the tour "seems to be universally popular throughout India". The team was expected to set sail end of October and spend Christmas in Calcutta. Lord Hawke and G. F. Vernon were the main organisers in England, and they had thus far extended invitations to J. G. Walker, Albert Leatham, J. H. J. Hornsby, H. E. Rhodes, Edward Beaumont-Nesbitt, F. L. Shand and H. W. Forster.[2]

In the 11 July issue, the news editor confirmed that the party would sail on the P&O steamer Bengal which was scheduled to leave London for Colombo, Madras and Calcutta on 31 October. The planned schedule was to play two matches in Ceylon during the stopover at Colombo. Madras would only be a short stopover so the intention was to begin the Indian matches in Calcutta, where it was hoped they would spend Christmas week. No definite match arrangements could yet be confirmed, however, and they did not expect to finalise a fixture list until they arrived in India. They intended to terminate the tour around the end of February. Hawke and Vernon continued to organise things from England. They had received acceptances from Walker, Leatham, Hornsby, Rhodes and Shand, who were all mentioned in March; additional acceptances had been received from Hylton Philipson and E. M. Lawson-Smith. Beaumont-Nesbitt had apparently declined; Forster was said to have accepted but nevertheless did not make the trip. The organisers had also invited Francis Lacey, but his availability was uncertain and, eventually, he did not join the team.[3]

Файл:Thomas K. Tapling.jpg
Thomas Tapling

The arrangements seemed to be progressing well until the sudden death on 10 September of H. E. Rhodes, who accidentally fell from a hotel balcony in Dover. Cricket magazine paid tribute to him on 31 October, the same day the team was due to depart.[4] Most of the team met at Liverpool Street Station that day and travelled to Tilbury, to embark on the Bengal which had been lying off Gravesend. Those heading for Tilbury were Vernon, Walker, Lawson-Smith, Hornsby, Philipson and three recent recruits: Arthur Gibson, George Hone-Goldney and Thomas Tapling.[4] Two more, Ernest de Little and F. L. Shand would meet them in Colombo. Rhodes' replacement was A. N. Curzon who would join the team in January.[4] Reserve wicket-keeper Tapling, who was both an eminent philatelist and the MP for Harborough, sailed on the Bengal as far as Naples where a close friend was taken ill. Tapling opted to stay with him, thereby missing the Ceylonese leg of the tour. He arrived in India just before Christmas 1889 and played in six matches between then and the end of February.[5]

Also missing from the Bengal was Hawke who had left a week earlier and gone to Bombay as he wanted to do some big-game hunting.[4][6] This venture backfired somewhat because, while he was staying in Gwalior, he was struck down with a serious attack of gastritis. That not only stopped him from killing animals but also from meeting his teammates in Calcutta, as he had planned.[7] It was not until February, when nine of the thirteen matches had been played, that Hawke was able to rejoin the team.[7]

Cricket reported on 28 November that the Bengal had docked in Colombo two days earlier on schedule. The 27 December issue carried the first match report from the tour of the match in Kandy against "All Ceylon".[8]

Itinerary and results

Файл:Ground of Calcutta Cricket Club, 15th Jan'y 1861 - Percy Carpenter.png
Eden Gardens in 1861

The tour began in Kandy on 28 November 1889.[9] The team played two matches in Ceylon and then moved on to India in December. Starting with the match against the Calcutta Cricket Club at Eden Gardens on 23 December, they played eleven matches in India to the end of February 1890.[9]Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Refn

The precise names and locations of some venues cannot now be established and many of the team names were arbitrarily derived from their locations. With the single exception of the Parsis, all the home teams were composed of European colonials who were mostly British expatriates.[10]

The matches were scheduled for either two or three days' duration. The two-day matches are noted as such in the table below; the rest were all scheduled for three days. There was no Sunday play and all the matches were arranged so that they would be completed on consecutive days with no Sunday break.

