Английская Википедия:GEM (desktop environment)

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use list-defined references Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Infobox software

GEM (for Graphics Environment Manager[1]) is a discontinued operating environment released by Digital Research in 1985. GEM is known primarily as the native graphical user interface of the Atari ST series of computers, providing a WIMP desktop. It was also available for IBM PC compatibles[2][3] and shipped with some models from Amstrad. GEM is used as the core for some commercial MS-DOS programs, the most notable being Ventura Publisher. It was ported to other computers that previously lacked graphical interfaces, but never gained traction. The final retail version of GEM was released in 1988.

Digital Research later produced X/GEM for their FlexOS[2][4] real-time operating system with adaptations for OS/2 Presentation Manager[5][2] and the X Window System under preparation as well.[2]

History

Шаблон:AnchorGSX

Файл:Cbasic.svg
GSX and CBASIC workflow diagram
Файл:CP⁄M Ad, InfoWorld, November 29, 1982.jpg
GSX advertisement in 1982

In late 1984, GEM started life at DRI as an outgrowth of a more general-purpose graphics library known as GSX (Graphics System Extension),[6] written by a team led by Don Heiskell since about 1982.[7] Lee Jay Lorenzen (at Graphic Software Systems) who had recently left Xerox PARC (the birthplace of the modern GUI) wrote much of the code. GSX was essentially a DRI-specific implementation of the GKS graphics standard proposed in the late 1970s. GSX was intended to allow DRI to write graphics programs (charting, etc.) for any of the 8-bit and 16-bit platforms CP/M-80, Concurrent CP/M, CP/M-86 and MS-DOS (NEC APC-III) would run on,[8] a task that otherwise would have required considerable effort to port due to the large differences in graphics hardware (and concepts) between the various systems of that era.[6]

GSX consisted of two parts: a selection of routines for common drawing operations, and the device drivers that are responsible for handling the actual output. The former was known as GDOS (Graphics Device Operating System) and the latter as GIOS (Graphics Input/Output System),[9] a play on the division of CP/M into the machine-independent BDOS (Basic Disk Operating System) and the machine-specific BIOS (Basic Input/Output System).[6] GDOS was a selection of routines that handled the GKS drawing, while GIOS actually used the underlying hardware to produce the output.[6]

Known 8-bit device drivers

Known 16-bit device drivers

The DOS version of GSX supports loading drivers in the CP/M-86 CMD format. Consequently, the same driver binary may operate under both CP/M-86 and DOS.[13]

GEM

Шаблон:AnchorIntel versions

The 16-bit version of GSX 1.3[6][8] evolved into one part of what would later be known as GEM, which was an effort to build a full GUI system using the earlier GSX work as its basis. Originally known as Crystal as a play on an IBM project called Glass, the name was later changed to GEM.

Under GEM, GSX became GEM VDI (Virtual Device Interface), responsible for basic graphics and drawing.[9] VDI also added the ability to work with multiple fonts and added a selection of raster drawing commands to the formerly vector-only GKS-based drawing commands. VDI also added multiple viewports, a key addition for use with windows.[14]

A new module, GEM AES (Application Environment Services), provided the window management and UI elements, and GEM Desktop used both libraries in combination to provide a GUI.[15] The 8086 version of the entire system was first officially demoed at COMDEX in November 1984,[3][2] following a demonstration on the 80286-based Acorn Business Computer in September 1984 where the software had been attributed to Acorn,[16] and the system was shipped as GEM/1 on 28 February 1985.[17]

Шаблон:AnchorGEM/1
Файл:Gem 11 Desktop.png
GEM 1.1 Desktop running in 640×350 EGA resolution

GEM Desktop 1.0 was released on 28 February 1985.[17] GEM Desktop 1.1 was released on 10 April 1985 with support for CGA and EGA displays.[18][19] A version for the Apricot Computers F-Series, supporting 640×200 in up to 8 colors, was also available as GEM Desktop 1.2.[20]

Digital Research also positioned Concurrent DOS 4.1 with GEM as alternative for IBM's TopView.[21]

