Английская Википедия:G4218 Ya'an–Kargilik Expressway

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The G4218 Ya'an-Yecheng Expressway (Шаблон:Zh), commonly referred to as the Yaye Expressway (Шаблон:Zh), is an expressway that will traverse the entirety of Tibet and link Ya'an in Sichuan to Yecheng in Xinjiang.

Description

Файл:Ya’an-Kangding Highway in Sichuan Province,China 17 48 34 982000.jpeg

The Yaye Expressway in Sichuan

In a unique case for a spur route, when fully completed, its length will be over 4,000 km (1975.508 km between Ya'an and Qüxü alone), much longer than the G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway itself, making it the only spur route in the world to be longer than twice its principal route, the longest spur route in the world, and the second-longest route in the entire NTHS system. The longest national spur route outside China is NH 1A (India) at 663 km, while the G0612 Xining–Hotan Expressway will become the second-longest spur route at roughly 2,400 km.

It's also exceptionally important for a spur route, as it traverses all of Tibet, and without it the entire prefectures of Garzê, Nyingchi, Shannan (via G4219), Xigazê and Ngari wouldn't connect to the NTHS system at all. It is practically an extension of G42, but shares its last two digits with the culturally prestigious China National Highway 318, which parallels it for the Ya'an-Lhatse section, and which in turn is part of AH 42.

Moreover, it does not even connect to G42: the Chengdu-Ya'an section of G5/G93 links them, and together they will create an uninterrupted, non-detouring domestic drive between Shanghai and Kargilik that is over 6,000 km long.

Right now, it has yet to be completed, and only the Ya'an-Kangding section is currently linked to the system, which is currently only 135 km in length. The Qüxü-Lhasa and Lhasa-Nyingchi sections are completed but isolated from the rest of the network.

Background

The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference conducted research in 2015 showing that despite 60 years of efforts that changed the primitive transportation methods in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, infrastructure is still lacking:

It is considered impractical to construct all sections of the Sichuan-Tibet expressways and railway all at once.

Construction

The following words were used to solely describe the Ya'an-Kangding section, but any section east of Nyingchi and west of Xigazê won't be much easier: Шаблон:Blockquote

The Ya'an-Kangding section alone climbs 2,000 m of altitude over its 130 km route. The Ya'an-Xichang expressway earned the nickname of "the ladder to heaven" for its steepness, but it still pales in comparison to this section. It's considered at least "extreme on five aspects", namely geography, geology (the region not only being prone to earthquakes, but also difficult to tunnel through), climate, ecology, and engineering challenge. Some people in charge of construction reportedly reacted with disbelief upon first seeing the detailed plan.

The Kangding Bypass section encountered hundreds of rock bursts that affected the safety of the project. Paomashan Tunnel 1 couldn't be constructed as a straight line for not even tunneling straight through mountains could bring steepness down to NTHS expressway standards, having a 220m difference in altitude between its entrance and exit.

Details of people documenting the difficulties encountered in the construction of G4218 is widely available in Chinese but not in other languages. The Lhasa-Nyingchi section has a projected cost of CN¥92 million/km, and for the Kangding-Xinduqiao section the figure is CN¥192 million/km, which is equivalent to US$72 million/mile (PPP, rather than nominal exchange rates), compared to the usual maximum US$9 million/mile for rural expressways.