Dates Match Venue Result Notes
28–30 Nov 1889 Ceylon v G. F. Vernon's XI Bogambara Stadium, Kandy Vernon's XI won by an innings and 77 runs [11]
6–7 Dec 1889 Colombo Cricket Club v G. F. Vernon's XI Galle Face, Colombo Vernon's XI won by an innings and 10 runs 2-day match [12]
23–25 Dec 1889 Calcutta Cricket Club v G. F. Vernon's XI Eden Gardens, Calcutta Vernon's XI won by 9 wickets [13]
31 Dec–2 Jan 1890 Bengal v G. F. Vernon's XI Eden Gardens, Calcutta Vernon's XI won by an innings and 17 runs [14]
9–10 Jan 1890 Bihar Wanderers v G. F. Vernon's XI Bankipore Match drawn 2-day match [15]
16–18 Jan 1890 North-West Frontier Province v G. F. Vernon's XI Alfred Park, Allahabad Vernon's XI won by 3 wickets [16]
20–22 Jan 1890 Northern India v G. F. Vernon's XI Alfred Park, Allahabad Vernon's XI won by 6 wickets [17]
27–28 Jan 1890 Bombay Gymkhana v G. F. Vernon's XI Gymkhana Ground, Bombay Vernon's XI won by an innings and 74 runs 2-day match [18]
30–31 Jan 1890 Parsis v G. F. Vernon's XI Gymkhana Ground, Bombay Parsis won by 4 wickets 2-day match [19]
6–7 Feb 1890 Lucknow v G. F. Vernon's XI Lucknow Vernon's XI won by 123 runs 2-day match [20]
14–15 Feb 1890 Agra v G. F. Vernon's XI Agra Vernon's XI won by an innings and 66 runs 2-day match [21]
21–22 Feb 1890 Northern India v G. F. Vernon's XI Meerut Match drawn 2-day match [22]
27 Feb–1 Mar 1890 Punjab v G. F. Vernon's XI Lahore Vernon's XI won by an innings and 40 runs [23]

Tour summary

Playing standards

Analysing the quality of Vernon's team, James Coldham in his biography of Hawke said they were a "useful" combination in that they had plenty of batting and most types of bowling. They had, too, a very good wicket-keeper because Philipson later played for England. Coldham saw them as what he called a mix of regular county players, Oxbridge types and "first-rate club players" who would have been a good Minor Counties team. They were by no means first-class but, of their time, a real handful for any Ceylonese or Indian opposition.[7] Ramachandra Guha concurs with this view, saying that Vernon's XI "could not be judged a first-class side (although) they played cricket of a quality not generally seen in India".[24]

The general weakness of the Indian and Ceylonese opposition is evident in the number of wide winning margins achieved by Vernon's XI, six of the ten wins by an innings and plenty. Twelve of their thirteen hosts had teams which comprised the typical combination of British expatriates who were mostly civil servants or soldiers. The expatriate XIs were no better than English local club teams and so, for the most part, they were easily beaten by Vernon's XI.[25]

The tourists arrived in Bombay from Allahabad about a week before the end of January 1890. They had won six and drawn one of their seven matches. Among the individual highlights had been centuries by Vernon, Gibson and Walker; and strong bowling performances by Hornsby, Gibson, Leatham and de Little. Vernon's XI then easily disposed of the Bombay Gymkhana team by an innings, Hornsby taking 13/78 in the match. Their next match was also on the Gymkhana Grounds and it was advertised as the "Cricket Championship of India".[24]

Parsis match

Файл:Bombay-Gymnkhana.jpg
A modern view of the Bombay Gymkhana

The only match in which Vernon's team faced an ethnic team with no Europeans was the low-scoring one at the end of January against the Parsis on the Bombay Gymkhana. The Parsis had a distinct community in Bombay and, having embraced British rule and culture, they were the real pioneers of Indian cricket and had sent two touring teams to Great Britain, in 1886 and 1888. Until the last fifteen or so years of the 19th century, the sport in India had always been an essentially British pursuit. Its increasing popularity among the native population coincided with the rise of their influence in administrative and political matters. In 1890, as Coldham says, the Parsis were the only native community capable of putting a team in the field.[25]

It was a two-day match, 30 and 31 January. At the end of the first day, the Parsis were 80/9 in response to the tourists' 97 all out, which included 45 by Vernon. The Parsis added two more runs in the morning and Vernon's XI began their second innings with a lead of 15. The best Parsi player was their all-rounder M. E. Pavri who was a fast bowler. He had been successful in England on the 1888 tour. He now dismissed Vernon's XI for only 61, taking 7/34. The Parsis needed 77 to claim a significant victory over their English opponents and, despite Hornsby's efforts, they accomplished it with four wickets to spare.[26] Pavri took 9/37 in the match and also top-scored with 21 in the Parsi second innings. He played for Middlesex a few years later and was known as the "Grace of the Parsis" because, like W. G. Grace, he was both an all-rounder and a doctor.[27]