DRI originally designed GEM for DOS so that it would check for and only run on IBM computers, and not PC compatibles like those from Compaq, as the company hoped to receive license fees from compatible makers. Developers reacted with what BYTE described as "a small explosion"; it reported that at a DRI-hosted seminar in February 1985, more than half of the attendees agreed that GEM's incompatibility with Compaq was a serious limitation. Later that month the company removed the restriction.[22] Applications that supported GEM included Lifetree Software's GEM Write.[23]

At this point, Apple Computer sued DRI[24]Шаблон:Unreliable source? in what would turn into a long dispute over the "look and feel" of the GEM/1 system, which was an almost direct copy of Macintosh (with some elements bearing a closer resemblance to those in the earlier Lisa, available since January 1983). This eventually led to DRI being forced to change several basic features of the system.[25][26][27][28][24] (See also: Apple v. Digital Research.) Apple would later go on to sue other companies for similar issues, including their copyright lawsuit against Microsoft and HP.

In addition to printers the system also contained drivers for some more unusual devices such as the Polaroid Palette.[12]

Шаблон:AnchorGEM/2
Файл:Gem20about.png
GEM 2.0 displaying its Desktop Info dialog. This version of GEM supports 640×480 16-color VGA.

DRI responded with the "lawsuit-friendly" GEM Desktop 2.0, released on 24 March 1986, which eventually added support for VGA, sometime after its release in 1987.[29] It allowed the display of only two fixed windows on the "desktop" (though other programs could do what they wished), changed the trash can icon, and removed the animations for things like opening and closing windows. It was otherwise similar to GEM/1, but also included a number of bug fixes and cosmetic improvements.

In 1988 Stewart Alsop II said that GEM was among several GUIs that "have already been knocked out" of the market by Apple, IBM/Microsoft, and others.[30]

GEM XM

GEM XM with "GEM Desktop 3.0" was an updated version of GEM/2 in 1986/1987 for DOS (including DOS Plus) which allowed task-switching and the ability to run up to ten GEM and DOS programs at once, swapping out to expanded memory (XM) through EMS/EEMS or to disk (including RAM disks, thereby also allowing the use of extended memory).[31][32][33][34] Data could be copied and pasted between applications through a clipboard with filter function (a feature later also found in TaskMAX under DR DOS 6.0).[32] Digital Research planned to offer GEM XM as an option to GEM Draw Plus users and through OEM channels.[31]

The GEM XM source code is now freely available under the terms of GNU General Public License.

Шаблон:See also

Шаблон:AnchorGEM/3
Файл:Gem311about.png
GEM 3.11 displaying its Desktop Info dialog

The last retail release was GEM/3 Desktop, released on 3 November 1988,[35] which had speed improvements and shipped with a number of basic applications. Commercial sales of GEM ended with GEM/3; the source code was subsequently made available to a number of DRI's leading customers.

While GEM/2 for the PC still provided a GSX API in addition to the GEM API; GEM/3 no longer did.[9]

Шаблон:AnchorGEM/4 for CCP Artline

GEM/4, released in 1990, included the ability to work with Bézier curves, a feature still not commonly found outside the PostScript world.Шаблон:Cn This version was produced specifically for Artline 2, a drawing program from the German company CCP Development GmbH.[36][37][38][39][40][41][42]

The system also included changes to the font management system, which made it incompatible with the likes of Timeworks Publisher.

Artline 1 still ran on GEM 3.1.[39]

Шаблон:AnchorGEM/5 for GST Timeworks Publisher

Another version of GEM called GEM/5[43] was produced by GST Software Products for Timeworks' Publisher 2.1. It contained an updated look with 3D buttons, along with features such as on-the-fly font scaling. It came complete with all the standard GEM 3.1 tools. This version was produced from GEM 3.13 with only the Bézier handling taken from GEM/4.

ViewMAX for DR DOS

Шаблон:Main article

Файл:Viewmax screen shot.png
Screenshot of ViewMAX file manager with user-defined colors

GEM Desktop itself was spun off in 1990 as a product known as ViewMAX which was used solely as a file management shell under DR DOS. In this form the system could not run other GEM programs. This led to a situation where a number of applications (including ViewMAX) could exist all with their own statically linked copy of the GEM system. This scenario was actually rare, as few native GEM programs were published. In 1991, ViewMAX 2 was released.

In these forms, GEM survived until DRI was purchased by Novell in June 1991[44][45] and all GEM development was cancelled.