Constructing costs of G42 and its auxiliaries (figures with ~ are estimates) (all costs are in CN¥100 million)
NTHS number	Section	Length (km)	Projected Cost	Cost per km	Notes
G42	Shanghai-Chengdu	1,960	~3,000	~1.53	CN¥1,700 million excluding upgrades and adjusted for inflation.
G4201	Wuhan Loop	188	~100	~0.53
G4202	Chengdu Loop	85	~50	~0.59
G4211	Nanjing-Wuhu	74	~100	~1.35	CN¥71 million used for upgrades from 4 to 8 lanes.
G4212	Hefei-Anqing	171	~150	~0.88	Including sections later designated G3 and G50.
G4213	Macheng-Hong'an	25	25	1.0
	Hong'an-Dawu	57	25	0.439
	Dawu-Baokang	546	~600	~1.10
	Full length G4213	~628	~650	~1.04
G4215	Chengdu-Chishui	308	198	0.643
	Chishui-Renhuai	157	143	0.911
	Renhuai-Zunyi	36	24	0.667
	Full length G4215	501	365	0.729
G4216	Chengdu-Renshou	71	n/a	n/a	Cost already accounted for, as it's part of the Chengdu-Chishui section of G4215.
	Renshou-Manjing	6.6	~5	~0.76	Part of Sichuan Expressway S40
	Manjing-Xinshizhen, Yibin	~165	222	~1.35
	Xinshizhen, Yibin-Panzhihua	429	826	1.925	452km including branch access roads Considered the most expensive single-section contract in road construction in China
	Panzhihua-Shilongba	~51	55	~1.08
	Shilongba-Lijiang	~142	303	~2.13
	Full length G4216	~865	1,411	~1.63
G4217	Chengdu-Dujiangyan	36	~20	0.556
	Dujiangyan-Wenchuan	72	~80	1.111	CN¥32 million discounting upgrades, before adjusted for inflation
	Wenchuan-Barkam	172	287	1.669
	Barkam-Qamdo	~720	~1,600	~2.2
	Full length G4217	~1,000	~1,987	~1.99
G4218	Ya'an-Kangding	130.130	230	1.767	135km including Kangding city access
	Kangding Bypass	17.893	32	1.788
	Kangding-Xinduqiao	79.2	152	1.919
	Xinduqiao-Nyingchi	~1,260	~2,500	~1.98
	Nyingchi-Lhasa	409	380	0.929
	Lhasa Gonggar Airport Express	29.6	15.9	0.537	37.8km if Including Xierong Interchange-Gonggar Airport
	Xierong Interchange-Shigatse Peace Airport	166.976	286	1.713
	Shigatse Airport Express	40.404	19.21	0.475
	Shigatse-Shiquanhe	~1,500	~2,000	~2.0
	Shiquanhe-Jieshandaban		~1,000
	Jieshandaban-Yecheng	~705	~2,000	~2.8
	Full length G4218	~4,300	~8,500	~2.0
G4221	Wuhan-Yingshan	124	54	0.435
	Yingshan-Yuexi	68.5	48	0.701
	Yuexi-Fangangzhen	64	~400	~0.73
	Fangangzhen-Lujiang	43			Cost already accounted for, as it's part of G4212.
	Lujiang-Shijianzhen	73
	Shijianzhen-Shanghai	367
	Full length G4221	696.5	~502	~0.68
Total	G42(XX)	~10,400	~17,000	~1.63
Entire US Interstate Highway System		77,960	~30,000	~0.38	Nominal exchange rates
			~19,000	~0.24	Purchasing Power Parity
exceptionally difficult sections are in red

Ya'an-Kangding Section

Шаблон:Expand section 135 km long, finished. This section costs CN¥23 billion for 135 km. However, only 130.130 km is on the main line, the rest is linking it to Kangding city center.

Kangding Bypass

Шаблон:Expand section Under construction. Has a projected cost of CN¥3.2 billion.

Kangding-Xinduqiao Section

Шаблон:Expand section Planning finished. This section has a projected cost of CN¥15.2 billion for 79 km (actual costs may be higher).

Xinduqiao-Nyingchi Section

Шаблон:Expand section Planned.

Nyingchi-Lhasa High-Standard Highway

Шаблон:Expand section Finished. It has the full characteristics of an expressway, but isn't tolled. This section had a projected cost of CN¥38 billion for 409 km (actual costs may be higher).

G0602 Lhasa Ring Expressway

Long-term plan.

Lhasa Gonggar Airport Expressway

Шаблон:Main Completed in 2011. The Lhasa City Center-Xierong Interchange section constitutes part of G4218.

Xierong Interchange-Xigazê Peace Airport

Шаблон:Expand section Under construction. 166.976 km long. The section east of Qüxü has been completed and it will give a total projected length of 1975.508 km between Ya'an and Qüxü

Xigazê Airport Expressway

Шаблон:Expand section Links the airport with the city center. 40.404 km long.

Xigazê-Shiquanhe, Gar County, Ngari Prefecture

Although the Ngari Prefecture is the pole of inaccessibility of China, as of the 2035 plan, all prefectural capitals will be connected to the NTHS without exceptions, meaning that this section is intended to be finished by no later than then.

Shiquanhe, Gar County-Jieshan Pass

Long-term plan.

Jieshan Pass-Yecheng

Шаблон:Expand section 705 km long. Included in Xinjiang's plan but won't be finished before 2025. The corresponding national highway section is the most dangerous and unmaintainable national standard route in the nation.