There is no doubt that it was a significant victory because it sparked celebrations throughout Bombay and was acclaimed as "the greatest sporting contest in the city's history".[28] Many saw it as "a blow to the prestige of Empire"[29] and the pro-Raj Bombay Gazette resorted to making speculative excuses such as: "Had Mr Vernon not been run out".[28] There was little if any actual trouble and efforts were made to jointly celebrate the occasion but, as Guha commented, "it revealed the communal competitiveness that would drive the progress of cricket in colonial India".[30] The Bombay Gazette called for a resurgence of European cricket while the Parsi newspaper Rast Goftar asked their players to bear in mind that Hindu and Muslim cricketers would be seeking to emulate their success, so they must themselves be ready to face challenges.[31]

Four weeks later, when Cricket published the match report and scorecard, the magazine paid a glowing tribute to the Parsis saying their victory "cannot fail to give a fresh impetus to the practice of the game among the followers of that great community".[32] According to a separate report in the same issue of Cricket, there was a celebratory dinner for the tourists on the night of the 30th (after the first day of the match). On the night of the 31st, Vernon's team travelled to Lucknow on the Jubbulpore mail train. It was expected they would return to Bombay after playing the Punjab in Lahore at the end of February and there would be a return match against the Parsis. That, however, did not happen as the Lahore match was the final one.[33]

Later matches

Файл:Walter Troup c1895.jpg
Walter Troup

When Vernon's XI arrived in Lucknow, their opponents were the usual British expatriate combination. The Lucknow team nevertheless gave Vernon's XI a real scare. It was Hawke's first match on the tour and he took over the captaincy from Vernon. Hawke opened the batting himself and was bowled for a duck. The team was all out for only 79 and Lucknow responded with 125 to lead by 46 on first innings. Hawke was nearly out straightaway in his second innings but the third man fielder dropped the catch. Hawke went on to make 45 and, with 68 by Walker and 47* by Philipson, Vernon's XI scored 229 to set Lucknow a target of 184. The pitch was very worn and they were bowled out by de Little and Gibson who took five wickets each, Vernon's XI winning by 123 runs.[25]

Using the railways as their primary means of transport, the team moved on to Agra. Hone-Goldney, Hornsby and Vernon himself had all succumbed to illness or injury and three local replacements – Hilliard, John and Maxwell – had to be drafted in. Lawson-Smith rose to the occasion with a first innings century before de Little and Gibson bowled Agra out for two low totals. Apart from Gloucestershire batsman Walter Troup, the Agra team had little to offer and this was a routine win for Vernon's XI. Troup carried his bat though the Agra first innings with 59* in a total of 116.[25]

In Meerut, the tourists again encountered Troup, this time playing for a team called Northern India. Vernon had recovered and his team totalled 304 in the first innings with seven batsmen making scores of between 23 and 54. Hoping for another convincing victory, Vernon's XI were frustrated by Troup (42) and John Waterfield (98), who forged a stubborn and time-consuming fourth wicket partnership. Although Northern India had to follow-on, there was not enough time left for the tourists to dismiss them again, and the match was drawn.[25]

Soon afterwards, de Little broke a collarbone in a riding accident. The team had only eight fit players when they arrived in Lahore for the final match against a Punjab team; Vernon himself was again among the absentees. They recruited John Waterfield for this match along with Army officers Herman Bonham-Carter and Hugh Bateman-Champain. Vernon's XI won by an innings, the match and the tour ending on 1 March 1890.[34]

The team's highest runscorers on the tour were Walker (515) and Vernon himself (478). Vernon's 128 in the opening match against Ceylon was the highest individual score; three other centuries were scored by Lawson-Smith (117), Walker (108) and Gibson (100). The leading bowlers by wickets taken were Hornsby (69), Gibson (67) and de Little (49).[35]

Aftermath

The tour was a success and it made a significant contribution to the growth and development of cricket in the sub-continent. On 27 March 1890, Cricket magazine reproduced an article in India's Pioneer Mail which praised Vernon's XI for "setting on foot an enterprise now sure to be repeated".[36] It would not be long before it was repeated as another touring party arrived in 1892, this time led by Hawke and including F. S. Jackson, the future England captain, and Ledger Hill. Gibson, Hornsby, Leatham, and Vernon all returned.[37] Colynge Caple remarked that the tour had originated as "something in the nature of a pleasure trip" but in the end it forged "yet another link in the ever-growing chain of international cricket".[38]