X/GEM

Throughout this time DRI had also been working on making the GEM system capable of multitasking. This started with X/GEM based on GEM/1, but this required use of one of the multitasking CP/M-based operating systems.Шаблон:Clarify DRI also produced X/GEM for their FlexOS[2][4] real-time operating system with adaptations for OS/2 Presentation Manager[5][2] and the X Window System under preparation as well.[2]

Ventura Publisher

Lee Lorenzen left soon after the release of GEM/1, when it became clear that DRI had no strong interest in application development. He then joined with two other former DRI employees, Don Heiskell and John Meyer, to start Ventura Software. They developed Ventura Publisher (which was later marketed by Xerox and eventually by Corel), which would go on to be a very popular desktop publishing program for some time.

Шаблон:AnchorAtari versions

Файл:Tos492.png
TOS 4.92 (Atari Falcon) running HomePage Penguin and Desktop

Шаблон:Main article

Development of the production 68000 version of GEM began in September 1984, when Atari sent a team called "The Monterey Group" to Digital Research to begin work on porting GEM. Originally, the plan was to run GEM on top of CP/M-68K, both ostensibly ported to Motorola 68000 by DRI prior to the ST design being created. In fact, these ports were unusable and would require considerable development. Digital Research also offered GEMDOS (originally written as GEM DOS), a DOS-like operating system aimed to port GEM to different hardware platforms. It was available for 8086 and 68000 processors and had been adapted to the Apple Lisa 2/5 and the Motorola VME/10[46] development system.[47] Atari decided in January 1985[48] to give up on the existing CP/M-68K code and instead port GEMDOS to the Atari ST platform, referring to it as TOS.[49]

As Atari had provided most of the development of the 68000 version, they were given full rights to continued developments without needing to reverse-license it back to DRI. As a result, the Apple-DRI lawsuit did not apply to the Atari versions of GEM, and they were allowed to keep a more Mac-like UI.

Over the next seven years, from 1985 to 1992, new versions of TOS were released with each new generation of the ST line. Updates included support for more colors and higher resolutions in the raster-side of the system, but remained generally similar to the original in terms of GKS support. In 1992 Atari released TOS 4, or MultiTOS, along with their final computer system, the Falcon030. In combination with MiNT, TOS 4 allowed full multitasking support in GEM.

Continued development

Файл:Gem1.png
Screenshot of OpenGEM 5

When Caldera bought the remaining Digital Research assets from Novell on 23 July 1996,[50] initial plans were to revive GEM and ViewMAX technologies for a low-footprint user interface for OpenDOS in mobile applications[51][52] as Caldera View, but these plans were abandoned by Caldera UK in favour of DR-WebSpyder and GROW. Caldera Thin Clients (later known as Lineo) released the source to GEM and GEM XM under the terms of GNU GPL-2.0-only in April 1999.[52] The development of GEM for PC continues as FreeGEM and OpenGEM.

On the Atari ST platform, the original DRI sources were ported again to be used in the free and open source TOS clone EmuTOS. New implementations of the AES portions of GEM have been implemented from scratch in the form of XaAES, and MyAES,[53] both of which are fully re-entrant and support multitasking on top of the FreeMiNT multitasking extensions to TOS.

Description

The "full" GEM system consisted of three main parts:

  1. GEM VDI (Virtual Device Interface)
  2. GEM AES (Application Environment Services)
  3. GEM Desktop (an application providing drag-and-drop file management)

GEM VDI was the core graphics system of the overall GEM engine. It was responsible for "low level" drawing in the form of "draw line from here to here". VDI included a resolution and coordinate independent set of vector drawing instructions which were called from applications through a fairly simple interface. VDI also included environment information (state, or context), current color, line thickness, output device, etc.

These commands were then examined by GDOS, whose task it was to send the commands to the proper driver for actual rendering. For instance, if a particular GEM VDI environment was connected to the screen, the VDI instructions were then routed to the screen driver for drawing. Simply changing the environment to point to the printer was all that was needed (in theory) to print, dramatically reducing the developer workload (they formerly had to do printing "by hand" in all applications). GDOS was also responsible for loading up the drivers and any requested fonts when GEM was first loaded.