The Parsis had first played the European members of the Bombay Gymkhana in 1877. The Europeans won after the Parsis had surprisingly taken a first innings lead and the match was reiterated several times in the following years. The Parsis went to England twice in the 1880s and were all that time gaining expertise and experience. In the Gymkhana match of September 1889, the Parsis won by 10 wickets[39] and then, four months later, came the celebrated victory over Vernon's XI.[40] Mihir Bose likened the popular acclaim of the Parsi team to that of a people who had lost their country long ago and suddenly rediscovered themselves on a cricket field.[37]

Two years later, the Parsis were playing their European counterparts in a match billed as the Bombay Presidency and generally accorded first-class status, the inaugural first-class match in India. Unfortunately, it was ruined by rain and resulted in a draw, but it meant the Parsis had arrived at cricket's highest level. In the years that followed, the cricketers among the Hindu and Muslim communities inevitably caught up and the Bombay Presidency Match became the Bombay Triangular in 1907 and the Bombay Quadrangular in 1912.[41]

Players

The list below includes all players who represented Vernon's XI in at least one of the thirteen matches. There was no formal squad selection process as for later Test teams and the players became involved as a result of receiving friendly invitations, or by being available when the team was short of numbers. Some players therefore had a very temporary association with the team at one or two locations only. The table gives the name, cricket club (if specific), age (i.e., on 1 November 1889) and on-field roles of each player:

Batsmen
Name Club Birth date Batting style Bowling style Refs
Hugh Bateman-Champain Gloucestershire Шаблон:Birth date and age2 right-handed none [42]
Lord Hawke Yorkshire Шаблон:Birth date and age2 [43]
George Vernon Middlesex Шаблон:Birth date and age2 underarm slow (hand unknown) [44]
J. G. Walker Шаблон:Birth date and age2 none [45]
All-rounders
Name Club Birth date Batting style Bowling style Refs
Arthur Gibson Lancashire Шаблон:Birth date and age2 right-handed right arm medium pace [46]
Wicket-keepers
Name Club Birth date Batting style Bowling style Refs
Hylton Philipson Oxford University Шаблон:Birth date and age2 right-handed none [47]
Thomas Tapling various teams Шаблон:Birth date and age2 [48]
Bowlers
Name Club Birth date Batting style Bowling style Refs
Ernest de Little Cambridge University Шаблон:Birth date and age2 right-handed right arm fast [49]
George Hone-Goldney various teams Шаблон:Birth date and age2 right arm medium pace [50]
John Hornsby Middlesex Шаблон:Birth date and age2 slow left arm orthodox [51]
Albert Leatham various teams Шаблон:Birth date and age2 left arm slow medium [52]
Francis Shand Шаблон:Birth date and age2 left-handed left arm fast [53]
Others
Name Notes Refs
Herman Bonham-Carter Herman Bonham-Carter (1863–1945) was educated at Winchester College and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He became an officer in the Royal Engineers and, from December 1888, he was in India at the Public Works Department (Traffic Department), managing railways. He had played cricket at the Academy and for the Royal Engineers team but never in any top-class matches. He joined Vernon's XI for their final match in Lahore. In 1891, he played for Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire but, again, that was not a top-class match. [54]
Hon. A. N. Curzon The Honourable Alfred Nathaniel Curzon (1860–1920), a son of the 4th Lord Scarsdale, was an officer in the 5th (Militia) Battalion of the Derbyshire Regiment, which was visiting Ceylon in 1889 and 1890. [55][56][57]
P. G. von Donop Better known as a footballer, he was an officer in the Royal Engineers and was stationed in Bombay from 1889 to 1894 as Inspector of Submarine Defences. He had always been a keen club cricketer but never played at top-class level. He joined Vernon for the two matches at the Gymkhana. [58]
F. W. Kerr Frederick W. Kerr is known to have been a member of the Colombo Cricket Club in 1889 when he played in four matches, including one for and one against Vernon's XI. He and S. L. Murray were officers in the Gordon Highlanders who joined Vernon for the opening match against Ceylon in Kandy, because of other players being unavailable. [59][60]
E. M. Lawson-Smith Edward Maule Lawson-Smith (1859–1942) was English and was educated at Harrow School. He never played in any first-class matches but he did play for Northumberland in 1881 and also for a dozen "gentlemen's teams" between 1877 and 1908. He often played as an opening batsman. [61]
S. L. Murray Stewart Lygon Murray (1863–1930) is known to have been a member of the Colombo Cricket Club in 1889 when he played in three matches, including one for and one against Vernon's XI. He and F. W. Kerr joined Vernon for the opening match against Ceylon in Kandy, because of other players being unavailable. Murray was an officer in the Gordon Highlanders, first commissioned as a lieutenant in 1884. He later became a military historian. [60][62][63]
W. W. Sevier Listed by CricketArchive in thirty 1884 schools matches which involved the All Saints' School at Bloxham. In 1888 and 1889, he played in some matches for the East Gloucestershire club, based in Cheltenham, and one for the Free Foresters. [64]
Robert Vizard Robert Davenport Vizard (1861–1941) played cricket between 1878 and 1891. He represented each of Shropshire, Dorset and Cheshire but never played in top-class cricket. He joined Vernon's XI for the match in Meerut, having played against them in Agra. He died in Kalutara, Ceylon. [65]
John Waterfield John Ewart Waterfield (1862–1891) played in five schools matches for Dulwich College in 1879 but is not recorded again until the 1889–90 season in India. He never played in top-class cricket. He joined Vernon's XI for their final match in Lahore, having played against them in three previous matches. He died 14 months later in Meerut, aged only 28. [66]
H. Hilliard No information has been found about these players other than their appearances in the Ceylon, Agra or Lucknow matches. [67]
Hughes [68]
A. John [69]
Maxwell [70]
Rawlinson [71]
E. Thomas [72]

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:International cricket tours of India Шаблон:International cricket tours of Sri Lanka

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 "Pavilion Gossip" Шаблон:Webarchive, Cricket, issue 202, 21 March 1889, p. 42.
  3. ↑ "Pavilion Gossip" Шаблон:Webarchive, Cricket, issue 215, 11 July 1889, p. 253.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 "Pavilion Gossip" Шаблон:Webarchive, Cricket, issue 227, 31 October 1889, pp. 490–492.
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Coldham, p. 72.
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Coldham, p. 73.
  8. ↑ "The English Amateurs in Ceylon" Шаблон:Webarchive, Cricket, issue 229, 31 October 1889, p. 479.
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Guha, pp. 33–37.
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Guha, p. 33.
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 25,2 25,3 25,4 Coldham, p. 74.
  26. ↑ Guha, pp. 33–34.
  27. ↑ Guha, p. 32.
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Guha, p. 34.
  29. ↑ Guha, p. 35.
  30. ↑ Guha, p. 36.
  31. ↑ Guha, pp. 36–37.
  32. ↑ "Pavilion Gossip" Шаблон:Webarchive, Cricket, issue 231, 27 February 1890, p. 26.
  33. ↑ "The English Amateurs in India: Ninth Match v. The Parsees" Шаблон:Webarchive, Cricket, issue 231, 27 February 1890, p. 23.
  34. ↑ Coldham, p. 75.
  35. ↑ Caple, p. 16.
  36. ↑ "Cricket in India: From the Pioneer Mail" Шаблон:Webarchive, Cricket, issue 232, 27 March 1890, p. 36.
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 Bose, p. 26.
  38. ↑ Caple, p. 14.
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Bose, pp. 23–26.
  41. ↑ Bose, pp. 32–33.
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  56. ↑ "English Amateurs in India" Шаблон:Webarchive, Cricket, issue 232, 27 March 1890, p. 44.
  57. ↑ "Local News", Derbyshire Times, 1 December 1888, p. 5.
  58. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  60. ↑ 60,0 60,1 "English Amateurs in India" Шаблон:Webarchive, Cricket, issue 230, 27 December 1889, p. 11.
  61. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  63. ↑ Army List Шаблон:Webarchive, 1894, p. 860.
  64. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  65. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  66. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  67. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  68. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  69. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  70. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  71. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  72. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:G._F._Vernon%27s_cricket_team_in_Ceylon_and_India_in_1889–90&oldid=14827413