One major advantage VDI provided over the Macintosh was the way multiple devices and contexts were handled. In the Mac such information was stored in memory inside the application. This resulted in serious problems when attempting to make the Mac handle pre-emptive multitasking, as the drawing layer (QuickDraw) needed to have direct memory access into all programs. In GEM VDI however, such information was stored in the device itself, with GDOS creating "virtual devices" for every context – each window for instance.

GEM AES provided the window system, window manager, UI style and other GUI elements (widgets). For performance reasons, many of the GUI widgets were actually drawn using character graphics. Compared to the Macintosh, AES provided a rather spartan look and the system shipped with a single monospaced font.

AES performs its operations by calling the VDI, but in a more general sense the two parts of GEM were often completely separated in applications. Applications typically called AES commands to set up a new window, with the rest of the application using VDI calls to actually draw into that window.

GEM Desktop was an application program that used AES to provide a file manager and launcher, the traditional "desktop" environment that users had come to expect from the Macintosh. Unlike the Macintosh, the GEM Desktop ran on top of DOS (MS-DOS, DOS Plus or DR DOS on the PC, GEMDOS on the Atari), and as a result the actual display was cluttered with computer-like items, including path names and wildcards. In general, GEM was much more "geeky" than the Mac, but simply running a usable shell on DOS was a huge achievement on its own. Otherwise, GEM has its own advantages over Mac OS such as proportional sliders.

Native PC GEM applications use the file extension .APP for executables, whereas GEM desktop accessories use the file extension .ACC instead.[54][55] All desktop accessories (and also a few simple applications) can be run under ViewMAX without modification.[54][55]

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Digital Research Шаблон:File managers

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  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок DRI_1988_CDOS не указан текст
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Fitler_1989 не указан текст
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок DRI_GEM_Announce_1984 не указан текст
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок CW_1989 не указан текст
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Barney_1987 не указан текст
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Wong_1984_GSX не указан текст
  7. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок DRI_1984_DD не указан текст
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок DRI_1984_MicroNotes3 не указан текст
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Elliott_GSX не указан текст
  10. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок DDHP26XX_2020 не указан текст
  11. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок UMC не указан текст
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок DRI_1984_MicroNotes2 не указан текст
  13. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Lineback_GSX не указан текст
  14. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Elliott_VDI не указан текст
  15. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Elliott_AES не указан текст
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок ANALOG_TCS_1 не указан текст
  18. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Lineback_GEM11 не указан текст
  19. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Seasip_GEM11 не указан текст
  20. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Seasip_Apricot не указан текст
  21. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок CW_1985_CDOS не указан текст
  22. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Markoff_1985 не указан текст
  23. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Kisor_1985 не указан текст
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Dilger_2007 не указан текст
  25. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок NYT_1985_GEM не указан текст
  26. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Watt_1985_Apple не указан текст
  27. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Watt_1986_Reorg не указан текст
  28. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок GUI_History не указан текст
  29. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Lineback_GEM20 не указан текст
  30. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Alsop_1988 не указан текст
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Schemenaur_1986 не указан текст
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Elliott_2013_GEMXM не указан текст
  33. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок DR_1987_GEMXM не указан текст
  34. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Harris_2001 не указан текст
  35. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Lineback_GEM311 не указан текст
  36. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок DR_1990_Artline_URG не указан текст
  37. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок CW_1990_Artline не указан текст
  38. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Seasip_GEM4 не указан текст
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Krautter_1999 не указан текст
  40. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок DR_1990_Artline_IST не указан текст
  41. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок DR_1990_Artline_GUG не указан текст
  42. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок DR_1991_Artline_RN не указан текст
  43. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Seasip_GEM5 не указан текст
  44. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Scott_1991 не указан текст
  45. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок BW_1991 не указан текст
  46. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Motorola_VME10 не указан текст
  47. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Harris_GEMDOS не указан текст
  48. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Landon 2008 не указан текст
  49. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Daniels_1988 не указан текст
  50. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Leon_1996_Caldera не указан текст
  51. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Caldera_1997_WebSpyder не указан текст
  52. ↑ 52,0 52,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Jemmett_1999 не указан текст
  53. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок MyAES не указан текст
  54. ↑ 54,0 54,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN не указан текст
  55. ↑ 55,0 55,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Paul_1997_NWDOS7UN не указан текст
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